Kemalist Tattooing: Distinctive Ink and Reproduction of the Secular In

CEU eTD Collection

In partial fulfillment the requirements of partial for the de In SECULAR KEMALIST INK Department of Sociology and SocialAnthropology and Department Sociology of

Supervisors: AND

IN

Central European University Central European

TATTOOING: REPRODUCTION

CONTEMPORARY

Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Ezgican ÖzdemirEzgican Submitted to

2013 By

Prof. Dan Rabinowitz Prof. Prof. Vlad Naumescu Prof. Vlad

DISTINCTIVE gree of Master Arts gree of of

OF

TURKEY

THE

CEU eTD Collection identity under people‟s shapes which religiosity, and masculinity, femininity, ethnicity, reifiescategorycitizens, categories otherproblematic among and Turkishhighly disputed like practice. the within im positionalities more their But and bearers tattoo to on move then I this, With art. of field the in tattooing of status the harm practitioners, their to according tattoos, Kemalist perspecti the through tattooing Kemalist their own social, political, andgendered subjectivities. two between tatt certain Kemalist demarcation a group, to incorporation the such that from Apart embody Islamists. and practice Kemalists/secularists and of identities sentiments a Kemalist as citizens‟ perceived communicate is is then, today body indiv the human of mediator a The as utilized affiliation. modification, identity or body group indicates and a subjects distinguishes as an tattooing embodies Kemalism, that practice A Turkey. ABSTRACT Basing my research on an ethnographic field method, I first lay out the practice of practice the out lay first I method, field ethnographic an on research my Basing contemporary in symbolisms Atatürk tattooing of practice the on focuses thesis This - making and politics inTurkey. making and politics portantly, I argue that Kemalism, through these bodily inscriptions, as a social a as inscriptions, bodily these through Kemalism, that argue I portantly,

oos are manifestations of Turkish citizens‟ particular understandings of of understandings particular citizens‟ Turkish of manifestations are oos idual‟s identity formation. Kemalist tattoos in Turkey thus, thus, Turkey in tattoos Kemalist formation. identity idual‟s

d communicates the prominent state ideology of of ideology state prominent the communicates d e o tto atss i odr o eosrt that demonstrate to order in artists, tattoo of ves ii

standings of of standings CEU eTD Collection İstanbul,and project this for possible. making in guidance and hospitalityp am I her lastly, And for İzmir. of Tekün city the exploring Yeşim host, my to grateful truly am I fo together.project this putting Karioris of year a Frank throughout support and constant their Leidereiter, and Adriaans suggestions, stimulating Carmen Rik special Chiritoiu, Junas, my Anamaria Povilas give I Qassis, Callius, project. Omar Annastiina thesis this colleagues in my use to I concepts gratitude theoretical main the grasp to me Assistant Jean Professor to thankful supervisors also my to give am I project. thesis this writing in me helped patience, constant I and encouragement guidance, gratitude special A project.Pr thesis this complete to possibility the me provided who those all to appreciation deepest my express to like would I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS fso Va Nuec ad rfso Dn aioiz woe otiuin n insightful in contribution whose Rabinowitz, Dan Professor and Naumescu Vlad ofessor -

Louis Fabiani, whose great expertise in socia in expertise great whose Fabiani, Louis iii

articularly grateful for my informants in İzmir in informants my for grateful articularly

ter nprn ideas, inspiring their r l theory allowed theory l CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.0 CONCLUSION 5.0 UNPACKING IDENTIT 4.0 TATTOOING AS A FIELD PRACTICE OF IN İZMİR 3.0 METHODOLOGY 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT Table of Contents 2.3 Tattooing2.3 the Self, Marking Social Boundaries The2.2 Case of Turkey Politics2.1 in theEveryday Life Theoretical1.1 Framework 5.3 Acquiring5.3 Statuses, Reifying Secularist Masculinities An 5.2 Ideology of ‘the Turk’, Materialized on Gendered and Secular Bodies Political5.1 Reaction or Self Differing4.2 Perceptions Towards theCampaign “It4.1 is not a tattoo; it is a reaction”

INTRODUCTION

IES IN THE MODERN TURKISH CONTEXT

- fashioning?: Kemalist Tattoo Bearers

iv

29 18 15 45 43 37 33 30 23 19 12 10 iii ii 9 1 9 4

CEU eTD Collection peo Turkish on manifested therefore, the like attire religious wore longer no woman and man Turkish ideal The named. even and spoke, dressed, people way the changed that governing, of ways new introducing Turkeyby of outlook political the only not transformed he 1923, in established was Republic the after people admiredtaughtand were became he as Turk a being redefined he eyes, blue his With enemy. the of hands the from Turkey of liberation heroic Ke Mustafa green, or Blue is. ideal Republican a what green of instead blue, be rightfully Satrapi matters. appearance in Revolution Persepolis 1.0

INTRODUCTION Appearance matters and Kemal Atatürk thought so as well. With his many reforms reforms many his With well. as so thought Atatürk Kemal and matters Appearance novel graphic captivating Satrapi‟s Marjane from taken is above image The , on the author‟s childhood experience in Iran, during and after the Islamic Islamic the after and during Iran, in experience childhood author‟s the on ,

1979. This single strip from the novel the from strip single This 1979.

—

Ata highlights Mustafa Kemal‟s colorful eyes, when she exemplifies she when eyes, colorful Kemal‟s Mustafa highlights

- türk to admire these blue eyes day.to admire blue tothis these , “the father of Turks”. Accentuated in all of his portraits; portraits; his of all in Accentuated Turks”. of father “the ,

— ple‟s bodies, as secularism and Westernization, which Westernization, and secularism as bodies, ple‟s but not accurately, since Atatürk‟s eyes Atatürk‟s since accurately, not but

1

but also modes of public sociability public of modes also but Marjane Satrapi Satrapi Marjane fez reveals a crucial aspec crucial a reveals mal‟s eyes are indeed, a symbol of his of symbol a indeed, are eyes mal‟s

r the or veil Persepol Rpbia lfsye is lifestyle Republican .

is , page 20. 20. page , t of social reality: social of t are

—

known to known reforms CEU eTD Collection t posters, on portrait Atatürk‟s appeared. flags Turkish the Then government. (AKP) Islamist the by to againststruggle was the position; its shifted quickly protest The cannons. water and gas tear with reacted forces police the while Taksim, in park city major a demolishing stop to government the demanding highly another 2013, participated 1st June On possible. occasion every marches nationalist singing and flags Turkish waving squares, and streets, stadiums, at festivities these attends everyone death his 10th, November Republic, the of establishment the 29th, October war;independence the initiated Atatürk day the 19th, May is Turkey modern holidays national with Atatürk‟s year the throughout of Celebrations living. of way Westernized modern, the of confinement a also but state, secular the to threat a only not Turkey; Atatürk‟s an through inquiry of subject main my as anthropologicalthe practice tattooing study ofKemalist i of lives, people‟s up stirring been has that crisis identity very this take I thesis, my In crisis. identity an trigger to come have 2002, in Development and (Justice AKP Party) with today, identities Islamism and secularism Thus, (47). agenda” political and social alternative an for basis a as values and identity Muslim a “thereappropriationis states,(1997) GöleIslamism, as which, of gradualincorporation the by greatly challenged been has however, This (510). prohibited” strictly are action political exp “public imaginaries, (2005) Ozyurek As Turkey. in life social of forces dominant the became Kemalism, of principles major the are — Turkish citizens see the victory of Islamism as a threat towards Mustafa Kemal Kemal Mustafa towards threat a as Islamism of victory the see citizens Turkish a party that embodies an Islamist social and political agenda political and social Islamist an embodies that party a - shirts materialized. The protest again protest The materialized. shirts , but not so anticipated so not but ,

police violence and oppression that citizens have claimed to be subjected subjected tobe claimed have thatcitizens and oppression violence police ons out points ression of religious symbolism and the use of religion as a basis for for basis a as religion of use the and symbolism religious of ression wt te meddes f euaim n epes national people‟s in secularism of embeddedness the with ,

demonst - day and so on. From sc From on. so and day — ration occurred in the city of Istanbul. They were They Istanbul. of city the in occurred ration April 23rd, the inauguration of the parliament; the of inauguration the 23rd, April 2

quickly , but this time subtly, transfor subtly, time this but , n Turkey. hool children to war veterans, veterans, war to children hool

— winning

the elections elections the ped out spread med into into med

of CEU eTD Collection 1933. 1 Enver man, this with And remove!” not do they signature, father‟s our inscribe only hands “My says he words, Özdil‟s In abruptly. reacts parlor the of owner the Enver, Doktor, removed.Nicknamedas it get not does he if him fire threatensto work at boss hi that claiming tattoo, signature Atatürk his of removal the requests and İzmir Alsancak, in parlor Tattoo Köprüaltı to in walks man A tattoos. Kemalist free getting of campaign very writ and views his/herbodyof Atatürk‟sfor on free. signature inscription permanent a get can citizen Turkish every 2007, late since İzmir, In twist. a have been symbolisms have Washington George or Guavera T polit a be to means it what all of most and status, class, of notions impact that dynamics social different engenders also but others, from on now from tattoos Kemalist call shall I which popular gained that practice recent a quite is subjects Turkish symbolism. Kemalist their bodies with asmountain tops mystic apparitions (Navaro t 2006), (Ozyurek pins coat names, street statues, on materializes Atatürk force. and prominence such with occasion l social citizens‟ Turkish in embedded so are ideals Kemalism March anti of Slogans one. secularist and nationalist, Kemalist, a

A nationalist A attooing political symbols like swastikas, or portraits of political actors in history like Che Che like history in actors political of portraits or swastikas, like symbols political attooing

1 Dtis f h sil non ursn aie te er o te atr ee i that is here, matter the of heart the aside, uprising ongoing still the of Details . ımz zi, fmu junls/ouns i Tre, s nw fr i Kemalist his for known is Turkey, in journalist/columnist famous a Özdil, Yılmaz people some Today, ic

would seemingly be simi be seemingly would

march that commemorates the 10 the commemorates march that es on his column on November 10th, 2010 (Atatürk‟s death (Atatürk‟s 2010 10th, November on column his on es

- hrs fig mag fridge shirts,

push even further and they deliberately and permanently inscribe inscribe permanently and deliberately they and further even push

lar to them. Indeed they are, Kemalist ta Kemalist are, they Indeed them. to lar Tattooing Atatürk images (signature, portraits, etc.) on etc.) Atatürk (signature, portraits, images Tattooing th

anniversary of the establishment of the Republic, written in Republic, the of the establishment of anniversary ical subject and a „Turk‟ among Turkish society. society. Turkish among „Turk‟ a and subject ical nets; - Ya 3

shin 2002). shin

— on and sky the in even is silhouette his ut cmo and common quite not only distinguishes people politically politically people distinguishes only not - fascism turned into the 10th Year 10th the into turned fascism

t i 20. hs tattoos These 2007. in ity ives that they rise to every every to rise they that ives

inscribing decided to initiate a a initiate to decided - a) bu this about day) ttoos however, ttoos Kemalist Kemalist — s

