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Ankara City Gates KADİR YAVUZ EMİROĞLU STANDING UNDER METAPHORS OF POWER: ANKARA CITY GATES A Master’s Thesis STANDING UN by KADİR YAVUZ EMİROĞLU DER METAPHORS OF POWER Department of Political Science and Public Administration İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara Bilkent Bilkent July 2019 University 2019 To Nurdan and my Family And to the Oddness of the Earth… STANDING UNDER METAPHORS OF POWER: ANKARA CITY GATES The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by KADİR YAVUZ EMİROĞLU In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA July 2019 ABSRACT STANDING UNDER METAPHORS OF POWER: ANKARA CITY GATES Emiroğlu, Kadir Yavuz M.A. Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Alev Çınar July 2019 This thesis examines Ankara City Gates in terms of how they metaphorically reproduce a mode of subjecthood, a cultural citizenship corresponding to the understanding of citizenship of the AKP and the state, of which Melih Gökçek, former metropolitan mayor of Ankara is a representative. Doing so, it observes and analyzes these city gates as they function to reproduce the above-mentioned mode of subjecthood, a cultural citizenship whose substance represents an Ottomanist, nationalist, Islamist, neoliberal ideological mélange. The case of Ankara City Gates is analyzed by taking the city gates as textual material, looking at Gökçek’s statements on these structures, considering various instances of public response and comparing this original gate-building practice to various experiences of gate-building in other Anatolian municipalities. Location of the city gates, and how they are placed in relation to the city (e.g. presence of a police control point near the gates) are interpreted to see if they constitute a newer sense of dominion in Ankara. This observation leads this study to observe that Ankara City Gates function to draw new boundaries to Ankara. Religious, national, historical references (e.g. Seljuk Stars, Turkish flags, Mevlana statutes), material qualities (e.g. building materials of these gates) are interpreted with regards to another metaphorical function of these structures: Ideological spolia. It is a practice of selectively attaching elements to represent how the ideology of the AKP imagines, envisions, marks their dominion, the area where the subjectified citizens enter to. These two functions constitute a final one, which enabling the city gates to subjectify citizens of Ankara, rendering them under-standers, citizen subjects who stand under the city gates. Keywords: Ankara, Citizenship, Metaphors, Space and Politics, Subjectification i ÖZET GÜÇ METAFORLARININ ALTINDA DURMAK: ANKARA ŞEHİR KAPILARI Emiroğlu, Kadir Yavuz M.A. Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Alev Çınar Temmuz 2019 Bu tez çalışması Ankara Şehir Kapılarını, bu yapıların metaforik olarak bir tabiiyet kipini, Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi eski Başkanı Melih Gökçek’in temsilcisi olduğu Ak Parti ve devletin vatandaşlık anlayışına tekabül eden bir kültürel vatandaşlık durumunu nasıl yeniden ürettiği sorusu üzerinden ele almaktadır. Böylece bu çalışma, bahse konu kapılar üzerinden, Osmanlıcı, milliyetçi, İslamcı, neoliberal bir ideolojik karışımın içeriğini belirlediği bir tabiiyet kipini, yani bir kültürel vatandaşlık durumunu gözlemlemiş ve analize tabi tutmuştur. Şehir kapılarını bir metin olarak kabul ederek, Gökçek’in bu yapılar üzerine sunduğu ifadelere bakarak, kamuoyu tarafından verilen çeşitli cevapları değerlendirerek ve bu özgün kapı-inşa etme eylemini diğer Anadolu belediyelerindeki çeşitli kapı-inşa tecrübeleriyle kıyaslanmıştır. Böylece, şehir kapılarının konumları, şehirle ilişkili olarak yerleştirilme şekilleri (örneğin kapıların yakınında bir polis kontrol noktasının bulunması) yorumlanmış ve bu yapıların Ankara’da yeni bir hakimiyet alanı oluşturup oluşturmadığı sorgulanmıştır. Bu gözlem de bu tez çalışmasını Ankara Şehir Kapılarının Başkent’e yeni sınırlar çizme fonksiyonuna sahip olduğu çıkarımına ulaştırmıştır. Dini, milli, tarihi referanslar (örneğin Selçuklu Yıldızı, Türk Bayrağı, Mevlâna heykeli), materyal özellikler (örneğin yapım malzemeleri) yorumlanarak ikinci bir metaforik fonksiyon, ideolojik spolia kullanımı gözlenmiştir. Bu fonksiyon dahilinde, seçici bir şekilde yerleştirilmiş belli ögeler, Ak Parti’nin ideolojisinin, hakimiyet alanlarını, yani tebaalaştırılan vatandaşların girdiği alanı nasıl tahayyül edip işaretlediğini göstermektedir. Bu iki