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World History PREMIER CURRICULUM SERIES Based on the Sunshine State Standards for Secondary Education, established by the State of Florida, Department of Education WORLD HISTORY Author: Caroline Y. Grant Copyright 2009 Revision Date:12/2009 INSTRUCTIONS Welcome to your Continental Academy course. As you read through the text book you will see that it is made up of the individual lessons listed in the Course Outline. Each lesson is divided into various sub-topics. As you read through the material you will see certain important sentences and phrases that are highlighted in yellow (printing black & white appears as grey highlight.) Bold, blue print is used to emphasize topics such as names or historical events (it appears Bold when printed in black and white.) Important Information in tables and charts is highlighted for emphasis. At the end of each lesson are practice questions with answers. You will progress through this course one lesson at a time, at your own pace. First, study the lesson thoroughly. (You can print the entire text book or one lesson at a time to assist you in the study process.) Then, complete the lesson reviews printed at the end of the lesson and carefully check your answers. When you are ready, complete the 10-question lesson assignment at the www.ContinentalAcademy.net web site. (Remember, when you begin a lesson assignment, you may skip a question, but you must complete the 10 question lesson assignment in its entirety.) You will find notes online entitled “Things to Remember”, in the Textbook/Supplement portal which can be printed for your convenience. All lesson assignments are open-book. Continue working on the lessons at your own pace until you have finished all lesson assignments for this course. When you have completed and passed all lesson assignments for this course, complete the End of Course Examination on-line. Once you pass this exam, the average of your grades for all your lesson assignments for this course will determine your final course grade. If you need help understanding any part of the lesson, practice questions, or this procedure: Click on the “Send a Message to the Guidance Department” link at the top of the right side of the home page Type your question in the field provided Then, click on the “Send” button You will receive a response within ONE BUSINESS DAY WORLD HISTORY 3 WORLD HISTORY About the Author… Caroline Grant earned her Bachelor of Arts [B.A.] degree in Psychology and her Master of Science [M.S.] Degree in Social Studies Education from Florida International University. She is also a certified therapist for dyslexic students. Miss Grant has had considerable experience teaching in public and private high schools. She has taught students of varying abilities ranging from the gifted to the academically challenged. Since 2003, she has been working as an Instructor in English at Broward Community College and as a General Education Instructor in Social Sciences and Humanities at Coastal Educational Institute. Miss Grant resides in Plantation, Florida. World History by Caroline Grant Copyright 2008 Home School of America ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For the Continental Academy Premiere Curriculum Series Course: 2109310 Published by Continental Academy 3241 Executive Way Miramar, FL 33025 4 WORLD HISTORY WORLD HISTORY COURSE OUTLINE LESSON 1: THE PREHISTORIC ERA (1,000, 000 B.C. - 4000 B.C.) 7 ¾ The First People ¾ The Neolithic Revolution and the Ages of Humanity LESSON 2: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS (4000 B.C. - 500 A.D. 13 ¾ The Fertile Crescent ¾ Ancient Egypt ¾ Early Cultures of India ¾ Early Cultures of China ¾ Classical Greece ¾ The Roman Republic and Empire ¾ The Rise and Growth of Christianity LESSON 3: THE MIDDLE AGES - EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST (500 - 1450) 25 ¾ Feudalism and the Manorial System in Europe ¾ Role of the Church ¾ Byzantine Empire ¾ The Spread of Islam and the Muslim Empire ¾ The Crusades LESSON 4: THE MIDDLE AGES - ASIA, AFRICA AND MESOAMERICA (1000 - 1450) 33 ¾ Kingdoms of Africa ¾ Mesoamerican Civilizations ¾ The Mongol Empire LESSON 5: THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (1450 - 1750) 39 ¾ The Renaissance ¾ Age of Discovery and Exploration ¾ The Reformation and its Effects ¾ The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment ¾ Absolutism and Enlightened Monarchies ¾ The Slave Trade LESSON 6: AGE OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS (1750 - 1914) 49 ¾ The American Revolution ¾ The French Revolution ¾ The Industrial Revolution and its Effects ¾ Age of Imperialism and Nationalism 5 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 7: WORLD WARS AND DICTATORSHIPS (1900 - 1945) 57 ¾ World War I ¾ The Russian Revolution ¾ Rise of Totalitarian Governments ¾ World War II LESSON 8: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL RELATIONS (SINCE 1945) 65 ¾ Cold War Politics ¾ The Changing Modern World COURSE OBJECTIVES 71 6 WORLD HISTORY LESSON 1 THE PREHISTORIC ERA (1,000, 000 B.C. - 4000 B.C.) The