CEU eTD Collection h cs o Tre. h smoi apc o ttos eosrt cran nationalities, certain demonstrate tattoos of aspect symbolic The Turkey. of case the others from individuals excludes that formation group certain a reflects therefore, medium corporeal a as skin The (1993:27). exclusion” c thereby impinge, forces social these whom on person for the of codepart as forces bodily social registering a is “tattooing that states and body the of practices tattooing on focuses S 1993; (Gell life social in body the of role the upon touched have anthropology and sociology of disciplines belo of sense generally, and classifications. representations social the communicating for medium a as body the regarding 1995:233 (Durkheim life” moral same the share individuals of number certain not a that testify to is but object particular a image evoke or represent the of purpose “The belonging: and collectivity of sign a is body the on painting or images of imprintment describes He bodies. in feelings collective of incarnation gives he and classifications social basic of site a is body the that claims Durkheim 2003:9). profane (Shilling the and sacred the between entity connective a as served that phenomena sacred 1.1 Theoretical Framework isproud andÖzdil certainly Yılmaz Doktor proudfor ofinitiative. this free this carry who citizens, Turkish (Özdi youngmen” courageous the by regained but fathers, coward the by lost is Republic our call we “What such: as ends and tale fairy a like incident the writes Özdil incident, the Sensationalizing tattoos. Kemalist free of campaign reating a conceptual closure, a unity, out of what is... a relation of marginality and and marginality of relation a is... what of out unity, a closure, conceptual a reating ln wt Drhi, ay te shlr wo i mjr otiuin t the to contributions major did who scholars other many Durkheim, with Along Emilé Sociologist h peie xml o ttoig mn ttmc rbs n re t epan the explain to order in tribes totemic among tattooing of example precise the immel 197 immel Durkheim argued that the body is a source of, and a location for location a and of, source a is body the that argued Durkheim 1; Foucault 1995; Goffman 1969 Goffman 1995; Foucault 1;

- of - charge Kemalist tattoos, mostly İzmirians; Doktor is Doktor İzmirians; mostly tattoos, Kemalist charge - 4). Durkheim, therefore, sets the foundations of of foundations the sets therefore, Durkheim, 4). 4

— l 2010). Today, there are more than 10.000 10.000 than more are there Today,2010). l differentiating Kemalists from I from Kemalists differentiating

). Alfred Gell (1993) precisely (1993) Gell Alfred ).

nging and more more and nging slamists in slamists

to CEU eTD Collection together. meaning and material of realms two these mix eventually and intersperse uses public and everyday investigate to (1990:546 world social subjectivity the of vision dimensional human of understanding our limits this that stating by dualism distinctive neatly a such opposes He meaning. the and material the throu seen been long have subjects political autonomous and structures deliberateact body ofputting the thepublic. outin racial gendered, certain a presenting of way a is It 1950:238). (Simmel orientation” value or occupation, status, of subculture a with inclusion indicate and others from [oneself] differentiate to self of display staging and performativity this Moreover, subscribers. to opposition in identity group a forming hence belonging, of sense the producing of site a as body the of surface the involves these among identity political/i a forming of symbolisms just and not sociology are tattoos of Kemalist fields anthropology. the in images Atatürk tattooing of practice the conceptualizing significan is above mentioned have I studies the Recognizing people. of groups among similarities as well as differences, social embodies that boundary concrete a indeed, is, skin st symbolic “a is body the that clear is it cleanliness, or covering, decorating, like practices and body shape their formation identity certain a Incontemporary roles. caseideologies, of even social the or Timothy Mitchell (1990) argues that the dynamic relationship between power power between relationship dynamic the that argues (1990) Mitchell Timothy the of surface the of study anthropological his and (1980) Turner Terence with Also, political g uo wih h daa f oilsto i eatd (unr 9012. The 1980:112). (Turner enacted” is socialisation of drama the which upon age subjectivities. uks ctzn; t s lo itrcie performan interactive a also is it citizens; Turkish - zd erot ized, — Kemalist, a

h other the czd dsilnd r ainlzd dniy hog a through identity nationalized or disciplined icized, — — cultural (or meaning) an meaning) (or cultural

eua, n anti and secular, n icels em, „metaphors‟ terms, Mitchell‟s in i ti cs, h Ilms gvrmn ad its and government Islamist the case, this in , 5

of the body is used as a “public “public a as used is body the of

Turkey, Kemalist tattoos Kemalist Turkey, - Isla it one mist d material reality material d - ) ta sc a two a such that 7); gh the dichotomy of of dichotomy the gh — and intentionally intentionally and — ce that heavily heavily that ce f oe that power of deological I perceive perceive I —

mediate fails us fails in t - CEU eTD Collection highly then is, body the of characteristic changing inscription constantly cultural malleable, of The (1989:603). site or scene the as and forces, multidirectional of set “a a as surface, body the describes also He body. the of materiality the in inscribe incarnated are power therefore, and discourse of regimes where themselves” site “a private. as and body public the the conceptualizes of realm the in both resonated and pr body the and empirical main my in out chapt lay I which field, and capital, symbolic and cultural habitus, like tools conceptual his and stance analytical Bourdieuan a take I tattoos, Kemalist through 1 (Göle self...” the of public the in sphere also but arena, political the in just not fueled been has Turkey in Islamism nationaldistinctive andsecularappearances. citizens Turkish mediate also but relationality, such within meanings certain communicate fr the with relationship close in is image vision the that spectator; its or carrier its from apart pulled be cannot bodies, on ink through materialized portrait, his or signature Atatürk‟s like thi in force certain a exert that beings animated as but objects inert as just “not are images (2005), Mitchell Thomas J. William from draws (2009) Mahmood As subjectivities. political of statements meaningful materiality their in therefore, tattoos Kemalist ame (the body) him/herself, and also with the outside social world. They not only only not They world. social outside the with also and him/herself, body) (the ame ers. esentation ofesentation self, — Mi t states Göle Nilüfer Anthropologist through what she calls body politics that include “disputes over lifestyles, exposures lifestyles, over “disputes include that politics body calls she what through I hl Foucault chel also

Bte 18:0) Ielge, oe srcue, om o identification of forms structures, power Ideologies, 1989:601). (Butler and Erving Goffman‟s Erving and find it useful to apply Michel Foucault‟s Michel apply to useful it find 997:48). 997:48).

which Iwhich thefollowing discussin will paragraphs. (1995 s world” (Mahmood 2009:842). Indeed, Kemalist symbolic images images symbolic Kemalist Indeed, 2009:842). (Mahmood world” s age ta pwr n dmnto i eeyhr; ht t is it that everywhere; is domination and power that argues ) o ics te oil nrcce o ti epsrs f self of exposures this of intricacies social the discuss To

(1969) hat the ongoing conflict between secularism and secularism between conflict ongoing the hat

hoeia apoc o h oil performance social the to approach theoretical 6

as inscribed on Turkish subjects that signify signify that subjects Turkish on inscribed as

(1990; 1995) (1990;

Foucault, more specifically, specifically, more Foucault,

c

onception of power of onception ” CEU eTD Collection of concept Goffman‟s through Thus, bea dothe extentwhat to explore to Iintendperformance, 1997:lxxvi). (Branaman performances” and actions person‟s a of framing the of product a is but performance, of product a simply not is He identity. certain a present to as so frames social certain chooses freely society and isattached tothe agency” the self 1974:22).Goffman argues (Goffman that life” social in staged performances ( of product a “as self the of idea Goffman‟s Erving his unconsciousa subjugation to state ideology. nat individual‟s the just not communicates that medium a as body the highlights It,therefore, restricted. be can entitythat an as seen physicality,and its in directly lifestyle laicist i a towards approval strong later, and acceptance their ideology, (1995 obedience)” Discipline bodies... fo practiced the increases and subjected produces “discipline that argues Foucault bodies‟, „docile to referring by Further government. Islamist current the against resistance to and idea powerful this manifest Turkish that force social overarching the as Kemalism see can we body, the on imposed forcefully is stru power the Foucauldianregarding than Rather body. the of analysis a to related be can people, Turkish by adopted tattoos, Kemalist of practice cons is and from, meaning receive “which bo which in ways the of understanding Foucault‟s on focus shall I however, power of forms by affected nfluences the presentation of the body in the public sphere. The body, therefore, is subjected, subjected, is therefore, body, sphere.The public the bodyin the of presentation nfluencesthe Branaman 1997:lxiii), in order to point out that this bodily practice is driven with a “live a with driven is practice bodily this that out point to order in 1997:lxiii), Branaman pr fo Fual‟ cneto o te oy n is oiiy I ned o apply to intend I docility, its and body the of conception Foucault‟s from Apart people

volunt cs f h bd ad iiihs hs sm fre (n poli (in forces same these diminishes and body the of rces :138). In light of this, the Turkish nation‟s subjugation to the Kemalist Kemalist the to subjugation nation‟s Turkish the this, of light In :138). arily subscribe to and how they how and to subscribe arily — both in ideological and physical terms. In the case of Turkey, of case the In terms. physical and ideological in both instrumentalize this bodily practice in order to showcase a a showcase to order in practice bodily this instrumentalize tituted by, external forces” (S forces” external by, tituted 7

willingly use their bodies as a site to site a as bodies their use willingly rers of Kemalist tattoos take it upon it taketattoos Kemalist rersof cture or ideology as something that something as ideology or cture ional, political identity, but also also but identity, political ional,

also suggests that “a self self “a that suggests also hilling 2003: 70). The The 70). 2003: hilling ia trs of terms tical dies are sites sites are dies CEU eTD Collection citizens. o in internalized, and performed, presented, appearances bodily particular these investigate I subjects, tattooed and makers tattoo both at looking by Therefore, identity. national his/her by greatly fueled p one‟s communicate that adornments bodily intangible are present, I modifications, body as tattoos, Kemalist subjectivities. gendered political, social, own their of understandings particular citizens‟ Turkish of manifestation and perpetuated continuously. engendered is subjectivity certain a also but public, the in apparent made is ideology state the performativity the Thus, (225). role” certain a but of repetition subjectivityforced less or or more through are selfhood they what become innate no have beings human that assumption “the it: puts deno tattoos Kemalist of exposure the or display public the Further, Islamization. of danger the as perceive they what of face the in legacy lay Turkey‟s of reminder a as act physically to bodies) their (and themselves l i al i ti tei I ru ta te practic the that argue I thesis this in all, in All

rder to reveal political, national, and gendered imaginaries of the Turkish Turkish the of imaginaries gendered and national, political, reveal to rder

of a Kemalist selfhood, through the tangible medium of bodies, not only only not bodies, of medium tangible the through selfhood, Kemalist a of

tes to a certain performativity that Miller (2007) rightly rightly (2007) Miller that performativity certain a to tes ositioning in the social world that ultimately is is ultimately that world social the in ositioning 8

o Kmls ttoig s a is tattooing Kemalist of e CEU eTD Collection Such (2006:8). incompleteness” of “anxiety calls, Appadurai what produces oneness, this mi of face the in unity, on rests andgenius” ethnic of sort some on book, his in globalization of context today‟s in this particularly discusses (2006) Appadurai Arjun differences. disruptive, and perpetuates according shared commonalities their totheir social imaginaries. nationhood their experiences collective ordinary an how scrutinize to as so ordinary book his in Herzfeld, Thus, (2005:7). intimacy” cultural of acknowledgment inward this recognition, n life everyday of details approach this However, 2005:6). (Herzfeld immortality” o “nationalism how out nation nation the of poetics 2.1 inPolitics the Everyday Life practice conceptual concerns similar frameworks. that different and new a scrutinize to as so them from expand then and research, anthropological which region, geographical same the on focus that works of number a present also I nationalism, and politics, body tattooing, on literature reviewing Besides thesis. my in with deal to intend I which phenomena, and of number investigat that works a sociological and outline anthropological I case, my of analysis and description detailed a presenting Before 2.0 toaim, ete i i aeut fr usinn wa Hrfl cls reu self “rueful calls Herzfeld what questioning for adequate is it neither ationalism”, LITERATURE REVIEW - state, adopted by many scholars like Anderson (1983) and Gellner (1983) may point point may (1983) Gellner and (1983) Anderson like scholars many by adopted state, hs sae cmoaiis epciey erdc, vn huh io but minor though even reproduce, respectively commonalities shared These HerzfelMichael Anthropologist Cultural Intimacy Cultural - tt, elrs ht top a that declares state, — ffered citizens a means of converting their own deaths into a shared a into deaths own their converting of means a citizens ffered is not satisfactory for deciphering “the cultural specificity of each of specificity cultural “the deciphering for satisfactory not is , takes on an analytical stance that spotlights everyd spotlights that stance analytical an on takes , Fear of Small Numbers Small of Fear

d in his ethnographic study on what he calls the social the calls he what on studyethnographic his in d allows me to first acknowledge such existing existing such acknowledge first to me allows 9

