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Improving Ecological Connectivity in Boreal Forests of the Barents Region Background, Issues and Recommendations

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Improving Ecological Connectivity in Boreal Forests of the Barents Region Background, Issues and Recommendations NORDIC WORKING PAPERS Improving ecological connectivity in boreal forests of the Barents region Background, issues and recommendations Jani Heino, Risto K. Heikkinen, Olle Höjer, Jevgeni Jakovlev, Aleksandr Kryshen, Jyri Mikkola, Ninni Mikkonen, Carlos Paz von Friesen and Raimo Virkkala http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/NA2019-909 NA2019:909 ISSN 2311-0562 This working paper has been published with financial support from the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this working paper do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recommendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. Nordisk Council of Ministers – Ved Stranden 18 – 1061 Copenhagen K – www.norden.org 1 IMPROVING ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY IN BOREAL FORESTS OF THE 2 BARENTS REGION: BACKGROUND, ISSUES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3 4 Jani Heino1, Risto K. Heikkinen1, Olle Höjer2, Jevgeni Jakovlev1, Aleksandr Kryshen3, Jyri 5 Mikkola4, Ninni Mikkonen1,5, Carlos Paz von Friesen6 & Raimo Virkkala1 6 7 1 Finnish Environment Institute, Biodiversity Centre, Helsinki, Finland 8 2 Naturvårdsverket, Stockholm, Sweden. 9 3 Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia. 10 4 Suomen Luonnonsuojeluliitto, Helsinki, Finland. 11 5University Of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Helsinki, Finland 12 6 Länsstyrelsen i Västerbottens Län, Umeä, Sweden. 13 14 Correspondence e-mail: [email protected] 15 16 1 17 Abstract 18 19 Enhancing ecological connectivity is an important topic in biodiversity conservation and 20 conservation planning. Assessing the importance of ecological connectivity entails examining 21 the efficiency of natural connecting elements in the landscape (e.g. fragments of primeval 22 forests, habitat quality, riverine corridors, and their riparian zones) for promoting 23 connectivity between protected and otherwise valuable remaining high-quality areas. 24 Ecological connectivity has been considered a key theme of boreal forest conservation 25 programmes in the Barents Region. Thus, national administrative institutes such as the 26 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Finnish Environment Institute are 27 currently developing and applying methods for connectivity analyses, and the concept is also 28 being implemented in Russia. In the case of boreal forests, the Barents Region is a suitable 29 reference point, covering a vast area from the Atlantic coast of Norway to the western slopes 30 of the Ural Mountains in Russia. When promoting ecological connectivity in this area, 31 different geographical levels should be considered, ranging from the regional to that of 32 landscapes, and they should include considerations about methodologies and also be based on 33 data on valuable high-quality areas for nature conservation. Interaction between different 34 stakeholders is important and one prerequisite if recommendations to enhance ecological 35 connectivity are to be realised as practical solutions in the field of boreal forest conservation. 36 Overall, in-depth assessments of ecological connectivity will improve the conceptual 37 expertise, tools, and methods that environmental administrations could use to enhance 38 ecological connectivity, especially in the northern parts of the boreal region. This will also be 39 important in improving knowledge about participatory processes and social sustainability in 40 the context of ecological connectivity and in delivering the derived know-how to stakeholders 41 and other interested people. 2 42 43 Keywords: Barents Region, biodiversity, conservation, forests, landscape connectivity, 44 protected areas network. 45 46 Swedish Abstract 47 48 Att förbättra den ekologiska konnektiviteten är ett viktigt tema när det gäller bevarandet av 49 biodiversiteten och planeringen av skyddsåtgärder. I evalueringen av betydelsen av ekologisk 50 konnektivitet ingår att undersöka effekten av naturligt förenande objekt i landskapet (t.ex. 51 urskogsfragment, habitatkvalitet, vattendrag och deras strandzoner) för att främja 52 konnektiviteten mellan skyddade och annars värdefulla kvarstående områden av hög kvalitet. 53 Ekologisk konnektivitet har betraktats som ett nyckeltema i skyddsprogrammen för de 54 boreala skogarna i Barentsregionen. Nationella administrativa instanser, såsom 55 Naturvårdsverket i Sverige och Finlands miljöcentral, utvecklar och tillämpar följaktligen 56 som bäst metoder för analyser av konnektiviteten och konceptet tillämpas även i Ryssland. 