Palaeoecology of Sphagnum Riparium (Ångström) in Northern Hemisphere Peatlands: Implications for Peatland Conservation and Palaeoecological Research
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Published in Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 254, 1-7, 2018 1 which should be used for any reference to this work Palaeoecology of Sphagnum riparium (Ångström) in Northern Hemisphere peatlands: Implications for peatland conservation and palaeoecological research Mariusz Gałka a,⁎, Jennifer M. Galloway b, Natalie Lemonis c,YuriA.Mazeid,e,EdwardA.D.Mitchellc,f, Peter D. Morse b, R. Timothy Patterson g, Andrey N. Tsyganov e, Stephen A. Wolfe b, Graeme T. Swindles g,h a Department of Biogeography and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, B. Krygowskiego 10, PL-61 680 Poznań,Poland b Natural Resources Canada/Ressources naturelles Canada, Geological Survey of Canada/Commission géologique du Canada, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2A7, Canada c Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland d Department of Hydrobiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia e Department of Zoology and Ecology, Penza State University, Krasnaya str., 40, Russia f Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Chemin du Perthuis-du-Sault 58, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland g Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada h School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom abstract Sphagnum riparium (Ångström) is a rare constituent of modern peatland plant communities and is also very rarely found as a subfossil in peat archives. We present new data on the occurrence of Sphagnum riparium mac- Keywords: rofossils in three Northern Hemisphere peatlands from Yellowknife (NW Canada), Abisko (N Sweden), and the Plant macrofossils Northern Ural Mountains (NW Russia). Sphagnum riparium macrofossils were present in transitional phases be- Testate amoebae tween rich fen and oligotrophic bog. Sphagnum riparium was a dominant species in the three sites and was found Plant succession Palaeoecology in combination with Sphagnum angustifolium, Drepanocladus sp., and vascular plants including Andromeda Peat-forming species polifolia, Chamedaphne calyculata and Oxycoccus palustris. Testate amoebae indicate that the species occurred in Biodiversity conservation wet to moderately wet conditions (water-table depth inferred from a testate amoeba transfer function model ranged between 25 and 0 cm under the peatland surface). The wet-indicator taxa Archerella flavum and Hyalosphenia papilio dominated the testate amoeba communities in peat horizons containing Sphagnum riparium. The presence of Sphagnum riparium macrofossils in peat profiles in the Northern Hemisphere can be interpreted as an indication of wet minerotrophic conditions, often corresponding to a rise in water-level and establishment of a wet habitat. Sphagnum riparium is a transient species in these peatlands and is replaced by communities dominated by more acidophilic species such as Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum russowii,andSphagnum fuscum. Our data show that although Sphagnum riparium is a transient peat-forming species, it is widespread in sub-arctic and boreal environments. The subfossil occurrence of Sphagnum riparium in the Northern Hemi- sphere may indicate that its range has increased during the Late Holocene. The conservation of Sphagnum riparium in peatlands depends on the existence of relatively short-lived transitional communities which poten- tially can be artificially created. 1. Introduction University of Leeds Peat Club, 2017). Peatlands represent an important archive of past environmental conditions enabling reconstructions of Sphagnum mosses are among the most common plant species in local vegetation communities over millennia (Overbeck, 1975; Barber, northern bogs and poor fens where they are commonly the main con- 1981). Sphagnum mosses are particularly common in oligotrophic tributors to peat-formation (Crum, 1992; Halsey et al., 2000; peatlands and their fossil remains can be identified to the species level due to their distinctive morphological features (Hölzer, 2010; Lange, 1982; Mauquoy and van Geel, 2007). The present-day ecological prefer- ⁎ Corresponding author. ences of Sphagnum mosses (e.g. water-table depth, pH) are used to infer E-mail addresses: [email protected], (M. Gałka), [email protected], past climatic and environmental changes (Mauquoy et al., 2008; (J.M. Galloway), [email protected], (E.A.D. Mitchell), [email protected], ł (P.D. Morse), [email protected], (R.T. Patterson), [email protected], Valiranta et al., 2012; Lamentowicz et al., 2015; Ga ka et al., 2017a, (S.A. Wolfe), [email protected] (G.T. Swindles). 