- on prah oad udrtnig the understanding towards approach down : A national sovereignty which “is built built “is which sovereignty national A :

e significant themes, issues, practices, issues, themes, significant e — rather than taking into account the account into taking than rather nor differences that disrupt that differences nor

ay lives of the of lives ay -

CEU eTD Collection a is (94), him” of representations the of content and form the of personalization the as well productio the of “privatization that past. the remembering people‟s of lens the through Turkey in politics everyday and secularism on ethnography her in (2006) Ozyurek Turkey. of context the in identities their many of light sense make to people bring how of and particularities works their in connection deep “self this a highlight to anthropologists led also and sphere private and public Westernizing and modernizing of impact the remarks, (1996) Göle As Republic. the of establishment the since ever other each with intertwined 2.2 The Case of Turkey political and social people‟s in reproduced imaginaries and inpublic both pr is day, this to selfhoods. therefore, national identity people‟s Turkish redefined that policy state of matter a became Armenians, encompassin its despite commonality, of identity national the under regrouping collective a engendered which transformation, identity an underwent Turkey (16), rulers” such selfhoods, distinctive of blurring andanxieties narcissisms becomeaccentuated inourglobalizedworld. even more the With (83). hybridities” of archive growing and goods of flows services,also “mass but rapid and continuous only not brought Globalization highly problematic. becomes (11) connectivities” deep other and languages, shared marriages, mixed narcissi “predatory in rooted mobilization” “ethnocidal violent sparks argues, Appadurai majority, racial or ethnic, national, a of anxiety dniy oiis n eeya lf patcs n uky ae las en so been always have Turkey in practices life everyday and politics Identity “in mentions, (2005) Herzfeld As - mediated, som

ivate spheres. n, circulation, and consumption of Atatürk‟s image, as as image, Atatürk‟s of consumption and circulation, n, etimes commoditized, images of self, [which] create imagesetimes [which] commoditized, a self, of g of many ethnic minority groupings like Kurds, Kurds, like groupings minority ethnic many of g h atrah f h oetrw f h Ottoman the of overthrow the of aftermath the sms”, which in “a world of blurred boundaries, boundaries, blurred of world “a in which sms”, 10 Türk

Ti nw dniy s snl shared single a as identity new This . ainl gnee, tnc o religious or ethnic, gendered, national, - (re)definition of Turks” (3). Many Many (3). Turks” of (re)definition reforms have resonated both in the the in both resonated have reforms

She argues She CEU eTD Collection public/private the and identity with similarly, deals hand, other the on (1996), Göle sphere. nation Turkish modern the in politics Both Kemalism. and Navaro and (2006) Ozyurek Islamism ideologies, two the between divide great the accentuate also but (192), state the of notion the anthropomorphize only not society Turkish nation, ubiq image his rendering and legacy ideological his and Atatürk of commemoration the ritualizing By (191). dimensions” mystical and ritualesque, magical, state the from religion of detachment the represent Atatürkist calls she what that, argues She (188). state” of rituals and institutitons with associated state, Turkish the of sovereignty the of emblem citizens, Turkish dress,and speak, soon. people waythe lifestyles; people‟s of transformations major through also but 1997:49), (Göle secu a of adoption the [or] 1924; in Caliphate the and Sultanate of abolition “the like changes legislative and institutional only not through conveyed was secularism didactic This (68). life” of way “mo modern a didactic: imposing and teaching is that one is secularism Turkish that argument ofnotionFrenchthe to closer is it how of accountbrief a giving byfirst, notion this explains (1997) Göle yearsago. eighty than more adopted has Turkey secularism of kind what grasping necessitates politics everyday Turkish state. c but gradual the ever the in only not rooted is that phenomenon new An anthropologist, who researches this very secularist lifestyle in the everyday life o life everyday the in lifestyle secularist very this researches who anthropologist, An the in state Turkish secularist the of manifestations such on account Ozyurek‟s

Navaro ontinuous liberalization of the markets with neoliberal policies of the the of policies neoliberal with markets the of liberalization ontinuous

- ahn 20) xlrs h iae f ttr “ht sd o e an be to used “that Atatürk of image the explores (2002) Yashin - Yashin (2002) delve into compe into delve (2002) Yashin laicité - state and reverberations of it in both public and private and public both in it of reverberations and state , and then calling upon Ernest Gellner (1981) and his and(1981) Gellner Ernestcalling upon then and , 11 lar civil code of law from Switzerland in 1926” in Switzerland from law of code civil lar

- growing Kemalist ideology, but also in also but ideology, Kemalist growing — — h sclrs ielg, to on “took ideology, secularist the r Kemalist or lling issues that concern identity identity concern that issues lling aitc n pedagogical, and ralistic uitous all throughout the the throughout all uitous — man fsain that ifestations f

CEU eTD Collection Orend 2.3 Tattooing the Self, SocialMarking Boundaries practice polit and symbolic body‟s the of example one only is veiling and modernization on study Göle‟s Nilüfer data. empirical my of lens the through convey will I which body, the conceptualizing on discussion another also up society. in apparatuses power to related highly is veiling, practice like religious body, a the that on manifested showing specifically and Turkey in modernism and Islamism b power this of demonstrates as Göle much 1996:135), as (Göle resistance relations” of symbol a “becomes it how and body the on (1990) Foucault Michel Quoting (135). manners” social over civilization Western of hegemony enables thusly and bodies, modern and secularized from themselves distinguishes which knowledge,” Islamic on claim their through themselves appearance utili agents, social as women, veiled that is discusses Göle What (5). modernity against identity collective a engenders also but body, feminine the politicizes only not therefore, which (1), religiosity” Islamic of reappropriation “political a is veiling nation Turkish the of context political current the by impacted and discussed, negotiated, continuously are differences ideological and social these that highlight Islam of views different out points She (9). ideologies” political and identities gender between interplay “an and modernism and Islamism of those conundrums; of set another reveals which veiling, p everyday at looking in divide

n Gagné and ay coas aog hc ae lnhr (94, el 19) Pritc (1993), Gell (1994), Blanchard are which among scholars, Many deep its and body the on argument Foucault‟s — the practicetattooing the of — as symbolic capital (Göle 1996:5; also in Bourdieu 1984) in order to “empower “empower to order in 1984) Bourdieu in also 1996:5; (Göle capital symbolic as s ad etrie idvdas n edr n o te oy n re to order in body the on and gender on individuals Westernized and ist

20) n Fse (02 fn i cuil o eonz ttoig s both as tattooing recognize to crucial it find (2002) Fisher and (2009) ractices Turkey, but pinpoints a single one single a pinpoints but Turkey, ractices — czd hrceitc M tei das ih nte bodily another with deals thesis My characteristic. icized which I focuswhich section. thenext onin shall 12

association with power relations opens opens relations power with association hm o rss aant h abstract the against “resist to them y historicizing the conflict between between conflict the historicizing y

ze their veil their ze - tt. h patc of practice The state. —

the practice of of practice the — hard (2000), (2000), hard their bodily their

CEU eTD Collection ma leisure a in objects “commercial become or commodity any service tattoos mainstream society, intoday‟s of consumption like Just (40). surface” body‟s the to capital cultural of aspect regular a “become have they how and society ofdeeply thebody embedded connection andcontext. cultural and social its (Douglas meanings” imposed culturally of expression an is body physical “the that politic, body the of idea (1966) Douglas‟ Mary raise to appropriate is it Therefore, group. social a into subject the situates body subjective c a how explain to order in the itself, delivers image the that of meaning support symbolic or medium a as and image tattoo the for frame the as body the to refers He (288). frame” or support and image between relation special “the on emphasis distinct this to adds (1994) Blanchard context. every in distinction this into play factors political and cultural, social, many and today prominent still is unmarked the from of practice lingeredgang among theunconsentedmembers, bodieslike and prisoners teenage rebels. and on later tattooing Empire, Roman the in slaves or criminals among common Once 2002:92). (Fisher body” the commodifiedhas that culture a of symptom a or to resistance of form a“as analyzedbeenhas ( impinge,” forces social these whom on person the of part as forces social registering for code bodily a is “tattooing that states Polynesia, in practices tattooinganthropological on workhis in AlfredGell, contexts. cultural an body the on materialize that selfhoods between relationship the about implications many reveals that practice a been has it that and social and physical Adding to this, Turner (1999) opens a space to discuss tattooing in contemporary contemporary in tattooing discuss to space a opens (1999) Turner this, to Adding tattooing of characteristic profound the however, not, or Deviant

customizing the body the customizing

still today, has kept its close association to vulgarity and deviance and deviance and vulgarity to association close its kept has today, still — that it marks the individual and distinguishes the subject subject the distinguishes and individual the marks it that 1993:27) and indeed, throughout history, the practice practice the history, throughout indeed, and 1993:27) in Or — 13 end and Gagné 2009:497), which conveys the conveys which 2009:497), Gagné and end rather thansimply identities signifying rketplace and... optional aspects of a body body a of aspects optional and... rketplace

consumer culture, where they add add they where culture, consumer ter xenl oil and social external their d ertain image on a certain a on image ertain

— ie n other any like ion and puts and ion — have have

CEU eTD Collection agency, individual of signifier the is Iargue, then, bodies political on tattoo Kemalist The goverment. AKP the and Islamism for disdain and disagreement their forth put also but subjectivities, and classifications, distinctions, identifi social certain situate to citizens Turkish these for way nationalism K that ideologies an social a nation and nationalism as such discuss furtherthesis. own inmy shall I which research, authors‟ the in crucial very therefore, is tattoos logo corporate getting a are they whether or pressures social to conforming into „duped‟ passively are bodies their alter who culture consumer mass case, their a The lives. people‟s into bodies tattooed (511) billboards” “human these which in ways the and society commercialized under be can tattoos logo corporate how investigates and approach this on expands (2009) Gagné and Orend 2009:495). Gagné (Turner membership” social indicate ironically and playfully which aesthetic, cations, so as to not only maintain and reproduce their secularist and Kemalist Kemalist and secularist their reproduce and maintain only not to as so cations, By delienating the literature above, literature the delienating By ctive agents in constructing their own bodies” (497). This volatile role of agency in agency of role volatile This (497). bodies” own their constructing in agents ctive d individual practice and so on. In light of all these, I show that such powerful such that show I these, all of light In on. so and practice individual d — are manifested and mediated through social and political bodies, which makes which bodies, political and social through mediated and manifested are — reflect the embeddedness of corporations and consumption of their products their of consumption and corporations of embeddedness the reflect mls hv cm t ecmas o hs day this to encompass to come have emalism and

social distinction all at distinction the same social time. uthors, in order to delve into the ways in which social forces social which in ways the into delve to order in uthors, - state, its close relationship with the human body, tattooing as tattooing body, human the with relationship close its state,

— impinge upon the human bodies, discuss whether “those “those whether discuss bodies, human the upon impinge stood by looking at today‟s postmodern and highly highly and postmodern today‟s at looking by stood

