Changing Geography of Urban Leisure: the Case of Ankara

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Changing Geography of Urban Leisure: the Case of Ankara CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF URBAN LEISURE: THE CASE OF ANKARA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DEMET ÖNDER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING FEBRUARY 2013 Approval of the thesis: CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF URBAN LEISURE: THE CASE OF ANKARA submitted by DEMET ÖNDER in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of City and Regional Planning, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan ÖZGEN _____________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Melih ERSOY _____________________ Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Assoc. Prof. Dr. H. Çağatay KESKİNOK _____________________ Supervisor, City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Baykan GÜNAY _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. H. Çağatay KESKİNOK _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Ali CENGİZKAN _____________________ Architecture Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Güven Arif SARGIN _____________________ Architecture Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nihan ÖZDEMİR SÖNMEZ _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., Gazi University Date: February 27, 2013 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct. I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : Demet ÖNDER Signature : iv ABSTRACT CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF URBAN LEISURE: THE CASE OF ANKARA Önder, Demet Ph.D., Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. H. Çağatay Keskinok February 2013, 199 pages This thesis study focuses on the formation and transformation of leisure activity in urbanization process. It is established on two fundamental assumptions. The first assumption is that (re)production of leisure space is a sociospatial process. There is a dialectic relationship between leisure activity and urban space: leisure activity produces appropriate spaces for itself, while the features of urban space provide opportunities for the development of leisure activity. In the same way, the city produces a space for the leisure activity, which in turn, contributes to the reproduction of the city. This is a never- ending process, and a result of dialectic relationship between leisure activity and urban space. Second assumption states that leisure space has been produced and reproduced historically: present- day leisure geography has been established on overlapping historical realities which are related to each other. Leisure space does not have static properties and nature; instead it is formed in a process of never-ending change, transformation and complicated interconnections. For this reason, in order to understand the structure of present-day geography of leisure, the change and transformation of leisure space has to be analyzed in a historical context. The thesis study approaches to leisure as a change and transformation problem in urban development. However, geography of leisure is not the only changing-one, content and context of leisure is also changing as well. Therefore, change and transformation is explained by neither a spaceless analysis of leisure activity nor a pure geographical analysis independent from social relations. This study tries to go beyond the so-called formulations of “spaceless leisure” or “space without its social context”. Changing geography of leisure throughout the history of Republican Ankara has been examined thoroughly in terms of sociospatial-dialectic between leisure activity and urban space. After this analysis, it is deduced that the change and transformation pattern of leisure space can be explained by five correlated variables: meaning, geography, form, provision, and scale. The total effect of these variables determines the sociospatial configuration of leisure activity in the city. The study conceptualizes the change in each variable under the five interrelated processes: individuation, decentralization, diversification, commodification, and downscaling. Deepening sociospatial segregation due to these five processes constitutes the main hypothesis of this thesis study. Keywords: Urban leisure geography, sociospatial dialectic, Ankara v ÖZ KENTSEL EĞLENCE-DİNLENCENİN DEĞİŞEN COĞRAFYASI: ANKARA ÖRNEĞİ Önder, Demet Doktora, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. H. Çağatay Keskinok Şubat 2013, 199 