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Original Russian Text © 2019 A.O. Kharitonova, A.S. Plotnikova, D.V. Ershov, published in Forest Science Issues Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 1-17

DOI 10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-1-1-12 CURRENT AND HISTORICAL FIRE REGIMES OF THE - NATURE RESERVE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

A.O. Kharitonova*, A.S. Plotnikova, D.V. Ershov Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, *E-mail: [email protected] Received 30 June 2019

Recurring fires have a significant impact on the dynamics and functioning of forest ecosystems. The fire regime determines conditions of occurrence, spread and long-term consequences of forest fires. A significant change in the fire regime in the natural complex may indicate at possible loss risks of the key components of the ecosystem. This study presents current and historical fire regimes mapping results for the Pechora natural reserve and its surroundings - Kurinsky and Yakshinsky forest districts. The input dataset consists of fire historical fires records for the area taken from several sources: historical fires dataset of the Pechora natural reserve covering period from the second half of the XIX century till nowadays, which was received from both satellite images interpretation and reserve’s records archive analysis; hot spots detected by airborne-based and ground-based means covering period from 1987 to 2011 and the dendrochronological reconstruction of fires in the pine forests of the reserve’s surroundings for a 600-year period. We applied a methodology of mapping forest ecosystems fire regimes at local level for mapping both current and historical fire regimes. The methodology is based on the LANDFIRE classification, which accounts for fires frequency and fires severity. Results analysis of historical fire regimes indicate the dominance of “less than 200 years” fire return rate, associated with low-to-moderate fire severity for the most of the area. As an exception, the mountainous part of the Pechora natural reserve is characterized by a long period of fire return rate. The analysis of current fire regimes has revealed long periods of fire recurrence in both the reserve area and the forest districts area. We also showed a human impact on the increase in fire frequency. An assessment of the deviation of current fire regimes from their historical values showed that current fire regimes are within their normal historical range in most of the study area.

Key words: fire regime, the Pechora-Ilych Nature reserve, LANDFIRE, FRCC, GIS analysis The repeated impact of fires is considered general. Thus, about one third of the forest an exogenous local catastrophic factor leading areas exposed to catastrophic fires in Russia to the transformation of natural systems turn into unproductive territories, where the (Val'ter, 1974). Fires have a significant impact process of natural reforestration is disrupted on the functioning of landscapes, which is for several centuries (Shvidenko et al., 2011). locally manifested in microclimatic changes, Changes in quantitative and qualitative changing of hydrological regime, changing of characteristics of individual components and soil properties, increasing of mosaic pattern, natural complexes in general largely depend disappearing of native and spreading of on fire frequency and severity. Fires of low invasive flora and fauna species. The forests and medium severity result in decreased exposed to fires lose their resistance to thickness of the litter and peat layer; burned subsequent fires, become more vulnerable to out the ground vegetation, died of the insect pests and external negative factors in undergrowth partially, and unevenly thinned