I focused on highlighting some significant themes significant some highlighting on focused I 14

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Orend and and Orend resistence, — in in CEU eTD Collection I research, myIn bearers. tattoo the on argument my strengthen me helping in works Istanbul İz in campaign tattoo Kemalist free with concerned more is thesis my Because bearers. tattoo Istanbulian with semi conducted and networks social employees‟ parlors‟ these from to me allowed parlors tattoo these and Caddebostan of to Going Erol. Tattoo districts and Tattoo Elephant Tattoo, Dreamcatcher main are which among Kadıköy, the in parlors tattoo few a visited also I hand, other dis same the in showcases located Tattoo Art Dream and Tattoo thesis my which Core Tattoo, Art like parlors tattoo other in daily time spent Köprüaltı and visited also I however, extensively, parlor, tattoo one on mainly focused about social practice. this (498) perceptions” and attitudes, values, feelings, motivations, “underlying on light shed like Just bodies. self through apparatus state the with disagreement their and politics of understanding their mold citizens Turkish how is about inquire to me for is tattoos these of significance the that argue I identity. and knowledge reproduce and images these of sense make citizens Turkish how grasping necessaryfor research ethnographic an conducting Ifound thesis, this forTherefore, politi and cultural rooted deeply with charged visual heavily is Thetherefore, 2009:845). (Mahmood an imagination” persona, shared a a suggest even might or that presence, meanings authoritative of cluster a to but image an to simply not i are They ideology. Kemalist his and figure public a as Atatürk symbolize 3.0 METHODOLOGY I conducted an ethnographic research in the cities of İzmi of cities the in research ethnographic an conducted I that inscriptions and images of tattoos mainly, is study of object my thesis, this In Orend and Gagné (2009), I heavily rely on qualitative methods that I believe I that methods qualitative on rely heavily I (2009), Gagné and Orend mir, which tattoo artists in Istanbul did not take part of, my research in research my of, part take not did Istanbul in artists tattoo which mir,

find people who carry such tattoos; therefore, I benefited benefited I therefore, tattoos; such carry who people find not 15

their shape, content, or form; what is critical critical is what form; or content, shape, their - fashioning and actively modifying their their modifying actively and fashioning trict, Alsancak, İzmir. In Istanbul, on the the on Istanbul,In İzmir. Alsancak, trict, r and İstanbul. In İzmir, I İzmir, In İstanbul. and r cal meanings for people. people. for meanings cal - structured interviews interviews structured cons; they “refer they cons; CEU eTD Collection practice the the out investigating and pointing setting that relational emphasizes Turkey, in veiling Islamist on research ethnographic her in (1996), Göle tattoo. the getting of process the during conversations group in engage observ to me allowed that occasions for looked Ialso individually; structuredinterviews semi conducting to method my limit not did I parties, two these between practice interactive t of sides both achieve. face w social their among discourse their self their shape and themselves position to citizens Turkish for way makes body the on inscribed portrait) his (or signature Atatürk the of image the how ai I tattoos, Kemalist at looking In (845). world” this in oneself conducts one how on bearing has that structure a in him/herself find to individual an allow to capacity “the has icon the that out points compellingly (2009) Mahmood Saba 2008, in media controversy practicegeneral. tattooing Kemalist in of intricacie the understand me help that research customer tattooists, among other each with communicate people how shows it also but researcher, a and the socialin spaceandthe around bodily reveals dispositions people‟s only not observation participant that that believe I case roles, different a with actors on around revolves research ethnographic Doing observation. participant importantly most semi conversations, informal on rely - to - My informants consist of tattoo artists and tattoo bearers, which allows me to grasp to me allows which bearers, tattoo and artists tattoo of consist informants My political a and icons, images, concerns similarly and heavily that case a on Inquiring ae neatos ih y nomns wih n tngahc ehd los e to me allows method ethnographic an which informants, my with interactions face

— aey te aih atos f rpe Mhme ta sird p glo up stirred that Muhammed Prophet of cartoons Danish the namely, e practice he — - tattooist relations, friendships, family ties all play a role into my my into role a play all ties family friendships, relations, tattooist the giver and the receiver of the icon. Since tattooing is an an is tattooing Since icon. the of receiver the and giver the - structured interviews, group interviews with people with groupinterviews structuredinterviews, orlds. To do this, I find it crucial to engage in verbal, verbal, in engage to crucial it find I this, do To orlds.

16

o te apin pcfcly ad lo the also and specifically, campaign the of s not one - - on presentation in their actions and actions their in presentation - n, u th but one, m to scrutinize precisely this: this: precisely scrutinize to m presence of an outsider outsider presencean of og “rendering rough — relationship e and and e , and , bal - CEU eTD Collection conversations. these in partaking in advantage my for worked certainly which interaction, verbal through time, the of most customer the relationality; self the “reinforce will that conflicts,” and relationships their of terms in actors social of narratives - reflexivity of actors” (10). The basic procedure of getting a tattoo already requires a requires already tattoo a getting of procedure basic The (10). actors” of reflexivity

17

cuit hmhref ih h tto artist tattoo the with him/herself acquaints CEU eTD Collection from range samples Tattoo eagles, butterflies, teas. Turkish their on sipping smoke, cigarette of presence lingering the under out hang and chat customers and artists Tattoo passageway. entire the h blasting the and window shop‟s the from seen walls the internet, the off printed neatly others sketchbooks, from torn some images, sample tattoo with Crowded decorations. its to comes it when modest not certainly is par tattoo two the of One mesmerizing. quite visually yet and empty looks passageway, the of end the at located Tattoo, Köprüaltı products. with fully arepacked that onesother the all from out stands shop OneAmerican. is everythingthat consume Izmirian for destination main the is it and “American” are products sh protein even and liquor, hard electronics, tobacco, cigarettes, with along polish, nail shampoos, as such products beauty of kinds all contain passageway this inside shops little bazaar”, American “the named Unofficially Turkey. in bazaar a from would one as carpets Turkish nor spices, exotic sells neither however, area, shopping (Martyrs Şehitleri school sea” the to back Greeks the “threw and Turks of freedom history in Izmir of significance the implying also like just that comers new the reminding only not Izmir, of city the to you greets statue The together. branch tree olive an holding road After 4.0 TATTOOINGIN İZMİR ASOF PRACTICE FIELD A —

8 — a larger than life than larger a t h cne o Asna, h mi dsrc i Imr wlig ln te Kıbrıs the along walking Izmir, in district main the Alsancak, of center the At - or o taeig te u gt coe t te ci the to closer gets bus the traveling, of hours are here.

f Cyprus) of skulls, and detailed sketches of tribal tattoos all the way to portraits of of portraits to way the all tattoos tribal of sketches detailed and skulls, - size Mustafa Kemal Atatürk bust along with a woman and a soldier a and woman a with along bust Atatürk Kemal Mustafa size street, an indoor passageway turns into a tiny bazaar. This This bazaar. tiny a into turns passageway indoor an street, ip - hop music fit perfectly to the Americanized character of of character Americanized the to perfectly fit music hop

any other city, it is a part of Atatürk‟s Turkey, but Turkey, Atatürk‟s of part a is it city, other any 18

— the hills where Atatürk‟s troops won the won troops Atatürk‟s where hills the lors in the American bazaar, Köprüaltı bazaar, American the in lors — ty of Izmir, a statue stands by the the by stands statue a Izmir, of ty as every Turkish citizen learns in learns citizen Turkish every as akes for bodybuilding. The The bodybuilding. for akes

rs to indulge in in indulge to rs

expect CEU eTD Collection 3 2 equates He issue. this towards manner unacceptable,” is signature voicing hisstrict Atatürk done; an tattoo covering have would we thing last the is “that says, He today. ongoing still is that campaign charge” story the me tells He situated. and framed neatly is portrait Atatürk‟s them, to Next past. the in competitions several from awards his and artist achievements his to dedicated is shop his in wall Turkey‟s about opinion and feelings his express to how exactly knew Doktor me to talk to hesitating Without ofsituation hiscountry a straightforward manner: in 4.1 “It is a tattoo;not it is a reaction” status of the understand to as so perspective artists‟ tattoo of lens the through it analyze and practice, of al is it space; this in posters and images tattoo with emphasized only not is Kemalism opinion. with large around tattooparlor the all showcased also is Atatürk samples, tattoo the Besides uniform. military in or clothing, Atatürk Kemal Mustafa and Tupac Jackson, Michael

Here, he refers to the AKP (Justice and Development Party) govern Party) Development (JusticeAKP and the heto refers Here, humorist. and writer Turkish a Azizis Nesin so apparent on artists‟ bodies. so apparent onartists‟ - hre eait ato cmag, netgt seii atr‟ ecpin twrs the towards perceptions actors‟ specific investigate campaign, tattoos Kemalist charge 90% 90% definitelyis stupid”. pieces‟ into up it breaking people These sheep. like Aziz Brother As launched. be to about is it and co good a being means country this for lives their sacrificed have who soldiers, the of blood the betraying that think They Turkey. of history real the understand fully to capability the have not do people w fathom cannot people “Our political the on opinion his says 40s, his in Tattoo Köprüaltı of owner the Doktor, e closely I section, this In Kemalist thefield in tattoos of tattooart.

h dsr t cnel tto o Atatürk‟s of tattoo a conceal to desire the

3

say, „we are about to sell off a part of this country. We are We country. this of part a off sell to about are „we say, . They still get their votes. If this is the case, then those then case, the is this If votes. their get still They . — xamine the innerworkings of Köprüaltı Tattoo parlor‟s free parlor‟s Tattoo Köprüaltı of innerworkings the xamine - size posters, that indicate the shop and its owner‟sits and political shop indicate the that posters, size a stranger who introduces herself as a researcher/student, a as herself introduces who stranger a untryman. There is a serious plan out there for Turkey for there out plan serious a is There untryman. a i gig n rud hm n hs onr. These country. this in them around on going is hat

19

—

of his “Atatürk‟s signature tattoos: free of free tattoos: signature “Atatürk‟s his of 2

his license of being a tattoo and piercing and tattoo a being of license his has once said, 90% of Turkey is just is Turkey of 90% said, once has

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Beşiktaş is one of the three major soccer teams Turkey. soccer in major three ofthe one Beşiktaş is türk bust pin, a Beşiktaş badge Beşiktaş a pin, bust türk

lly respects the struggles that our soldiers have gone through to keep the country country the keep to through gone have soldiers our that struggles the respects lly Doktor Thus, Doktor‟s political

and lack of understanding the political and social threat that the AKP government AKP the that threat social and political the understanding of lack and expresses

ay f i social his of many ds a Turkish flag image and a Beşiktaş emblem on the Internet, the on emblem Beşiktaş a and image flag Turkish a ds

subjectivity identityarticulateda isvery inhis tattoo asmuch 4 , an a Turkey flag pin flag Turkey a an , — the shop that does Atatürk signature tattoos free of free tattoos signature thatdoes Atatürk shop the 20