sayfa Bu tez çalışması eğlence-dinlence aktivitesinin kentleşme sürecindeki oluşumu ve dönüşümü üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma iki temel varsayım üzerine inşa edilmiştir. İlk varsayıma göre, eğlence- dinlence mekânlarının üretimi ve yeniden üretimi sosyomekansal bir süreçtir. Eğlence-dinlence aktivitesi ile kent mekânı arasında diyalektik bir ilişki vardır: eğlence-dinlence aktivitesi kentte kendine uygun mekânlar üretirken kent mekânının belirli özellikleri de eğlence-dinlence aktivitesinin gelişimi için olanaklar sunmaktadır. Aynı şekilde, kent, eğlence-dinlence aktivitesi için mekânlar üretmekte ve daha sonrasında ise bu üretilen mekânlar kentin yeniden üretimine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu sürekli devam eden bir süreçtir ve eğlence-dinlence aktivitesi ile kent mekânı arasındaki diyalektik ilişkinin bir sonucudur. İkinci varsayımla eğlence-dinlence mekânının tarihsel olarak (yeniden)üretilmekte olduğu kabul edilmektedir: günümüz eğlence-dinlence coğrafyası, birbiri üzerine binen ve birbirleriyle ilişkili tarihsel gerçeklikler üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Eğlence-dinlence mekânının durağan bir doğası ve sabit özellikleri yoktur, aksine eğlence-dinlence mekânı hiç bitmeyen bir değişim ve dönüşüm ve karmaşık bağımlılıklar sürecinde yapılandırılmaktadır. Bu nedenle, günümüz eğlence-dinlence coğrafyasının yapısını anlamak için eğlence-dinlence mekânının değişim ve dönüşümü tarihsel bir bağlamda analiz edilmelidir. Bu tez çalışması eğlence-dinlenceyi kentsel gelişme içinde tarihsel bir değişim ve dönüşüm problemi olarak ele almaktadır. Ancak, değişen yalnızca eğlence-dinlencenin coğrafyası değildir, eğlence- dinlencenin kapsamı ve bağlamı da değişmektedir. Dolayısıyla, değişim ve dönüşüm ne eğlence- dinlence aktivitesinin mekândan bağımsız analizi ile ne de toplumsal ilişkilerden bağımsız salt coğrafi analizi açıklanabilir. Bu çalışma “mekândan bağımsız eğlence-dinlence” ya da “sosyal bağlamdan bağımsız mekan” gibi formülasyonların ötesine geçmeye çalışmaktadır. Cumhuriyet Ankara’sının tarihinde eğlence-dinlencenin değişen coğrafyası, eğlence-dinlence aktivitesi ile kentsel mekân arasındaki diyalektik ilişki açısından detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu analizden sonra eğlence-dinlence mekânının değişim ve dönüşüm örüntüsünün, birbiriyle ilişkili beş değişken ile açıklanabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır: anlam, coğrafya, biçim, sunum ve ölçek. Bu değişkenlerin toplam etkisi, eğlence-dinlence aktivitesinin kentteki sosyomekansal biçimlenişini belirlemektedir. Çalışma, her değişkendeki değişimi birbiriyle ilişkili beş süreç altında kavramsallaştırmıştır: bireyselleşme, adem-i merkeziyet (desantralizasyon), çeşitlenme, metalaşma ve ölçek küçülmesi. Bu süreçler sonucunda eğlence-dinlence mekânlarında sosyomekansal ayrışmanın derinleşmesi bu tezin temel hipotezini oluşturmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel eğlence-dinlence coğrafyası, sosyomekansal diyalektik, Ankara. vi To Hulio vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc.Prof. Dr. Çağatay Keskinok for his help in articulating this dissertation and for his guidance and insight throughout the research. I would like to thank the committee members, the distinguished scholars that I have worked throughout my study. I have benefited a lot from the valuable criticism and contributions of Prof. Dr. Baykan Günay and Prof. Dr. Ali Cengizkan throughout the process. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr.Güven Arif Sargın and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nihan Özdemir Sönmez for their critics and the time that they spent for this study unhesitatingly. My colleagues, fellow assistants, and my friends in the school were always there for me when I needed them. I have always been happy to work, discuss and spent time with them. Finally and most importantly, my deepest gratitude and thanks go to my beloved husband Hulio [Hulusi Önder] and to the gift of my life, my daughter Eylül and my mother for their ongoing love, support, and patience. I am grateful for their presence in my life. In addition, I would like to thank Hulio one more time for the long hours of reading and editing of my writings. This study would not be completed without his support and contribution. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ v ÖZ………… .......................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................................
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