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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0022531 The coalition processes in the Federal Republic of Germany—a study of the influence of political leaders on the process of coalition building Neckermann, Peter Josef, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1900 Copyright ©1000 by Neckcrmann, Peter Josef. rlghtBAll reserved. UMI 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE COALITION PROCESSES IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY— A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL LEADERS ON THE PROCESS OF COALITION BUILDING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Peter Josef Neckermann, B.S., M.A. * * * * The Ohio State University 1990 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Richard Gunther Dr. Bradley Richardson Adviser Dr. Goldie shabad Departmdnt^of Political Science Copyright by Peter Josef Neckermann 1990 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Bradley Richardson who guided me through my studies and through the period of dissertation research. Thanks go also to the other members of my advisory committee/ Dr. Richard Gunther and Dr. Goldie Shabad. Special gratitude is expressed to Dr. Charles Hermann whose encouragement and advice in the darkest hours of this endeavor were invaluable. The technical assistance of Mrs. Vivian Beatel was of greatest importance and was greatly appreciated. I also feel indebted to my employer/ Nationwide Insurance Companies/ whose generosity and understanding supported me greatly. A very special warm thank you goes to my wife, Jutta, who endured with me the vicissitudes of this endeavor and never lost faith in the final success. ii VITA October 26, 1935 ............. Born - Wuerzburg, West Germany 1960 B.S. - Johann Wolfgang Goethe Unlversltaet Frankfurt am Main, West Germany 1962 M.A. - Economics - Johann Wolfgang Goethe Unlversltaet Frankfurt am Main, West Germany 1962-1977 ................. General Partner of the Neckermann Versand KGaA., Frankfurt am Main 1977 ....................... Move to Columbus, Ohio 1977-1979 ................. Director - Nationwide Insurance Companies, Columbus, Ohio 1979-Present ............... Vice President - Nationwide Insurance Companies, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Comparative Political Science iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments........................................ ii V i t a ..................................................... H i List of Tables ....................................... vi List of Figures......................................... viii List of Parties and Abbreviations.................... ix Introduction .......................................... 1 References--Introduction ............. 12 PART I— THE COALITION THEORY REVISITED............... 13 Chapter I. The Classic Coalition Theories............... 14 References.................................... 32 II. The Contemporary Coalition Theories ........ 36 References.................................... 53 III. Evaluation and Summary of the Presented coalition Theories................. 56 References.................................... 60 PART II— THE COALITION-BUILDING PROCESSES IN WEST GERMANY FROM 1949 TO 1987................ 61 IV. A Brief Introduction Into the institutional Setting....................... 62 References.................................... 73 V. The Coalition-Building Process in 1949 or The Emergency of a Bourgeois Coaltiion. 76 References.................................... 91 iv Chapter VI. The Coalitions of 1953 and 1957 or Adenauer's Oversized Coalitions............. 96 References.................................... 117 VII. The Coalitions Between 1961 and 1965 or The Demise of the Bourgeois Coalitions. 120 References.................................... 139 VIII. The Formation of the Grand Coalition in November of 1966............... 143 References.................................... 155 IX. The Minimum Winning Coalitions of 1969 and 1972 or The Brandt-Scheel Era . 157 References ................. 178 X. The Coalitions Between 1974 and 1980 or The Schmidt Era................... 184 References.................................... 200 XI. The Wende of 1982 or the Breakdown of the Social-Liberal Coalition............... 204 References.................................... 213 XII. The Coalitions of 1983 and 1987 or the Kohl E r a ..........................217 References.................................... 233 PART III— COALITION THEORIES VERSUS ACTUAL COALITION FORMATIONS AND THE INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL LEADERS IN PERSPECTIVE ..................... 235 XIII. Coalition Theories Versus Actual Coalition Formations in West Germany........... 236 References...................................... 254 XIV. The Influence of Political Leaders on Coalition-Bargaining Processes .......... 255 References...................................... 267 Bibliography.......................................... 268 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Proportions of Time During Which Minimal Winning, Oversized, and Minority Cabinets Were in Power in 21 Democracies, 1945-1980............... 40 2. Traditional Cleavages and Voting for Parties.............................. 68 3. 1949 Federal Election. .......... 77 4. 1953 Federal Election..................... 99 5. 1957 Federal Election..................... 113 6. 1961 Federal Election............. 122 7. 1965 Federal Election..................... 136 8. 1969 Federal Election..................... 160 9. Government Preferences of West German Public, 1961-1976....................... 168 10. The Erosion of the Majority of the Social-Liberal Coalition ............... 172 11. 1972 Federal Election..................... 173 12. 1976 Federal Election..................... 187 13. 1980 Federal Election...................... 194 14. „ 1983 Federal Election..................... 218 15. Public Perceptions About the Saliency of Political Problems ..................... 220 16. 1987 Federal Election...................... 225 vi TABLE PAGE 17. The Main Coalition Characteristics of the 14 Examined Coalition Governments............................. 238 18. Coalition Theories Versus Actual Coalition Formations ................... 240-2 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Party Ideological continuum of West G e r m a n y .................................... 28 2. Luebbert's Typology of Multiparty Systems . 45 3. Federal Elections Since 1949............... 102 4. Adenauer's Popularity Between 1950 and 1957...................................... 112 5. The Public Image of the S P D .................186 viii A LIST OF THE GERMAN PARTIES AND THEIR COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Bayernpartei — Bavarian Party Christlich-Demokratische Union — Christian Democratic Party — CDU Christlich-Soziale Union ~ Christian-Social Party -- CSU CDU/CSU — these parties were sister parties; the CSU existed only in Bavaria and the CDU in the other parts o£ West Germany Deutsche Reich Partei — German Reich Party — DRP Deutsche Partei — German Party — DP Die Gruenen — The Greens (environmentalist party) Freie Demokratische Partei — Free Democratic Party — F.D.P. Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands — Communist Party o£ Germany — KPD Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) — National Democratic Party of Germany Partei der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteten — All German Bloc (Refugee Party) Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands — Social- Democratic Party of Germany — SPD Wiederaufbau Verein — Economic Reconstruction Party — WAV Zentrums Partei — Centre Party ix INTRODUCTION Neumann and Morgenstern presented their coalition theory as part of the theory of games in 1944.1 They suggested that the process of coalition building is governed by the desire to maximize one's short-term payoffs. Under this assumption, the formation of a minimum winning coalition is rational behavior. Scholars who confronted this theory with the reality of coalition building found that Neumann and Morgenstern's theory explained only a part of the actual coalition-building outcomes. This unsatisfactory