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customers and friends, he gets up and up gets he friends, and customers , and another one with a peace sign peace a with one another and , ency to refuse to do them. Doktor them. do to refuse to ency - social phrases” (2002:99) or or (2002:99) phrases” social - shirt

as an individual individual an as collar. i long His — an . CEU eTD Collection individuality between separation cut a carries who tattoo. Kemalist everyone, by shared be to one right the be to assumes he that subjectivity self and consciousness one‟s on emphasis putting identity. one‟s of indicative highly are then, tattoos These social. as to refers Doktor what with connection strong a denotes which representation, symbolic a as many poses first social at They ones. Kemalist like tattoos symbolic politically and about implications individual of dichotomy Such tattoos. Kemalist towards stance person f the is important more is What crucial. not is world outside the to communication its words, other in visibilityor tattoo‟s the that tattoo; the of individuality the on emphasizing more is what that me informs also he However, tattoos. these of aspect social the as defines he which government, the against reaction social/political a implies tattoo Kemalist a carrying then, Doktor For of his argument ontattooing: contradictoriness the highlights also it tattooing, of character individualist the about opinion nod. just silent remain I now?” nicer look it “Doesn‟t me, asks he proud, Looking process. whole the throughout him watching been have I that obvious too it make to not trying time, same poster: the on them sticks neatly He chest. his on badge Beşiktaş a and arm his on flag Turkish a carry eig n cncosy hoig o ar i, hc isnae a eti cnouin f his of convolution certain a insinuates which it, carry to choosing consciously and eeling oty epe e i aoe h wit ayhr ral. t os o mte where. matter not does It really. anywhere What is important is that the perso waist… the above it same… get the always people is Mostly It it. change cannot you fixed; is signature Atatürk‟s of shape people‟ other on be to tattoo way reacting.of Normally a are anindividualwantyourisdonottattooing You entity. they tattoos; as them consider even not do I things. social merely are tattoos signature individuali an has this Now,

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motn i te person‟s the is important

s bodies, you want something unique, different. But the But different. unique, something want you bodies, s tc oe n a oil r omnl n. Atatürk‟s one. communal or social a and mode stic

n and identity, “since a social identity could be purely purely be could identity social a “since identity, and knows 21 that he/she carryingis on it body.their

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GreyWolves As the father of the of father the As ity. dividuation and socialization implies that these two roles are not to be separated; be to not are roles two these that implies socialization and dividuation , also known as the Idealist Youth, is an ultra is an Youth, Idealist the as known also , He perceives them perceives He

— - containedness, etc” (35). Thus, Doktor‟s reflection on an Atatürk tattoo‟s tattoo‟s Atatürk an on reflection Doktor‟s Thus, (35). etc” containedness, but as a way of reaction and resistance against the national and foreign foreign and national the against resistance and reaction of way a as but

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campaign, Doktor points out that people w people that out points Doktor campaign,

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5 te ae o Kmlss Or das are ideals Our Kemalists… not are they ; - nationalist, neo nationalist, — body inscriptions that form and foster foster and form that inscriptions body ‟s short remark reveals that he does does he that reveals remark short ‟s Middle East Journal. East Middle - is determined to maintain the maintain to determined is fascist youth organization. For a For youthorganization. fascist

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Vol 56(2). Vol

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He CEU eTD Collection the behind purpose Köprüaltı‟s towards mistrust only not articulate artists tattoo four All for purely is this for And parlor... It tattoo their advertising tremendously. derailed it of purpose the But incident. that with off start “ further: even add and others with agree also Tattoo Core Art at tattooists male and craftsmanship lack t out tattooists tattoos signature Atatürk looking ugly such are “There Köprüaltı‟shygiene. how about complain both also Peri, and free. Keni isfor it because get they is reason only it Atatürk, thatthe for a love not have „real‟ do customers the that explaining and come…” to going even not arethey that know us letting and calling bother why free, for is it since and afraid, are they because minds their change f a thing same the did “We adds: and screen computer the from around Turkey‟s turns colleague, in her Keni, forhistory. stands Atatürk what for disrespectful be to particular, in tattoos Atatürk contemptible be to general in free for tattooing consider she does only not that showing disgrace,” a such is this like identity his and image Atatürk‟s Using us. for degrading so is free for tattoos these “Doing issue: a the into me greeting after Peri, 30s, her in artist 2010. tattoo female in November of month the during campaign the implement to “obligated” felt they though even campaign, the to opposition strong their explain Köprüaltı from away just Tattoo, Art Dream at work who Tattooists campaign. this follow to motive different a quite reality, in have, also they but terms, different very in campaign Tattoo‟s Köprüaltı perceive parlors tattoo other do only not However, 1938. since Turkey towardsAtatürk‟s MustafaKemal death act commemorative a as November of month the during only free for tattoos Atatürk away follow parlors 4.2 PerceptionsDiffering fe Dko iiitd h cmag o fe Aaük ato i 20, te tattoo other 2007, in tattoos Atatürk free of campaign the initiated Doktor After ed the trend, but not fully. Most of the tattoo par tattoo the of Most fully. not but trend, the ed w er ao Te epe ut i nt hw p o h apitet; they appointments; the to up show not did just people The ago. years ew

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reason, the handiwork, the hygiene is all gone.” all is hygiene the handiwork, the reason, 23

of being a tattooist, but she also finds also she but tattooist, a being of parlor, expresses her opinion on the on opinion her expresses parlor,

th , which isanational holida lors in Izmir in lors here.” Azimet and Anıl, and Azimet here.” a few hundred meters meters hundred few a preferred to give to preferred Yes, it did it Yes, y in

CEU eTD Collection parlor an asking for Atatür the to come who people from price higher a for asks even he that me tell to on goes He here. apparent clearly is tattoos have to status economic lower a from people for disapproval and statement strong His horribly.” on so bodies people‟s signature his draw who tattooists, the decapitate to want would he alive, was Atatürk If horrendous. look just they but tattoos, signature Atatürk have street the on homeless the or ev Izmir, in “Today status: social certain a provides it that and individual Grenfell 2008:96). Köprüal disapproving against strong stance their on based is field their among terms, Bourdieuan in distinction or differentiation, Such tattooing. of field the in position status higher and artistic own their to need the feel high a of also subjects as bearers others tattoo differentiate Peri, like just Indeed, practice.” luxurious a is “Tattooing declares, Peri sense. economic the in particularly status higher a at field their and themselves free of campaign Köprüaltı‟s denounce Anıl (1985:208) field” the of division fiel position their improve or maintain own status situate tattooists four th only not the through quality artistic profession‟s tattoos, their legitimize and artists Kemalist as themselves towards view conflictual this analyze to towardspeople why skepticism and tattoos, away give to artists tattoo as degradation feel also they but campaign, d is the site of more or less overt struggle over the definition of the legitimate principles of legitimate principlesthe definition of of the struggle lessover overt or more d isthesiteof As said above, said As “ which in space a as field defines Bourdieu , butalsotheir customers‟ thesocial statusin field.

get Atatürk tattoos. get Azimet believes that having a tattoo is a distinctive characteristic of an of characteristicdistinctive a is tattoo a having that believes Azimet ıs apin hne dlbrt “in f ueirt” (Crossley superiority” of “sign deliberate a hence campaign, tı‟s k tattoo: k tattoo: ec,i tefed ftto at ei ei Aie, and Azimet, Keni, Peri, art, tattoo of field the in Hence, . ” (Grenfell 2008:70) and goes on to point out that out point to on goes and 2008:70) (Grenfell ”

Taking Bourdieu‟s concept of Bourdieu‟sTaking concept of 24

er economic status as a strategy to maintain maintain to strategy a as status economic er - of

on the craftsmanship of these free tattoos tattoos free these of craftsmanship the on - social agents [use] differing strategies to to strategies differing [use] agents social hre ato, so tattoos, charge

field en the street vendor vendor street the en s o iut both situate to as

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nan h „luxurious the intain

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he told me himself. He came in basically, to ask me how me ask basically,to came in He himself.me told he of letting the customer to be an active agent in deciding to deciding in agent active an be to customer the letting of

I do not see the point of these kind of people getting people of kind these of point the see not do I 25 ie f iig wy re ato ad lo the also and tattoos free away giving of tice

Obviously, the tattoo looked awful so I so awful looked tattoo the Obviously, - ness‟ and high status of tattooing as a a as tattooing of status high and ness‟

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tattoo art.

ds for ideologically. Indeed, as Turner (1999) argues, in argues, (1999) Turner as Indeed, ideologically. for ds 26 the readability of those signs used by the the by used signs those of readability the

piaiain f sae ybls, “as symbolism, state a of privatization a

ut of the traditional realm of the state state the of realm traditional the of ut t to gain recognition and recognition gain to t

and trivialization and m mass sm, conomic conomic

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symbolic boundaries. I have shown these engendered cultural distinctions cultural engendered these shown have I boundaries. symbolic - goin g “free Atatürk tattoos” campaign gains momentum every day, day, every momentum gains campaign tattoos” Atatürk “free g — - recognition as Kemalist subjectivities on their skin, and resist resist and skin, their on subjectivities Kemalist as recognition has “led to a loss of meaning, with the sign bearing little, if little, bearing sign the with meaning, of loss a to “led has

nationalist sensibility and sensitivity, crossing the social social the crossing sensitivity, and sensibility nationalist 27 Anıl therefore, situates himself as an opposer opposer an as himself situates therefore, Anıl

r ritc xrsin, hc disarrays which expression”, artistic ir suggest tion. He utilizes his utilizes He tion.

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this political controversy among the field of tattoo of field the politicalcontroversyamong this 28

t, h strive who sts,

— citizens, who inscribe their their inscribe who citizens, o oiiaiy and originality for —

but also artistic CEU eTD Collection only not which 7 others, to visibility 6 tattoo‟s the on emphasis put İzmir in people most Can, Like Turk. a as permanently individual, an as himself mark to way a is also but pride, youon forever fits it your life; you on is Tattoo point. some at you fit to stops it and 15 are you when t a wearing like not is This privilege. firs the is this that confirms and elbow his above tattoo signature Atatürk his off shows proudly Can body, his on tattoos fifteen already Having him. to according possible,” made “Atatürk that parlor. Minaj Nicki of song new the on put sugar, the melt to teas Turkish their stir cigarettes, their light They pm 1:30 at everyday school from straightaway parlor 17 drink. and food my pay for me let not does and me for door the tatto holds „gentleman‟,also who a matters. is He onbusiness people assertive, at to talking skilled the for errand an run to needs he where bank, the to Can follow and seemsonly wayforthat tobeandracism. Sobe discrimination it. always should Turkey countries. other by used somewhere, intheWe nation bemost powerful Turkey like world. alwaysinthebackstage that. should are him like thefor leader. fought Heagood was I he But now. me misunderstand would peopleSome man. Hitler. And Castro… Atatürk. like leaders political many like I pagethe front ofHürriyet also, battlefield… the on him flag, Turkish the portrait, His arm… left my over all Atatürk of enth great with tattoo this got I me. for important very is He 5.0 UNPACKING CONTEXT TURKISH MODERN IDENTITIES IN THE

An American female rap artist. rap female American An in Turkey. newspapers major ofisthe one Independence) Hürriyet(meaning, t tattoo that he shows to other people: “I feel proud to carry this on my body, it is a is it body, my on this carry to proud feel “I people: other to shows he that tattoo t The two quotes above above quotes two The chair my from immediately up get I company.” me keep go, let‟s sociologist, “Hey 7

n no auulatrono atn o utmr n hnigot t the at out hanging and customers for waiting of afternoon usual a enjoy and

6 on November 10

reflect Can‟s feelings about being a Turkish citizen, a notion notion a citizen, Turkish a being about feelings Can‟s reflect your skin.” For Can, having the tattoo does not only reflect his onlyreflect not does tattoo havingthe ForCan, your skin.” - shirt that has a flag on it. You start wearing the shirt the wearing start You it. on flag a has that shirt th , 1938. 29

. Other tattooists greet him cheerfully. cheerfully. him greet tattooists Other . usiasm and desire. I want tattoos want I desire. and usiasm

be at the top and the best. The best. the and top the at be

- year - r body for the rest of of rest the for body r old Can comes to theto comes Can old ; he was a smart a was he ; pro. e is He parlor. o