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of the forest canopy. At the same time, soil as "". The territory of the productivity increases in the first years after reserve is represented by two plots – the the fire, and the mosaic pattern contributes to mountainous and Yakshinsky ones (Fig. 1). landscape diversity increasing. Severe fires The territory is located at the junction of two usually completely destroy the forest litter, physical and geographical countries (the ground vegetation and undergrowth. In Russian Plain and the Urals mountain addition, the stands are significantly thin out, country), which explains high variability of the soil is subjected to desiccation and erosion, natural landscapes. The border of the subzones coniferous species are replaced by secondary of the middle and northern taiga is located on deciduous forests (Melexov, 1980). the studied territory, and this is also where the Depending on natural conditions, fire rivers of the largest basins – of the Pechora, severity and fire return interval within natural Volga, and Ob rivers – complexes and their combinations special originate. In terms of geomorphology and "pyroecological" regimes are formed (Furyaev landscape the area is divided into three regions et al., 1996). Russian scientists and foreign from west to east, i. e. plain, foothill and researchers use the concept of "fire regime" mountain. The plain region is located within (Agee, 1993; Valendik, Ivanova, 2001; the Pechora lowland with an average absolute Sheshukov et al., 2008; Shvidenko, altitude of 95–150 meters. The landscape is Shhepashhenko, 2013). Despite different characterized by aqueoglacial and morainic approaches to fire regime definitions, the plains with undulating relief. The foothill researchers agree that it determines the region is characterized by a general slope to conditions for the occurrence, spread and long- the west and absolute altitudes of 220–250 term consequences of forest fires. There are meters. In the eastern region there are two also a number of regional features of fire major ridges, i. e. the western (High Parma) regimes depending on forest vegetation, and eastern (Ebel-iz, Valgan-chugra, Lyaga- anthropogenic and climatic conditions. chugra, and Shejim-iz) hills. The average For a number of years, the Center for Forest absolute altitude of the peaks of the Ecology and Productivity of the RAS carried mountainous region is 750–850 meters, with out research at aimed at developing some peaks rising up to 1.000–1.200 meters methodological bases for determining and (Varsanof'eva, 1940). mapping fire regimes at various spatial levels The climate of the territory is moderately – from local (Plotnikova et al., 2018) to continental, nevertheless the meteorological national one (Plotnikova et al., 2016). This indicators of individual landscape areas are paper analyzes the results of current and somewhat different. In the plain region, the historical fire regimes mapping within the average annual air temperature is -0.8 oC, and Pechora-Ilych reserve and its surroundings, as in the north of the mountain area it is -4 oC. well as determines the deviations of current The annual precipitation in the plain region fire regimes from their historical values. ranges from 500 to 800 mm, whereas in the mountain area it can be up to 1.000 mm STUDY AREA (Zaboeva et al., 2013). It should also be noted To determine and analyze fire regimes at that in the mountainous region at an altitude of the local level, we chose the territory of the 800–1,000 m frost weathering and cryogenic Pechora-Ilych biosphere reserve and its processes in the upper soil horizons are surroundings – the Kurinsky and Yakshinsky observed. forest districts. This study area was chosen The vegetation cover of the study area because there are spatially coordinated data on varies depending on the landscape area (Fig. fire history (Alejjnikov et al., 2015; Lupyan et 2). Swamp ecosystems with numerous dwarf al., 2013; Drobyshev et al., 2004). shrubs and green moss cover account for a The Pechora-Ilych reserve is an important significant part of the plain region of the natural reserve which, together with the reserve. The western part of the district is National Park "Yugyd Va", is included in the dominated by pine forests and swamps of the UNESCO World Heritage List of natural sites Pechora lowland (Gavrilyuk et al., 2018). The

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foothill region is characterized by dark forest districts are dominated by pine forests of coniferous forests of Siberian spruce with an various types, i. e. lichen, green-moss, admixture of fir. The area is also interspersed sphagnum forests, and there also are upland with hummock-ridge bogs, as well as and transitional swamps. Valleys of the secondary small-leaved (birch, aspen) and Pechora and Ilych rivers and their numerous mixed forests representing different stages of tributaries developed communities of pyrogenic successions. Dark coniferous meadows, thickets of shrubs and massifs of forests, crooked forests, meadows, mountain hummock-ridge bogs. Primary herb-type birch tundra and goltsy (bare rocks) of the Northern forests grow in the floodplain of the Pechora Urals are common in the mountainous region. river (Lavrenko et al., 1995). The Yakshinsky part of the reserve and the

Figure 1. Relief of the study area according to the ASTER GDEM V2

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Figure 2. Vegetation of the Pechora-Ilych Nature reserve and its surroundings

MATERIALS AND METHODS based means covering period from 1987 to Mapping of fire regimes was performed 2011 throughout the study area, specifying fire using data on the fire history of the study area area and pattern (crown or ground fire) from several sources (fig. 3). First, it was the (Lupyan et al., 2013). Third, history of fires in the Pechora-Ilych Nature dendrochronological reconstruction of fires in reserve from the second half of the 19th pine forests of the reserve surroundings for a century, resulting from satellite images 600-year period, available on the territory of interpretation and reserve’s records archive some spatial units of the Kurinsky and analysis (Alejjnikov et al., 2015). Second, hot Yakshinsky forest districts (Drobyshev et al., spots detected by airborne-based and ground- 2004).

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In accordance with the developed method neighbouring basins similar in terms of forest of fire regimes mapping at the local level, the fire statistics and analyzed again. The obtained first stage of the study involved the spatial unit boundaries for mapping fire identification of spatial units (Plotnikova et al., regimes in the study area are shown at Figure 2019) which were understood as the largest 3. area with a relatively uniform nature of During the second stage, fire regimes of damage (Price, Daust, 2003). At the local spatial units were identified with the level, it was proposed to use spatial units LANDFIRE classification (Landscape Fire based on the boundaries of river basins and Resource Management Planning Tools) (Plotnikova, Kharitonova, 2018). The (https://www.landfire.gov). The LANDFIRE indicators of forest fire statistics, such as the classification identifies five classes of fire number of fires, the proportion of the area regimes depending on the period of fire covered by fire, the average fire area and its recurrence (0–35 years; 36–200 years; more standard deviation during the study period, the than 200 years) and the severity of vegetation predominant type of vegetation were damage (low, medium, high) (Barrett et al., determined for each river basin with 2010). The research period is divided into two retrospective statistical GIS analysis. Spatial intervals, i. e. the historical and the current units are rivers basins where one forest ones. The time frames of the fire frequency ecosystem type was predominant and long- assessment intervals given in Table 1 are term values of the main pyrological indicators based on the initial data on the pyrological were uniform. River basins not meeting these history of the study area. requirements were combined with Table 1. Fire frequency assessment intervals

