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Issue No. 85: October 2010 ZIM CSWR Ovs. ; e 791 .C7x c.lF a. no.85 __,,/ ~r0111ca oe Nuevo Mexico lID Published since 1976 - The Official Publication of the Historical Society ofNew Mexico C'J October 2010 Issue Nurriber 85 Donaciano Vigil, "The Gifted Giant" - But Was He a Traitor? By Paul M Kraemer was our mother. What child will not and ammunition to the dispersed elements included the wealthy shed abundant tears at the tomb of his villages. He proposed that the central influential people and especially the parents?" government could at least allow them clergy. most of whom had received Later. when Colonel Munroe to import arms and munitions duty their education in Durango and were became commander of the U.S. free. " under obedience to the Bishop of military occupation. the colonel asked Four days after his speech of June Durango. But a sizeable majority had Donaciano what he thought of the 18. he addressed the Departmental strong ties only to New Mexico itself. Mexican government. Donaciano Assembly again. this time concerning Some would have opted for an switched to a different metaphor for his the centrist government's practice of independent republic. if that were response: appointing governors who knew possible. But with the approaching "I felt very much as a son would feel nothing about New Mexico. but invasion. many people much preferred toward a father who had given him nevertheless believed that it was being annexed by the United States little or no attention in his youthful culturaIIy inferior. The speech was rather than becoming part of Texas. the days. except as he exacted his hard basically a political diatribe against latter havtnq been repeatedly earnings. and left him to shift for three such governors: Albino Perez. aggressive since 1841.19 The potential himself when in trouble." who was assassinated in the 1837 annexation to the United States would His disillusionment with the rebellion. Mariano Martinez. who be especially preferred if New Mexico Mexican government was described in replaced Manuel Armijo in December could achieve statehood quickly and detail in a series of lectures and 1843. and Francisco Garcia Conde who thereby not be completely governed by proposals he delivered to the served briefly in August 1845 before outsiders. Even Padre Martinez of Taos. Donaciano Vigil Departmental Assembly. of which he Manuel Armijo was appointed for a a very nationalistic citizen of the (courtesy of the Histories! Society ofNew was an alternate member. in May and third time as governor. In this address Republic of Mexico. admired American Mexico. Museum ofNew Mexico) June. 1846. just before the American he also accused the central institutions and had many American The name Donaciano is derived invasion. He said that as a young man government of interference with the friends." from the Spanish word for gift. he was very optimistic about the Santa Fe Trail trade. which had greatly The invasion of New Mexico in donacion. I Donaciano Vigil was clearly Mexican Republic and believed that the improved the economy of New August 1846 was a small part of the war a ~ifted person. His parents had chosen northern frontier provinces would be Mexico." with Mexico (1846-1848) and there his unusual but not unknown name supported by the government under Donaciano was not alone in his appears to be general agreement as to with unexplained clairvoyance in 1802. the federalist constitution of 1824. As disillusionment. In 1844. when Santa its causes." The United States had very but the name became somewhat he expressed it. "we saw everything Anna further increased his centrist rapid population SJrowth in the first half common before Donaciano's death in through rose-colored glasses at that of the 19th century. producing 1877. perhaps because of Donaciano time. " But the ascendancy of Antonio demographic pressure that created an ViSJil's fame", which rested partly on the Lopez Santa Anna in 1833. foIIowed by expansionist political response. A fact that he was physicaIIy a ~iant a series of conservative centrist British member of parliament at that (possibly about 6' 5" at a time when the governments. the abandonment of the time commented that if this growth averase New Mexican man was about 1824 constitution and instability that continued. the United States "would 5' 4" taII).3 Hence. being instantly historian David Weber characterizes as become the greatest bully in the recoqnlzable. he was known by almost "teetering between chaos and world.'