CEU eTD Collection he does but Erdoğan, of know You you? about cares “Who cynicism: his express to hesitate a much As tattooists. the Köprüaltı of asone atgirlfriend works Pınar, who signature by hisfather‟s done tattoobearer, Atatürk an also is Can time.” first the right it get to have you skin, the on mistake any make ex “more is it or because paper, painting of piece than a on drawing more tattooing enjoys He bodies. their on signatures Atatürk tattooing peers, own his on handiwork his practices Can experience, little With day. every circle social h his in tattoos Kemalist about word the spreads He year. a than less in 5.1 people perceive vs. the secular 1984 1969 (Goffman place of sense ident group any or political social, a marking of idea the transcends tattoo Kemalist a getting of act the Atatürk, of legacy the cherishing and love, showing respect,paying of assumption basic the evoke to expected be might tattoos alKemalist that argue I (mis)communication, of ways these Through environment. social respective their in tattoos Kemalist their communicate to intend they how of terms themselveshow tattooists as perceive afieldart, their butalso ofvo tattooing of implications social the discuss usually scholars way the only not contradicts and İzmiri and encounters my of many However, statement. political collective not or free the augments Political Political Reaction or Self ) and engenders a engenders and ) an Can, a 17 a Can, in bearers tattoo of statements bodily and verbal detailed discuss I section, this In people also reveal that this collective act goes beyond its reactionary characteristic characteristic reactionary its beyond goes act collective this that reveal also people —

eait ato tdy ae as rdcd n seigy ok sae f a of shape a took seemingly and produced mass are today, tattoos Kemalist public appearance of such a meaningful political symbol, but also shows that shows also but symbol, political meaningful a such of appearance public - year - old high school student, is the son of Doktor, who taught him tattooing taughthim who son Doktor, the of is student, school high old certain social, political and gendered subjectivity that highlights how how highlights that subjectivity gendered and political social, certain s he takes pride in carrying this mark on his skin, he also does not does also he skin, his on mark this carrying in pride takes he s ) or in other words, one‟s position position one‟s words, other in or ) Islamist state - fashioning?: K

in Turkey. 3 0

emalist Tattoo Bearers citing; you do not have the freedom to freedom the have not do you citing; t (unr 99, osldts on consolidates 1999), (Turner ity

in a social space (Bourdieu (Bourdieu space social a in cation. cation. igh school and to his to and school igh ovrain with conversations

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e‟s e‟s — CEU eTD Collection economic the within than rather identity”national of links of basis the on grouping a provoke Bourdieu government. Islamist the of hands the in are that apparatuses power the against resisting of understanding their shapes importantly, more but Atatürk, for respect and love their reifies only not inscription bodily this Thus, Struggle). “Mein Hitler‟s Adolf of copy a with café the to came who Kaan, adds service,” military your doing like just is “This act: political a of understanding their to equates ideals, friend‟ his to nods mostly who Kaan, also and Altay For country.” my defend can I that braveness my shows it duty; a and honor an is tattoo this Carrying Isay? can else What all. it sayssignature sh everyone that remarks and odd questions my finds old, years 18 turned recently Altay, news. the follow not do they that say bluntly bearers, tattoo Kemalist both are who friends, school high two Can‟s Altay, and inte not are They situation. the of seriousness the of youyouI whatare so did.TheyI But tell just theyAnd see, won‟t ofthem. didmost political subjectivity, thougheven r it nationality. his discerns he as fashion states seen, be to tattoo Kemalist his only not expects He Can. for key is tattoo the of Visibility father‟s: his with opposes that view his reveals he Here, stirring reaction. a be should tattoo the of purpose the him, For himself. calls he as “realistically,” tattoo this carry to requisite a as saw Doktor Özdil…” Yılmaz Like left is it and act reactionary a as unnoticed. tattoo this get You No. you? see he does you, know — When I ask Can if any of his friends also have Kemalist tattoos, he says, “Of course! “Of says, he tattoos, Kemalist have also friends his of any if Can ask I When Turkey to be „seen‟ by the rest of the world. He therefore, treats his tattoo in a similara in tattoo his therefore,treats He world. the of rest bythe „seen‟ be Turkeyto s remarks, utilizing their body to convey their sympathy towards Atatürk and his and Atatürk towards sympathy their convey to body their utilizing remarks, s Not many people know about your tattoo. People who read and write about it; yes. it; aboutwrite and read who People yourtattoo. about know people many Not Expressing his cynicism, Can shows his belief and awareness and belief his shows Can cynicism, his Expressing ud sueadakoldete rans o ttr: “His Atatürk: of greatness the acknowledge and assume ould emains unrecognized. The Kemalist tattoo then, becomes then, tattoo Kemalist The 31 —

but at the same time, perceives the practic the perceives time, same the at but rested in politics as I am.” Indeed, Kaan Indeed, am.” I as politics in rested

(1985) stresses that “it is possible… to possible… is “it that stresses (1985)

but also but — a token of Can‟s Can‟s of token a as he previously he as

Kampf” (My (My Kampf” unaware — what what e

CEU eTD Collection appearing with puts forth distinction acertaindifferently. social and theself presenting cer a to him/herself incorporating beyond goes then, body tattooed capital symbolic a maintain and obtain to order in body, capitalphysicalhis of use makesthusly which Kemalism, of producedsymbol mass and inscribing by body his modifies deliberately Can (Featherstone b their of performance and texture have shape, size, appearance, people the with preoccupied decades increasingly become recent “In argues, (1982) Featherstone tattoos. Kemalist of aspect the carrying of intricacies terms in oftheircontext political affiliation. l also but ones, Kemalist as bodies young their signifies only not that inscription bodily permanent of „habit‟ their intensify citizens, a trajectories life both shaping capital… physical of tokens “become argues, (2001) Crossley as markers, bodily inscriptions Kemalist with bodies modified their situat to them for way a is which act, self a become tattoos Kemalist their about talking bearers, tattoo other many and Can For affiliation. group a and identity individual an both signifying of ways are tattooing nationalist sentiments. not The field. a legitimization of their economic status, but of their status that is heavily shaped by their their by shaped heavily is that status their of but status, economic their of legitimization a ead them to a certain life trajectory that will determine their future position in the social the in position future their determine will that trajectory life certain a to them ead Before moving further into a discussion of conceptualizing Kemalist tattoos and the and tattoos Kemalist conceptualizing of discussion a into further moving Before other many and (2000) DeMello As odies. This has been encouraged by the centrality of the body in consumer culture” consumer in body the of centrality the by encouraged been has This odies. fact that many people in İzmir get these tattoos for free, therefore, shows that it is it that shows therefore, free, for tattoos these get İzmir in people many that fact in Shilling 2003:182). Indeed, the body is now a frame for exhibiting identities. identities. exhibiting for frame a now is Indeed,body the 2003:182). Shilling

nd, in this way, habits” (6). (6). habits” way, this in nd, se tattoos on the skin, it is necessary to briefly point out another out point briefly to necessary is it skin, the on tattoos se

e their bodily appearances and differences and appearances bodily their e xrsig oe n rset o Atatürk for respect and love expressing

32

scholars — — and in a way consuming way a in and among their respective community. Such Such community. respective their among a, la, n Ka, l fil young fairly all Kaan, and Altay, Can, —

in his Kemalist body inscription. The The inscription. body Kemalist his iae bd mdfctos like modifications body dicate, an group tain — a com a — identity in this case, this in hog a through - modified modified reflexive reflexive

— , and and , his his CEU eTD Collection at difficult really never is condemnation intense Therefore, government. the criticizing harshly from away shy never they and politician, another or minister prime the about day that news the on was what about discussions heated in engage tattooists and customers parlor; the in conversation cookies. and cigarettes, coffee, tea, offering by time to time visit who friends and customers their welcome tattooists The socialize. to space popular 5.2 ev into embeddedness importantly, onordinarybodiesthat communicated. Kemalism is deep this through then, is It space. social the among self the of distinction embedded and unnoticed less a with purpose reactionary its and images Kemalist tattooing of practice the intertwines therefore, symbol powerful this of trivializ The (8). building” public the on unnoticed hangingflag the is it passion; fervent with waved consciously being is which flag a not is nationalism banal of image metonymic that itself; manifest to agent active an needs always not nationalism that states and nationalism‟ „banal Kemalist self consumption their and tattoos Kemalist of production mass and commodification the (509), lifestyle…” and community, identity, with bodies, physical its seeped has reality of construction corporate way culture “the (2009), consumer Gagné and mass Orend to the referring again, by Once them. constructed surrounding is that individuality certain a convey also nat ionalist and reactionary and ionalist - An An Ideology ahoig ad s and fashioning, Köprüal a with charged only not is that one is claim bearers tattoo that distinction social This — acs ad nationalist and laicist t s al rmne ad ti rmnig s o aiir s cniul The continual… so familiar, so is reminding “this and reminded daily is it tı Tattoo is not only a favored shop for piercings and tattoos, but it is also a a also is it but tattoos, and piercings for shop favored a only not is Tattoo tı

of of ‘the Turk’, ca status ocial self - positioning amo positioning —

Materialized on Gendered ideology. n as communicate also and ways into public consciousness and, indeed, for some, some, for indeed, and, consciousness public into ways 33 ilg 19) us ot hs oplig term compelling his forth puts (1995) Billig

ng the everyday life of Turkish citizens, but citizens, Turkish of life everyday the ng

Köprüaltı. I go upstairs, climbing carefully carefully climbing upstairs, go I Köprüaltı.

National politics is a is politics National

the in depth meaning of the the of meaning depth in the stumbling upon a dialogue of of dialogue a upon stumbling both

and Secularand highlight one‟s lifestyle, lifestyle, one‟s highlight eryday life and more more and life eryday major topic of topic major Bodies ation

CEU eTD Collection 9 afterhis arrest 1999 in lifeimprisonment 8 and Seherfor also and ForPınar, (1996:135). body” the overwillpower human of domination of spiral the in body human the takes “it that modernism Western to relation in agency female this of significance the highlights Turkey, in veiling on ethnography her in (1996), Göle body. resistant her through o stresses one, signature Atatürk an including whatever do can I to. us want they because veil, to want not do I faces. our into veil the push they and women, are “We She extent. greater a to even bodies their of perception women‟s sentiments nationalist her body her „fits‟ that mark necessary a as tattoo the perceives appearance body her appropriates Melih, and Can like just She, us.” fits It tattoo. other any like not is This arm. tattooed my off cut or me hang they if care not do I what, matter No signatu Atatürk get will both they that me telling After conflict. violent of decades many after PKK with talks peace the initiated that government Islamist the and process, peace the about criticism their Kurds, public letter thatwas from tothe Öcalan crowd read outloud thatday. inDiyarbakır a with PKK the with process peace the of beginning the marked that news the on recently Newruz the to refers Seher sisters!” and brothers my kanka No, there! flag Turkish single Apo their waveimmediately:“Theydeliberatelyme strikes accom is who Gamze, friend her and Seher, customer her Pınar, greet I as soon As parlor. the at apprentice an only 24 a Pınar, customers. their on work tattooists where ladder, wobbly the

An Abdu Nicknameof

informal way of saying „blood brother‟ „blood way saying of informal Seher and Gamze, both in their late 20s, do 20s, late their in both Gamze, and Seher llah Öcalan, one of the founders of the PKK (Kurdish Workers‟ Party (KurdishWorkers‟ PKK ofthe founders ofthe one Öcalan, llah

panying Seher in getting a tattoo, they go back to chatting and the topic the and chatting to back gothey tattoo, a getting in Seherpanying re tattoos, Seher says: “We should all carry this tattoo on our bodies. our on tattoo this carry all should “We says: Seher tattoos, re . Pınar then, slightly changes the topic, which reveals these three three these reveals which topic, the changes slightly then, Pınar .