fonksiyon nihai ve üçüncü bir fonksiyonu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu da şehir kapılarının Ankara’daki vatandaşları tebaalaştırmaya tabii tutması, onları kapının altında duran birer tebaa üyesi vatandaş haline getirmesidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ankara, Mekân-Siyaset, Metaforlar, Tebaalaştırma, Vatandaşlık ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start this series of acknowledgements with an impossible one. I am deeply grateful to Prof. Alev Çınar for her wise guidance and clement patience in supervising the novice author of this master’s thesis. It would not be possible to pursue such research objectives without Prof. Çınar’s encouragement and academic expertise. I also would like to state the excitement and honor I felt by having defended my thesis before a jury consisting of two figures I admire. I cannot express my gratitude enough towards Assoc. Prof. Bülent Batuman and Prof. Savaş Zafer Şahin for their invaluable comments and suggestions. As the witty Picasso line suggests, nothing is made in the duration in which it is made. This thesis took approximately a year’s work, but I am indebted to ones who carried me to the moments I wrote this piece. I actually have written this thesis in 5 years plus a year. I started to seriously deal with questions of how power and politics work after I met Assistant Professor Meral Uğur Çınar in an introductory course to Political Science. I thank her with my all heart and mind, as she taught me in becoming a good student and a good person. I also would like to thank Dr. John William Day for his eye-opening course, and heart-warming personality. I am also thankful to my professors, Dr. Selin Akyüz, Assoc. Prof. İlker Aytürk, Assoc. Prof. Nedim Karakayalı, Assistant Prof. Luca Zavagno and Prof. Pınar Bilgin for teaching me to think, read and write in a critical manner. I thank Gül Ekren for her weariless watch over the department, and the cheer she sparked in the lives of the students. As a receiver of the BİDEB (Directorate of Science Fellowships and Grant Programmes) iii 2210/A scholarship, I would like to thank TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) for the support provided during my master’s studies. In an emotional note, I am obliged to thank my friends. It would not be possible to write this thesis without the support of Hamdusena Eşrefoğlu, Cihan Eryonucu, Ertuğrul Altınözen, Musa Bendaş, Selahaddin Harmankaya, Ahmed Halid Kayhan, Burak Aydemir, Furkan Ün, and, Furkan Işın. There is a special place in the Bilkent Campus. It is wherever my office folk sits down and work along with laughter and warm conversation. I am grateful to Ayşe Durakoğlu, Fatma Nur Murat, and Ozan Karayiğit for the great adventure during the two years of master’s. I would like to state my thankfulness to my family, my beautiful extended family. I am grateful for having Mehmet Emiroğlu as my father, Saliha Cirit as my mother. These two figures made everything possible for me to experience the festivity around the Earth. I thank and kiss in cheeks of my brother Ali Bahadır, and my sister Zeynep Aybike, and my brother-in-law Mehmet Tarık. I also would like to thank my mother and father in law, Kevser and Necati Tatar for accepting me into their family, and further decreasing the stress of writing a master’s thesis. Lastly, and mostly, I thank my soulmate, the person who laughs at my uncanny jokes about my thesis and everything else in the universe, Nurdan. Without her presence, I would only stand under the city gates of Ankara, and not write a single word about them. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSRACT .................................................................................................................... i ÖZET............................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER II: MASTER’S STUDENT’S GUIDE TO THE GALAXY: A LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................... 12 2.1 Conceptual Frame ............................................................................................. 14 2.1.1 Formation of Citizen-Subjects and Cultural Citizenship ........................... 14 2.1.2 Metaphors: A Theory of Imagination and Reason ..................................... 20 2.1.3 Space: Another Theory of Imagination and Reason .................................. 27 2.1.4 A Tale of Two Functions: Ideological Spolia and Boundary Drawing ..... 30 2.2 Background and the
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