2017b, 2017c). Certain species are indicators of wet habitats such as 2 Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum majus and Sphagnum balticum (Barber Sphagnum fuscum, Rubus chamaemorus, Eriophorum vaginatum, et al., 2003; Valiranta et al., 2012; Gałka et al., 2017b, 2017c), whereas Eriophorum angustifolium and Betula nana. In addition, Sphagnum others are indicative of drier habitats, including peat hummocks (e.g. balticum, Drepanocladus sp. and Carex rostrata are also present. The cli- Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum capillifolium (Kuhry, 2008; Hölzer, 2010; mate of Abisko is considerably milder and drier than other locations at Valiranta et al., 2012; Gałka et al., 2017b, 2017c)). Furthermore, some similar latitudes (Yang et al., 2012). Mean annual precipitation is more minerotrophic Sphagnum species and/or species with broad eco- 332 mm (1981–2010) (Callaghan et al., 2010). For this time period, logical tolerances e.g. Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum fallax and Sphag- mean winter and summer temperatures were - 9.3 °C and 10.1 °C, num magellanicum can occur in various habitats; where they are found respectively. above peat layers formed by typical oligotrophic species e.g. Sphagnum Banana bog, Northern Ural Mountains, Russia is located on the east- fuscum and Sphagnum austinii, they may indicate hydrological distur- ern bank of the Bolshaya Porozhnyaya river (60°02′ N 58°59′ E) at an al- bance in the peatland catchment such as deforestation, moderate nutri- titude of 270–280 m a.s.l. in the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (Fig. 1). ent input from agriculture, or deposition of dust on the peatland (e.g. The peatland covers an area of 8.9 ha (ca. 600 × 180 m), is banana- van Geel and Middeldorp, 1988; McClymont et al., 2008; Gałka and shaped and slightly sloping. It is best classified as an upland Sphag- Lamentowicz, 2014; Gałka et al., 2015; Swindles et al., 2015a). num-dominated bog with clear hummock-ridge topography. Scattered Detailed palaeoecological studies provide information on the past trees are found throughout the mire in low density (10–20%). These in- distribution of peat forming vegetation, temporal patterns of vegetation clude mostly Betula pubescens, occasional Picea obovata and a small change, and likely drivers of change (Overbeck, 1975; Barber, 1981; number of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus sibirica. The herbaceous and low- Zoltai, 1993; Halsey et al., 2000; Gajewski et al., 2001; Swindles et al., shrub layer consists of typical oligotrophic taxa and covers about 2015a). This information is useful for environmental protection efforts 20–40% of the mire surface. The layer is dominated by Eriophorum as it provides insight into present ecosystem states and can be used to vaginatum and Carex spp. (Carex globularis, Carex. pauciflora, and Carex define restoration targets and trajectories of change following distur- rariflora) with other species including Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium bance (Chambers et al., 2013; McCarroll et al., 2016; Swindles et al., uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum, Rubus chamaemorus, Baeothryon 2016; Gałka et al., 2017a). Moreover, data on the past occurrence of (Trichophorum) alpinum, Dactylorhiza traunsteineri, and Oxycoccus Sphagnum species can potentially contribute to our understanding of palustris. The climate of the study area is temperate continental: mean Sphagnum refugia during the Quaternary which is currently based annual air temperature = −0.4 °С, mean air temperature for January mostly on DNA analysis (e.g. Szövenyi et al., 2006; Kyrkjeeide et al., −15.0 to −17.5 °С, and July 15.5 to 16.5 °С; 175–185 days with sub- 2012, 2014). zero temperatures and ground snow cover form late October to early Sphagnum riparium (Ångström) is a very rare subfossil in peat ar- November = 180–190 days; length of the growing season = chives and is also a rare constituent in modern plant communities. 140–150 days; average total annual precipitation = 627 mm. This species belongs to section Cuspidata and its distribution is de- scribed as circumpolar, sub-arctic to northern with slightly continental 3. Material and methods tendencies (Daniels and Eddy, 1985; Crum, 1992; Smith, 2004; McQueen and Andrus, 2007; Hölzer, 2010; Laine et al., 2011). It occurs 3.1. Coring, subsampling, and chronology as far north as 77°04′N in the Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Spitsbergen, in the Arctic Svalbard Archipelago (Wojtuń,2007), is found mostly in The Handle Lake peatland core (BH-HL-15-01) was sampled in Sep- minerotrophic conditions, and forms loose carpets in moist conditions, tember, 2015. A 65-cm deep monolith was extracted. The Crater Pool such as lake margins, open hollows in poor-fens, and among rushes on (CP) peat profiles were sampled with a Waardenaar peat extractor moderately-nutrient rich ground (Daniels and Eddy, 1985; Smith, (100 cm long, 10 cm × 10 cm) and peat core was recovered at Banana 2004; McQueen and Andrus, 2007; Hölzer, 2010; Laine et al., 2011;