secularization I

want to my body!” Pınar, as a bearer of multiple tattoos, tattoos, multiple of bearer a as Pınar, body!” my to want 9 — , those Kurdish dogs, who live in the mountains are mountains the in live who dogs, Kurdish those , can be similar to „bro‟ or „dude‟ „bro‟or to similar canbe 34

n her own agency as a woman that is elevated is that woman a as agency own her n epai added) (emphasis

not hesitate asserting their hatred towards towards hatred their asserting hesitate not eertos t iabkr ht was that Diyarbakır at celebrations 8

, which is deeply embedded with embedded deeply is which , flags, PKK flags; there was not a not therewas flags;flags, PKK

in English language. English in raises her voice and utters, and voice her raises and aims to increase the the increase to aims and - year ) , who is sentenced to to whois sentenced , - old tattooist, is tattooist, old

and and not CEU eTD Collection femininity. and piety female reflecting from far are that piercings and tattoos multiple with bodies their Pın (19). transgression” a considered is women, of masculinization physical the especially roles, masculine the and feminine the between informants. bearer tattoo Kemalist female my th is therefore, will their to according appearance in themselves present to authority the have they that claims making body, their of control Taking agency. him position (Bohman are” they what and who just define but actions, their „regulate‟ simply no do that orientations to back argues Going he 1996:18). Bourdieu, (Göle body” human the master and tame to will its “exercises themselves perceive andmodern, progressive, Western, Sec space. social surrounding in puzzle identity Turkey today. female great a signifies body dominated and veiled, Islamist, the and and re public the to shifted and highly politicized and individual piety the on stay should modesty female symbolizes (1996) Göle to according that body female covered/veiled laicist and Kemalist their to related directly is bodies their of subjugation the against resisting Gamze, az‟ saeet gi, eel te infcne f iutn oes ef n ht person‟s that in self one‟s situating of significance the reveals again, statement Gamze‟s

domination over female bodies. This dichotomy of secularized and self and secularized of dichotomy This bodies. female over domination you‟re wearing aveil, because of that. yo defend to ability your lose you When games.mind their for vulnerable are you then here, you brought yourunderstandingan individual. youcomeOncewhofromyoulose as where of and to have You in

— Looking further in Bourdieu‟s terms, this „symbolic power‟ that these Kemalist these that power‟ „symbolic this terms, Bourdieu‟s in further Looking /herself in the social sphere, relies on habitus that brings in a sense of practical practical of sense a in brings that habitus on relies sphere, social the in /herself Shusterman 1999:130). Therefore, the social actor in making in actor social the Therefore, 1999:130). Shusterman s poe t Islamist to opposed as

be conscious and determined about what you believe in and who you areyou who and in believewhatyou determinedabout consciousand be “cos r scaie it a into socialized are “actors , urself, you get lost. They brainwash you. Next thing you know, you thing Next you. brainwash They lost. get you urself, lr oe lk Pnr Shr ad az, h ietf as identify who Gamze, and Seher, Pınar, like women ular and private private and —

principle alm that accentuate that alm 35

Göle (1996) specifically states, “Any blurring blurring “Any states, specifically (1996) Göle

ar, Seher, and Gamze, in a way, masculinize masculinize way, a in Gamze, and Seher, ar, level. Today however, veiling has become become has veiling however, Today level. s habitus Fr uks fml sbet, a subjects, female Turkish For . as as rational actors. And this rationalityAnd this actors. rational it a e o dsoiin and dispositions of set a into , s the political power relations powerrelations political the s e primary argument here argument primary e

decisions so as t as so decisions - determined body body determined

for for o CEU eTD Collection so wider the among secularist and Kemalist as status social transform incertain ormodify it ways. „subterranean‟ n be not aremay or concealed forces external these that argues Foucault though Even (1989:602). body” that to external construction cultural of mechanism a by transmuted and surface a as body the “conceives Foucault, on. extensively and Nietzsche from body the to approach genealogical writeshis adopts (1989), Butler to according Foucault that notion a resistance, of symbols become become, have they powerful how and people these for responsible is nation Our well… as body my through stance my express will I public, in veils precious their off show they like “Just quo: status the Turkeyfor in population whole empowering. also 22 a but Gizem, liberating, only not is women, these for veil a with up it covering than rather visible, body the making and inscribing, opening, of act deliberate and subversive transgressive. ultimately signifying and body, for the on seek materialized visible, are women that distinctions Kemalist and Westernized distinction, and „authenticity‟ a as woman aKemalist withfreeand will secular with and modernist thoughts. asboth position her legitimize to herfor way makes whichgovernment, the resistance against symb the arm her on tattoo the of visibility the highlights Pınar 1985:209). (Bourdieu classification” legitimate the impose and produce to believed, things and them to bring tattoos Kemalist tattoo bearers, male or female, utilize their bodies to put forth not only their their only not forth put to bodies their utilize female, or male bearers, tattoo Kemalist its for “searches identity, female specifically identity, Islamic as just Therefore, olic power the tattoo brings in on her body contributes to her deliberate political political deliberate her to contributes body her on in brings tattoo the power olic - year - old college student, also confirms this while at while this confirms also student, college old oticed easily oticed to their bodies, is “the power to make things seen and to make make to and seen things make to power “the is bodies, their to

a set of subterranean „forces‟ that are repressed and and repressed are that „forces‟ subterranean of set a — they nonetheless, impact bodies in a way that may may that way a in bodies impact nonetheless, they 36

no one else.” Hence, these female bodies female these Hence, else.” one no — unlike Melih unlike cial space, but also their free will will free their also but space, cial the same time blames the the blames time same the — and this visibility and and visibility this and — n te words, other in

Such Such CEU eTD Collection a self; the to reminder a alsomessage, politicalis a with loaded dissent. their voice to need urgent the feel Melih, like people and it against act to them urges which hur are sensibilities secularist citizens‟ Turkish policies, Islamist its extends government appearances. bodily their through state Kemalist the to believers un Turkish citizens, inclines state, laicist the of notion the is which Kemalism, of notions ideological fundamental uncertainties an Turke of case the in which context, social the among self the of positioning certain a conveys tattoos Kemalist of character individualistic visibili its than rather individual, the to value its of significance the on emphasizes directly He him. to means inscription body a such what declares and tattoo signature Atatürk an get to decides spontaneously He team. leathe similar a wears Melih Klübü‟ Motorsiklet „Kartallar the of member A e passers the at gazing customers, observing sitting, parlor, the in conversation every 5.3 and people‟s explore to way makes symbols Kemalist tattooing of act transgressive This practice. meaningful and permanent, powerful, a adopting by agency and njoys few of relaxation. a hours understanding of Acquiring a line from movie the see. to people other for it want for not is This off. am I do. already they show me, know to needs Whoever to tattoo this getting not I not? am why so certainly available, was Can tattoo; this get to today here come not did actually I This uncertain political situation, stemming from the interruption of one of the most the of one of interruption the from stemming situation, political uncertain This 53 a Melih,

But more importantly, as Melih confirms, this act of deliberate body modification, body deliberate of act this confirms, Melih as importantly, more But d distrust towardsIslamist thegovernment. currentd distrust myself. Statuses, SecularistReifying Masculinities - like Melih, to remind their social surroundings that they are still dedicated still theyare surroundings that social remind Melih, to their like year political acts political

Just like the other one [referring to his „Ideas are bulletproof‟tattoo „Ideasare his [referringone otherto likethe Just - old „biker‟ is one of the of one is „biker‟ old V for V for Vendetta r jacket with pins that reflect that pins with jacket r

in Turkey. ty. As discussed previously, such prominence of the the of prominence such previously, discussed As ty. ].

37

y

frequent visitors at the parlor. He engages in in engages He parlor. the at visitors frequent is one that is heavily charged with political with charged heavily is that one is (Eagles Motorcycle Club), just like D like just Club), Motorcycle (Eagles

going to carry it, because it, carry to going

his dedication to Beşiktaş soccer soccer Beşiktaş to dedication his confirmation to the individualthe confirmation to expression

s ayp Erdoğan‟s Tayyip As I

of want to. I to. want their identity their — - by, and by, oktor, oktor, t,

CEU eTD Collection children. 10 practices” and appreciations perceptions, generate which dispositions of system a “comprises str structuring “a is habitus him, to According ideology. Kemalist „habitus‟ the to of subscription and sympathy of construction concept this in role major a used play to goes therefore, widely Bourdieu‟s ideals. Kemalist defend and sympathize c into molded are Turkey in actors social of majority the schools, at education history Turkish official and elders, their from era Republican the of histories oral hearing also 1989), (Nora memory of site a as considered be can which Anıtkabir, to visit a paying like 1989) (Connerton acts commemorative being, into came Turkey of Republic how of history basis crucial a was and country the of history the of understanding his shaped that experiences significant most Anıtkabir to going how on stresses instance, for soldier, army an of their in them surrounding images statues, in him of presence visual also but reforms, and achievements, personality, Atatürk‟s Kemal of national context. themse situate informants my of many ways the in significant certainly is capital (Weininger „power‟ culturally “a to denotes which capital, cultural a through acquired status social their maintain to as so resource, or capital powerful a as tattoos analytical Bourdieuan a Taking space. social respective the within status his/her strengthen to individual the for way makes capital, self own his/her of

Mausoleum of Mustafa K Mustafa Mausoleumof

shapes every school child‟s sympathy towards Atatürk. Embedded through upbringing, upbringing, through Embedded Atatürk. towards sympathy child‟s school every shapes

Turkish citizens are born into not only a powerful discourse on the utmost importance utmost the on discourse powerful a only not into born are citizens Turkish — in a particular social setting… [which is] inculcated [by] the family and the school”and inculcatedthe family [by] the social is] [which setting… in aparticular in Wright 2005:122). These two social agencies that determine one‟s cultural cultural one‟s determine that agencies social two These 2005:122). Wright

- of his love and respect towards Atatürk. Along with the teachings of the of teachings the with Along Atatürk. towards respect and love his of awareness. Thus, the Kemalist tattoo, considered as a form of symbolic of form a as considered tattoo, Kemalist the Thus, awareness.

emal Atatürk that is frequently that is Atatürk emal

stance, therefore, Kemalist tattoo bearers utilize these utilize bearers tattoo Kemalist therefore, stance, private homes and public schools. Melih, the son the Melih, schools. public and homes private 38

- visited by Turkish citizens, especially school especiallyschool by citizens, visited Turkish specific „competence‟ specific 10 uctured structure” which which structure” uctured

was one of the first andfirst the of one was — as a „resource‟ or a or „resource‟ a as itizens, who itizens, lves in their in lves CEU eTD Collection mil powerful its and Turkey of notion exact this investigates study, ethnographic her in (2004), Altınay nation.” military of “a being Turkey opinion high his by complemented is which appearance, „biker‟ rugged and muscular he and army the of part essential in and necessary “a servedas military the perceives also he me, tells he man, Turkish other every As soldiers.” cultural capital by constituted his is rationalitya that with driven certainis practice, a on acts actorthat social a bearer, tattoo a Kemalist a as adopt therefore, Melih, to contexts. social choices specific their to make respective and define actors that (Weininger implicates bounded” which socially 2005:120), is “rationality that argues Bourdieu rooms. living in hung neatly portrait his of painting handmade expensive an or wallets, in carried o photo small a signature, Atatürk‟s of tattoos the like symbols in embodied therefore, is context social their of perception reproduced continuouslyand constructed This 1985:200). cul acquired Pierre to back Going self. the of of concept Bourdieu‟s agency the reiterates again, he Hence, self.” the on reforms, his of importance situate themselves ofa aspart ultimately certain habitus” (93). statusthatdenotes toa“class peo therefore, symbolisms, Kemalist tattooing actor‟s the for to way agency individual makes capital cultural one‟s with coupled habitus, (51), practices” re and changes continuously it because structuring (Maton Melih is the son and grandson of soldiers and identifies his family as “a family of of family “a as family his identifies and soldiers of grandson and son the is Melih the grasp to able being school, in learning “…after remarks: his to this adds Melih in