Intervals for assessing fire frequency Study area Historical Current

The Pechora-Ilych reserve 1850–1986 1987–2014

Surroundings of the reserve 1424–1954 1987–2011

In accordance with the LANDFIRE current interval ( ) to the number of method, for each spatial unit (k), the period of fire recurrence in the historical interval is first years in this interval (n): . determined as the average number of years Through these calculations we can find the between fires ( . Then the average annual adjusting factor ( ), i. e. the ratio of the average annual area covered by fire over the area covered by fire over the historical interval historical interval to the average annual area is calculated as the ratio of the spatial unit area covered by fire over the current interval: ( ) to the period of fire recurrence in the . Finally, the current period of fire historical interval: . Next, the recurrence is defined as the product of the average annual area covered by fire over the period of fire recurrence of the historical current interval is estimated as the ratio of the interval and the adjusting factor: spatial unit area covered by fire over the .

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Figure 3. Fire history data and boundaries of spatial units for mapping fire regimes in the study area

To determine the dominant severity on the highly severe damage was considered spatial unit, the data on hot spots detected by predominant in case of prevailing crown fires. aviation and ground monitoring were used (Lupyan et al., 2013). The total area of crown RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and ground fires was calculated within the Mapping of fire regimes at the local level boundaries of the spatial units. Low/mixed made it possible to create maps of current and severity of damage was considered historical fire regimes of the Pechora-Ilych predominant if the territory of the spatial unit reserve and its surroundings (Fig. 4a, 4b). was dominated by ground fires. Conversely, Please note that on the territory of the

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Kurinsky and Yakshinsky forest districts, fire dendrochronological reconstruction of fires regimes were defined only for those spatial were available (Drobyshev et al., 2004). units for which the data of

A B Figure 4. Fire regimes of the Pechora-Ilych reserve and surrounding areas: A) historical, B) current

These new maps revealed the territorial changes in the species composition. In the heterogeneity of historical and current fire mountainous part of the reserve, fires occurred regimes within the study area. In the historical very rarely and only within a few spatial units, period, most spatial units were characterized so they are characterized by class V fire by fire regime class I (fire return interval 0–35 regime (the period of fire recurrence: over 200 years, low and mixed severity) and III (36–200 years, the change of species composition, any years, low and mixed severity) with the severity of damage). The long period of fire exception of the mountainous part of the recurrence in the mountainous part (more than reserve. For instance, class I is identified in the 200 years) is due to both natural, mainly territory of the reserve in close proximity to climatic and orographic, and anthropogenic the Ilych river. The fire return rate is high (0– factors such as the inaccessibility of territories 35 years) here, mainly due to anthropogenic for people. Large parts of the Yakshinsky factors, since the Ilych river has been an forest district have class I fire regime due to important traffic artery. Human influence had pine forests predominating in the vegetation a great impact on fire frequency because there and being particularly vulnerable to the effects was no environment protection in place: the of ground fires in dry years (Fig. 2). Pechora-Ilych reserve became a protected In the current period, most of the study territory only in 1930. The majority of the territory is characterized by class V fire spatial units of the foothill region possess fire regime, largely due to absent anthropogenic regime of class III, which means a fairly long activities since the designation of the territory fire recurrence period (36–200 years) without as a protected area. Conspicuously, the

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territories adjacent to the floodplain of the historical values for each spatial unit. Foreign Ilych river, which in the historical period were literature introduced the concept of fire regime characterized by class I fire regime, now have condition class (FRCC), which is understood class V. It can be assumed that the role of the as a qualitative measure of deviation of the pyrogenic factor in the development of forest current fire regime from the historical one ecosystems in this area has decreased (Schmidt et al. al., 2002). Deviations of the significantly. Spatial units located outside the fire regime lead to changes in the protected area also moved to class V. The characteristics of key ecosystem components: foothill part of the reserve faced no significant species composition, structure and age of changes in fire regimes as compared to the vegetation, canopy closure, presence and historical interval: class III still prevails. composition of fuels, which affects the change Moreover, only two spatial units located in the in fire frequency and intensity of fire spread. northern and southwestern parts of the reserve Unnatural accumulation of fuels resulting from in different natural conditions are human impact (fires, logging) is believed to be characterized by class I fire regime. The short one of the reasons for the described deviations. period of fire recurrence in the southwestern For each fire regime, one of the three part is explained by the predominance of pine condition classes is determined to describe the in the stand. potential risks to ecosystems (Table 2). The obtained maps allow us to estimate the deviation of the current fire regime from the