?" which sounds like "the pot everyone. But Donaciano was a ~iant anarchy?" (over the period 1833 to calling the kettle black." The in other respects as well. He could 1855. there were thirty six presidential population grew to about 20 million speak. read and write both En~lish and changes. eleven of which involved people by 1846. Growth was Spanish and would translate Santa Anna"). The centrist accompanied by an economic slump documents in either direction with a governments did little to support the in the Eastern states where people were hi~h deqree of competence.' We also frontier provinces, and Texas. Sonora. accumulating. with many moving know from his speeches (below) that he California and New Mexico all had westward. In Texas. for instance. possessed a modern analytical mind.' rebellions against the Mexican Americans settled in sufficient numbers 12 Thus. in 1846. when New Mexico was government between 1835-1837 • After to rebel against their Mexican hosts. first annexed by the United States. it the rebellion of 1837 in New Mexico (in establishing an independent republic in was not surprisinc that General which he served as a sergeant in the GovernorManuel Armijo wearing the plumed 1836.23 Similar infiltration occurred in brasshelmet ofthe elite Mexican Cavalry Stephen Watts Kearney would want Presidio Company). Donaciano California. "Manifest Destiny" became a Donaciano in the civil ~overnment that became a protege of Governor Manuel dictatorship. the Departmental rallying slogan: a clever phrase because he was forrntnq under his "Kearney Armijo. serving the latter's Assembly made the following it could mean different things to Code". When Donaciano accepted the administration as Military Secretary ambiguous oath of allegiance to the different people. At any rate. the result position of Secretary of the terrttory" and later being promoted to Captain. centrist government: "intimately united was the 1846 annexation of about half he became a collaborator with Donaciano's speech of June 18. with the Mexican Republic. we of the Mexican Republic. along with the questionable loyalty to the Republic of 1846 mostly concerned the continue to be free and independent.?" addition of Oregon and Washington Mexico accordinq to a conservative deterioration of relations with the Mariano Chavez. a wealthy and and the present border of Western faction of the population. as at that "wild" tribes that surrounded the influential merchant (he served as Canada at the 49th parallel. The war time Mexico was at war with the United Hispanic population. After a detailed acting governor in 1835 and President with Mexico was a very unequal States. analysis of this problem. he concluded of the Assembly in 1844) was more conflict in almost every respect. While There was. however. considerable that since the central government specific: "neglect has weakened ties the United States had about 20 million diversity of opinion among New would not help them. they had to with the central government and new people and a strong federal Mexicans. One viewpoint was offered somehow defend themselves. Since ties could not be established without government. Mexico had a population by Donaciano's cousin. Juan Batista 1835. the centrist government was so our sustained. mutual reciprocal of about 7 million and a central Vi~il y Alarid. who was in charge of fearful of rebellions that they did services.'?' As David Weber put it. "what government in which conflicts Santa Fe at the plaza after General everything possible to limit the they got was another outsider between political factions were so Kearney had addressed the crowd on effectiveness of local militias." This. of governor." IS virulent that early in 1847 there were Auqust 19. 1846. Juan Batista Vi~il's course. also limited New Mexico's Native New Mexicans numbered riots between them in the streets of response included the followlnq. ability to defend itself against the somewhat over fifty thousand at this Mexico City even as General Winfield "Do not find it strange if there has been American invasion. The citizen militia time just before the American invasion. Scott was approaching the capital with no manifestation of joy and rarely had any guns or ammunition Politically they could be considered as U.S. troops. " enthusiasm in seeing this city occupied while even the presidial soldiers were being divided into factions. Some. like Donaciano's appointment as by your military forces. Though the poorly equipped and. in any case. only Donaciano, were openly pro­ Secretary of the territory under power of the Mexican Republic is dead; served to protect Santa Fe. It was thus American. while there were a few that Governor Charles Bent was based on but no matter what her condition. she absolutely necessary to provide guns were pro-Texan. The most conservative concinued on page 2 w Mark Your Calender Now: New Mexico History Conference, Ruidoso Convention Center, May 5-7, 2011 well as a circular letter. These Albino Perez. was captured by the Donaciano Vigil... (continuedfrompage 1) documents provide illumination of rebels , was considered a friend because the Kearny Code, a provisional pathway to other ca reers in th e ViSJil's general position, not only on the of his brother and was pressed into arrangement that was co mpletely military and the political arena. His Taos revolt , but on all the important service as the secretary for the rebel subservient to the military advancement was rapid.
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