Grenfell 2008:51). Structured “by one‟s past and present circumstances” and and circumstances” present and past one‟s “by Structured 2008:51). Grenfell tural capital in “constructing [their] view of the social world” (Bourdieu (Bourdieu world” social the of view [their] “constructing in capital tural — one that heavilyoneemphasizes n his that c upon act

cultural capital (Bourdieu 1984 (Bourdieu capital cultural

gaining that consciousness, and defending his ideals all depends depends all ideals his defending and consciousness, that gaining

certain decisions. In looking at the social implications of of implications social the at looking In decisions. certain 39 ple like 17 like ple trsi iett by identity itaristic

ationalist sentiments. - ), Turkish citizens make use of their of use make citizens Turkish ), c hanges “one‟s present and future future and present “one‟s hanges - year our nation.” Melih shows off his his off shows Melih nation.” our - old Can or 53 or Can old acknowledging

- year - in

old Melih Melih old that “the “the that practice practice Wright Wright f him him f

CEU eTD Collection ain hv hsoial aone t te acind ntttoaiain f gender of institutionalization sanctioned the to amounted historically have unity, popular nations of idea the in investment ideological nationalisms‟ “despite and gender” aboutbeingexpresses through hisopinion butbodily also ahis Turk, dispositions. who he masculine his howhe isandindeed, revealed subjectivity verbally notonly is through Tur better “a him made army the in being him, For wonderful. and difficult both as experience the perceives Cem Here, together and a community: single form define He division. that in him put to strings” some “pull deliberately to grandfather his asked he that adding and division operations‟ „special the in sublieutenant a as Syria in service military his did so is therefore, life Cem‟s in military the of presence The base.” military the at up grew basically I army, Turkish the in captain navy a is grandfather “My soldiers: of family a from comes also he Melih, Like asking. without cu a ordering İstanbul, Kadıköy, in cafés popular most the year subjectivity. mal Turkish a of understanding his shaped has family his in institution the to proximity close his as habitus Melih‟s in incorporated also then, is service Militaryheart. his to fist left leaves but heavily, nods he Melih, th opinion to his expressing idea this reiterate I When (1). soldier” a born is ma every that idea the and society Turkish in institution sacred and key a [is] military - old İstanbulian would be a case in point. He lights his cigarette as we sit down at one of one at down sit we as cigarette his lights He point. in case a be would İstanbulian old McClintock again, if needed. wonderful a was it But self. normal my to terroris two killed smugglers.drugalso Istop to was themof one region...eastern the manyinoperations so to went Idifficult... quite was It 26 a Cem, nationalism, and masculinity between linkage close the into further go To

s the army as a space that different people from different places come come places different from people different that space a as army the s (1

993) rough his bodily composure; spreading his chest wide and taking his taking and wide chest his spreading composure; bodily his rough

states kish man.” He regards this experience as a great resource for resource great a as experience this regards He man.” kish

ht “ that

l ntos eed n oefl osrcin of constructions powerful on depend nations all accentuated and he confirms this by saying that he that saying by this confirms he and accentuated 40

and courageous and ts. I had I o ta o m immediately, me for tea of p

a difficult time to goback to timedifficult a experience. I would do it do would I experience.

le Turk Turk le

e - CEU eTD Collection All 245). 1998: (Nagel dignity” and restraint, with tempered virility sexual independence, „normative of kind certain a to (1996) Mosse denotes that masculinity‟ is man a what describe that adjectives many using Cem, Thus, egalitarian. and modern, gentlemen, righteous, as men Turkish of category man a as and image paternal Atatürk‟s soldier. Turkish a as experience sentimentsaregreatlythroughouthis Kemalist elevated that Cem‟s apparent is military,the it Kemal Mustafa “Gazi of tattoo second the got he that me Telling angel‟sfeather.” “ancalls he figure what a of to next tattoo signatureAtatürk first his shows he as Cem says God,” by angel an as us to sent was Atatürk that believe “I child. name father‟s own his learning before name Atatürk‟s learned he that claims he as figure, paternal a as Atatürk discerns He Kemal”. Mustafa (Veteran) “Gazi Atatürk, name the adopted he before signature his and one “K.Atatürk” a signatures, Atatürk two (Enloe hope” masculinized and humiliation, masculinized memory, masculinized from sprung “typically is nationalism identifica heclear marks a Thus, means.” soldier Turkish a being what know to want reallyyou if man a be to have You can woman no that something is that “Ah, army: the in being on comments further he when women and men between differencea marks still he Yet, anothernationality. from men taught all are we how is this gentlemen, as women treat “We objects; sexual merely as them perceive not do and women discriminate not do him to according men Turkish mannered. well and (61). difference” In discussing his masculinity and nationality together as highly intertwined points of points intertwined highly as together nationality and masculinity his discussing In tion, Cem‟s distinctive remarks reveal that Turkish nationalism like any other other any like nationalism Turkish that reveal remarks distinctive Cem‟s tion, ” he says. He therefore, situates Turkish men in a distinctive category besides any any besides category distinctive a in men Turkish situates therefore, He says. he ” - cut distinction betweencutgenders. distinction thetwo Cem points out that every Turkish man is a „gentleman‟; they are modest are they „gentleman‟; a is man Turkish every that out points Cem in McClintock 1989: 62). 1989: McClintock defines. It includes “willpower, honor, courage, discipline… discipline… courage, honor, “willpower, includes It defines. In Cem and in many other Turkish men‟s memory lies lies memory men‟s Turkish other many in and Cem In f oa‟ Tre, e ietfe hmef n the and himself identifies Cem Turkey, today‟s of 41

Cem is the tattoo bearer of not one, one, not of bearer tattoo the is Cem ” signature when he was on leave from leave on was he when signature ”

when he was a a was he when

grasp. but CEU eTD Collection outward his through subjectivity, Cem‟s appearance and his revealing the into play characteristics these

verbal expression of expression inward virtueverbal as aman. 42

CEU eTD Collection that through from citizens literally each tattooing, marks and other. unmarks category social exclusive an into disintegrate ideology Kemalist the leads ultimately which individual marks that label distinctive a as and practice of field a as tattooing only not trivialize seemingly production mass their and tattoos Kemalist Free this: to point artists tattoo among positionalities differing These have Turkey around all parlors tattoo other many as campaign not by field their safeguard they one form, art an other as tattooing Considering any or tattoo Atatürk an it be free for tattooing that claiming by choose actively they position this defend and campaign outside themselves situate Anıl and Azimet, Keni, Peri, like Artists it. have should level.but alsoonthe individual a hence, one; Westernized modern, n engenders that one is self tattooed Kemalist a indicates self tattooed A Atatürk. deify also but reify, only not citizens Turkish image, his with themselves Marking Atatürk. of inscription al from people allows and people of inequalities economic the cross to aims Doktor tattoos, free away giving By tattooing. has: he profession only the utilizing by this does He Islamism. and conservatism of hands the from Turkey his protect ci Turkish and Atatürk to refers He down.” father our let “not to effort an make to need the feels life, in things many about passionate is who character, idiosyncratic Kö CONCLUSION6.0 prüaltı Tattoo parlor everyday to carry Atatürk on their bodies permanently. Doktor, an an Doktor, permanently. bodies their on Atatürk carry to everyday parlor Tattoo prüaltı Tattoo artists mark their own categories for how a tattoo should be perceived and who and perceived be tattooshould a how for own categories their Tattoo artists mark to come people strongly; going still is 2007 in initiated Doktor that campaign The

ity, but also Atatürk‟s image and what he stands for, for, stands he what and image Atatürk‟s also but ity, 43 ew micro ew —

itrs hi poeso‟ atsi quality. artistic profession‟s their distorts - level boundaries not just collectively, just not boundaries level l demographics to have a bodily bodily a have to demographics l joined Köprüaltı‟s practice. practice. Köprüaltı‟s joined

participating in the the in participating

ies dt to duty tizens‟ f the of — CEU eTD Collection simply they look. how Kemalist tattooing, and inthe case of connect withnationalpolitics, everydaylives, howthey amalgam an Kemalism, that demonstrated overarching an through statuses categorical other their clarify and Kemalism, to entrusted heavily are tattoos their employs therefore, subject Everyexperience. military their through masculinity their portray who men, militaristic and as secularist Cem, highly and Melih and ethnicity, Kurdish the of eradication of necessity the in believes Can women, modernized and secular Turkish as Gamze, and Seher, Pinar, categories: social other accentuate to as so in, themselves situate they that category Kemalist the simi despite bearer, tattoo every However, bodies. their through Kemalists as themselves locate to necessity the feel all may they and importance Atatürk‟s about view same the share Tatt boundaries. gendered or ethnic like ones, other time, same the at towards, itself projects and from feeds categorization such that reveal bearers tattoo Kemalist Turkey, of context the in appearances aiy f h hbtss aporae hi ttos o hi on datg ad tlz the utilize and advantage own their to tattoos their appropriate habituses, the of larity n okn a Kmls a a so a as Kemalism at looking In — u seii t Turkey to specific but oo bearers like Can, Melih, Pınar, Seher, Gamze, and Cem may seemingly seemingly may Cem and Gamze, Seher, Pınar, Melih, Can, like bearers oo

— Kemalist category. In this thesis, therefore, I have have I therefore, thesis, this In category. Kemalist il category cial ation of many ideologies, encompasses people‟s people‟s encompasses ideologies, many of ation 44

— n ta i haiy ein o bodily on reliant heavily is that one

to engender their subjectivities that subjectivities their engender to as someone, who someone, as CEU eTD Collection Goffman, Erving. 1974. Goffman, Ervin. 1961. Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Gellner, Ernest. 1981. Gell, Alfred. 1993. Foucault, Michel. 1990. Foucault, Michel. 1995 “Tatto 2002. A. Jill Fisher, Durkheim, 1995. Emile. Douglas, 1966. Mary. 2000. Margo. DeMello, Popu Anymore: Bikers for Just “Not 1995. Margo. DeMello, Connerton, Paul. 1989. Inscriptions.” Bodily of Paradox the and “Foucault 1989. Judith. Butler, 1997. Charles. Lemert, Ann. Branaman, Groups.” of Genesis the and Space Social “The 1985. Pierre. Bourdieu, Bourdieu, Pierre.1984. Bourdieu‟s in Agency Constraint: Cultural and Reason “Practical 1999. James. Bohman, 199 Marc. Blanchard, Billig, Michael. Appadurai, 2006. Arjun. Altınay, 2004. Ayşegül. Benedict.Anderson, 1983. BIBLIOGRAPHY Tattooing”. Philosophy Inc.Publishers Information Ltd.Blackwell Publishers Practice”. of Theory InCapitalist Societies.” Lucien.Taylor, Publications. Vol(8)4.Publications. community . Durham: Duke University Duke Press.. Durham: . Vol.86(11). : Sage Publicatio The Journal Culture ofPopular The 1995.

Wrapping Ima in

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utrl niay Sca Peis f h Nation the of Poetics Social Intimacy: Cultural . Vol35.

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