Table 2. Fire Regime Condition Classes and potential risks to ecosystems

Fire Regime Condition Description Potential risks Class 1 Deviation of characteristics No changes in fire behaviour. No alternation in the (vegetation, fuel composition and structure of the vegetation. Low composition, fire frequency, risk of loss of key ecosystem components (native severity and other associated vegetation, soil). disturbances) is within the historical fire regime. 2 Moderate deviation of Fire behaviour and associated disturbances are characteristics from their moderately altered. Composition and structure of values in the historical fire vegetation are moderately altered. Uncharacteristic regime. conditions range from low to moderate. Moderate risk of loss of key ecosystem components. 3 High deviation of Fire behavior and disturbances are highly altered. characteristics from their Composition and structure of vegetation and fuel are values in the historical fire highly altered. Uncharacteristic conditions range regime. from moderate to high. High risk of loss of key ecosystem components.

There are several approaches to (FRCCSEV). In this study, FRCCFRI was found determining the FRCC depending on the based on the deviation of current periods of estimated changes in: vegetation (FRCCVS), fire recurrence from the historical ones (Fig. fire frequency (FRCCFRI), fire severity 5).

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Figure 5. Deviation of current fire regimes from the historical ones (in terms of fire frequency)

Analysis of the deviation of current fire Mountainous areas of the reserve were little regimes from historical values showed that affected by changes in the fire regime. there were significant changes in fire frequency on the territories located in the CONCLUSION foothills of the reserve in close proximity to We obtained and analyzed the maps of the Ilych river, as well as in the considerable current and historical fire regimes of the part of the Yakshinsky and northern part of the Pechora-Ilych Nature reserve and its Kurinsky forest districts. Notably, this surroundings within the framework of the deviation means the reduction of fire study. The chosen methodological approach frequency, which may affect the biodiversity allowed us not only to determine the features of vegetation. According to Russian scientists, of fire regimes of spatial units with different in the absence of fires the study area will physical and geographical characteristics, but become dominated by dark coniferous forests, also to identify changes in fire regimes in the and meadow flora will gradually decrease, historical aspect. which will lead to a certain decline in the Analysis of historical fire regimes showed vegetation diversity (Smirnova et al., 2015). that for the majority of the territory the period

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of fire recurrence was less than 200 years with The assessment of the FRCC and potential low or mixed severity. An exception is the risks to ecosystems showed that the current mountainous part of the Pechora-Ilych Nature fire regimes of the majority of the study reserve with a long period of fire recurrence. territory are within their historical values, Current fire regimes of both the protected area therefore, the risks of loss of key ecosystem and the investigated forest districts are components are minimal. characterized by long periods of fire recurrence. The changes in fire regimes are ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS largely caused by anthropogenic factors – after The research was carried out with financial the territory had been designated as protected support from the Russian Foundation for Basic area, the direct impact of economic activity Research (project No. 17-05-00300), as well was excluded, the periods of fire recurrence as within the framework of the state became longer. Moreover, increased periods of assignment АААА-А18-118052400130-7 fire recurrence in the territory of forest "Methodological approaches to the assessment districts may be a sign of timely detection and of the structural organization and functioning extinguishing of forest fires by the aviation of forest ecosystems". forest protection service.

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(Fire regimes in the forests of Siberia and Varsanof'eva V.A., Geologicheskoe stroenie the Far East), Lesovedenie, 2001, No. 4, pp. territorii Pechoro-Ilychskogo 69-76. gosudarstvennogo zapovednika (Geological Val'ter G., Rastitel'nost' zemnogo shara, structure of the Pechora-Ilychsky State E'kologo-fiziologicheskaya xarakteristika Reserve), Trudy Pechorsko-Ilychskogo (The vegetation of the globe, Ecological gosudarstvennogo zapovednika (Trudy of and physiological characteristics), Vol. 2: the Pechora-Ilych State Reserve), 1940, Lesa umerennoj zony, Val'ter Genrix, Vol. 1, pp. 5-214. Moscow: Progress, 1974, 424 p.

Reviewer: PhD in technology, research officer F.V. Stytsenko

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