57 Beträffande boreala skogar är Barentsregionen en lämplig referenspunkt, eftersom regionen 58 täcker ett vidsträckt område från Atlantkusten i Norge till de västra sluttningarna av 59 Uralbergen i Ryssland. Främjandet av ekologisk konnektivitet i det här området borde beakta 60 olika geografiska nivåer, från regional nivå till landskapsnivå. Främjandet borde innefatta 61 resonemang om metodiken och dessutom borde det baseras på data om värdefulla områden 62 med hög kvalitet som är värda att skyddas. Interaktionen mellan olika intressegrupper är 63 viktig och utgör en förutsättning för att rekommendationerna om förbättring av den 64 ekologiska konnektiviteten ska kunna förverkligas i praktiken när det gäller skyddet av de 65 boreala skogarna. På det hela taget kommer djupgående utvärdering av den ekologiska 66 konnektiviteten att förbättra kunskapen inom miljöförvaltningen med avseende på koncept, 3 67 verktyg och metoder som kunde användas i förvaltningens eget arbete för att förbättra den 68 ekologiska konnektiviteten, i synnerhet i de norra delarna av den boreala regionen. Detta 69 kommer även att vara viktigt för att höja kunskapen om delaktighetsprocesser och social 70 hållbarhet i anknytning till ekologisk konnektivitet och när den förvärvade kunskapen 71 förmedlas till intressegrupper och andra intresserade. 72 73 Nyckelord: Barentsregionen, biodiversitet, naturskydd, skogar, konnektivitet i landskapet, 74 nätverk av skyddade områden. 75 76 77 1. Introduction to the concepts and background ideas 78 79 All ecosystems (cf. areas, localities, habitat patches, or resource patches) are dependent on a 80 high degree of connectivity to other ecosystems to maintain the flow of organisms and to 81 reduce the risk of local extinctions (Leibold & Chase 2018). This is typically referred to as 82 ecological connectivity. Ecological connectivity can be defined as “the degree to which the 83 landscape facilitates or impedes movements among resource patches” (Taylor et al. 1993), or 84 as “the degree to which regional landscapes, encompassing a variety of natural, semi-natural, 85 and developed land cover types, are conducive to wildlife movement and to sustain 86 ecological processes” (Ament et al. 2014). Following these definitions, resource patches may 87 also be considered as small habitat fragments in the landscape supporting certain sets of 88 species or, at a larger scale, as larger protected areas in the matrix of managed areas. 89 Ecological connectivity between patches is important because it determines the number of 90 organisms dispersed between habitat patches, which thereby affects the amount of gene flow, 4 91 local adaptation, extinction risk, and colonisation probability (Baguette et al. 2013). In 92 addition, sufficient ecological connectivity is a necessary condition for species to respond to 93 global climate change by shifting into new climatically suitable areas (Hodgson et al. 2009; 94 McRae et al. 2012). Not only the shifting of a single species between ecosystems, but also 95 nutrient flows, energy flows, predator-prey relationships, pollinator-plant relationships, seed 96 dispersal, and various other natural processes are dependent on adequate ecological 97 connectivity (Loreau et al. 2003; Ament et al. 2014). 98 In general, connectivity metrics include three classes, each requiring different types of 99 information about the systems under study (Calabrese & Fagan 2004). First, structural 100 connectivity metrics are based on the features of the physical landscape. These typically 101 include the features of patches (e.g. patch size, number of patches, average distance between 102 patches) and landscape disturbance levels (e.g. roads, urban areas, agricultural and forested 103 land-use areas). Second, potential connectivity metrics are based on the landscape structure 104 and information involving the dispersal ability of the focal species, assumed as average 105 dispersal distance. Third, actual, realised, or functional connectivity metrics (each term 106 means basically the same thing in this context) are measured based on information about the 107 actual movements of individuals along and across the landscape connectivity features 108 between habitat patches. In practice, ecological connectivity can be measured via numerous 109 approaches and metrics (see Box 1) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). 110 The degree to which ecological connectivity can be realised at local, landscape, and 111 regional scales depends on many different factors (Hodgson et al. 2009; Doerr et al. 2011; 112 Howell et al. 2018). These include (1) distances between habitat patches, (2) habitat patch 113 sizes, (3) habitat patch quality, and (4) anthropogenic land use in the matrix. First, based on 114 the ideas of Island Biogeography Theory (IBT; MacArthur & Wilson 1967) more isolated, 115 island-like habitat patches are likely to receive a smaller number of dispersing organisms than 5 116 habitat patches closer to potential colonisation sources. Second, also based on IBT, large 117 habitat patches not only support more species per se (MacArthur
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