First People The Neolithic Revolution and the Ages of Humanity The bone fossils of the earliest hominid or humanlike creatures known to have walked on earth have been found in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya in East Africa. Scientific evidence indicates that they lived about 3 million years ago and were characterized as humanlike because they had sizable brains and the ability to walk upright. There are five distinct periods that mark the development of man from his earliest stage of primitive existence to his ability to successfully live in and adapt to his environment. These periods are the Old Stone Age, the Middle Stone Age, the New Stone Age, the Copper and Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. The Stone Age or Prehistoric Era covers the earliest periods of human existence before written records were made. During the Old Stone Age, or Paleolithic Age (1,000,000 – 8000 B.C.) many types of humanlike beings, existed in Europe, Africa and parts of Asia. The earliest and best known type of humans that resembled modern man was the Neanderthals. They had large brains, were low-browed, short, stocky and strongly built. They lived in caves and made the earliest forms of knives and spears by fastening wooden handles to chipped flint and stone. They were nomadic which meant that they did not have permanent communities but moved from place to place gathering food and hunting large animals. When the Ice Age ended and the earth’s climate warmed, many of the animals they hunted died. As a result, the Neanderthals gradually disappeared. The Cro-Magnons were taller than Neanderthals and were the ancestors closest in mental ability and physical appearance to modern man. They were also nomadic and hunted animals, but were more socially and culturally developed. They lived in small groups and made artifacts and weapons from wood, bone and stone. They knew how to make fire and how to make clothing by using bone needles to sew animal skins together. Cro-Magnons also created the earliest art which was painted on the walls of their caves. These paintings are mostly of animals such as bison and deer that these people hunted, and also of their everyday activities. It is believed that modern humans or Homo sapiens emerged between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. Scientists believe that they originated in Africa and later migrated to the Americas, Australia, Europe and Asia. Many factors determined this worldwide movement, the main ones being the need to find new sources of food and to adapt to different climates and environments. 7 WORLD HISTORY THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION AND THE AGES OF HUMANITY THE EVOLUTION OF MAN Neanderthal Man Cro-Magnon Man Modern Man Howell, F. Clark, (1965) Life Nature Library: Early Man, 45. New York: Time Life Books. 8 WORLD HISTORY THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION AND THE AGES OF HUMANITY The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age lasted from about (12,000 to 10,000 B.C.) This period was the transition from the Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age and was marked by the development of early man’s tool-making skills and his ability to adapt to his environment. Some of the major inventions were the fishhook, small boats, bows and arrows, sharp knives, spears and clay pottery. The Neolithic Revolution (10,000 to 4,000 B.C.) was a significant period of social and cultural development for early man, which led to the emergence of civilization. This revolution began in the Near East and later spread to other parts of the world. During this time the lives of early people changed in many ways. Early man developed a higher level of technology through his invention of the wheel, the plow and metal tools. People had now learned how to sow seeds and plant crops which directly changed their living patterns. The development of farming led to the domestication of animals like the dog and the herding of pigs, sheep, cattle and other animals. Some of these animals increased the supply of food and clothing. People also built dwellings that were more sophisticated and durable than those built during the earlier ages. The introduction of farming and the raising of animals in many parts of the world increased the food supply which in turn led to an increase in the world’s population. Some of the earliest crops planted were corn and rice. This practice led to the development of farming villages and permanent settlements. These early people also learned how to knit and weave plant fibers to make cloth. These skills helped them to make superior clothing and blankets instead of using animal skins. There were also improvements in pottery-making which facilitated the proper storage of food. As communities developed, there was a greater need for protection and cooperation. The establishment of permanent settlements facilitated the establishment of traditions and lasting social institutions. The earliest forms of formal government came into existence with officials and laws.
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