DOCSLIB.ORG

How US Foreign Policy Impacts Migration from Central America to the United States Cecilia Cerja James Madison University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How US Foreign Policy Impacts Migration from Central America to the United States Cecilia Cerja James Madison University James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2018 El viaje desde Centroamérica a los Estados Unidos: How US foreign policy impacts migration from Central America to the United States Cecilia Cerja James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Part of the International Relations Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, and the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cerja, Cecilia, "El viaje desde Centroamérica a los Estados Unidos: How US foreign policy impacts migration from Central America to the United States" (2018). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 570. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/570 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. El Viaje desde Centroamérica a los Estados Unidos: How US Foreign Policy Impacts Migration From Central America to the United States _______________________ An Honors College Project Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate College of Arts and Letters James Madison University _______________________ by Cecilia Louise Cerja May 2018 Accepted by the faculty of the , James Madison University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors College. FACULTY COMMITTEE: HONORS COLLEGE APPROVAL: Project Advisor: Kristin Wylie, Ph.D. Bradley R. Newcomer, Ph.D., Assitant Professor , Politcal Science Dean, Honors College Reader: Charles Blake, Ph.D. Professor , Poltical Science Reader: David Trouille, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Sociology Reader: Carlos Aleman, Ph.D. Associate Professor , Communication Studies PUBLIC PRESENTATION This work is accepted for presentation, in part or in full, at Madison Union 304 on April 17, 2018 at 4:30 pm. 2 El Viaje desde Centroamérica a los Estados Unidos: How US Foreign Policy Impacts Migration From Central America to the United States By: Cecilia L. Cerja POSC 499C Senior Honors Thesis March 20, 2017 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................... 8 What is A Migrant? ............................................................................................................................... 8 What is a Refugee? ............................................................................................................................. 12 Push and Pull Factors of Migration ..................................................................................................... 15 Method .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Dependent Variable ............................................................................................................................ 18 Independent Variable .......................................................................................................................... 18 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................................... 20 Case Studies ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter One: Migration Push Factors in Central America 1960-1989 ................................................... 22 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 22 US and Central American Background ............................................................................................... 22 United States Diplomatic Policy in Central America ......................................................................... 24 United States Economic Policy in Central America ........................................................................... 35 Economic Inequality as A Push Factor ............................................................................................... 40 Violence as A Push Factor .................................................................................................................. 46 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapter Two: Migration Pull Factors from Central America to the United States ................................. 53 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 53 Pre-Truman Immigration Policy ......................................................................................................... 54 Truman to Ford Immigration Policy ................................................................................................... 55 Nixon to Reagan Immigration Policy ................................................................................................. 60 Chapter Three Migration from Central America to the United States 1989-Present .............................. 66 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 66 US Foreign Policy Towards Central America 1990-Present .............................................................. 66 Push Factor Violence .......................................................................................................................... 71 Push Factor Economic Inequality ....................................................................................................... 74 US Immigration Policy H.W. Bush to Trump .................................................................................... 78 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 81 1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 83 Causes of Central American Migration in 1960-1980’s ..................................................................... 84 Responses to Central American Migration 1960’s to 1980’s ............................................................. 86 Causes of Central American Migration 1990-Present ........................................................................ 89 Responses to Central American Migration 1990-Present ................................................................... 92 Analysis on Variables/Hypotheses ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Limitations and Future Research ........................................................................................................ 92 Data ............................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 1 Number of Immigrants Entering the United States from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras 1965-1997 ........................................................................................................................... 94 Figure 2 Table 1 GDP in US Dollars .................................................................................................. 95 Figure 3 GDP in US Dollars ............................................................................................................... 95 Figure 4 United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees Asylum Application Rates for El Salvador to the United States ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 5 United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees Asylum Application Rates for Guatemala to the United States ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 6 United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees Asylum Application Rates for Honduras to the United States ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Works Cited ............................................................................................................................................ 96 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank and recognize a variety of people for their assistance and guidance as I wrote this thesis. First, I would like to thank God for giving me the energy to finish this massive project. Next, I would like to thank my committee chair Dr. Kristin Wylie for giving me guidance, motivation, and structure as I was completing this massive undertaking. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Hak Seon Lee
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta, Intermix
    GAP INC Brands: Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta, Intermix WORKER EMPOWERMENT: COMMITMENT & PRACTICE: COLLABORATIVE APPROACH: STRATEGY: 12345768910 12345768910 12345768910 12345768910 TOTAL SCORE: 123457689101112131415116 7 18 19 20 21 22 2324252627 28 29 30 31 32 3334353637 38 39 40 COMPANY POSITION ON THE LIVING WAGE: IN MORE DETAIL: “We remain committed to the principle that wages for Has living-wage benchmarks? a standard working week should meet the basic needs No. of factory workers and provide them with discretionary income. We want to do our part to help ensure workers are being treated fairly and that their compensation Worker empowerment: reflects that ... While there is no universally agreed-upon Gap says: “We use a wide range of approaches to ensure calculation for a living wage, we have made it a priority that FOA [freedom of association] rights are respected to ensure that our suppliers comply with legal wage and communicated clearly with both management and and benefits laws, the violation of which is an ongoing workers. These range from supporting open dialogue problem in the apparel industry.” between factory workers and managers to partnering with workers’ rights groups and trade unions when appropriate. We believe that helping ensure FOA in both WHAT WE SAY: principle and practice is important to laying a foundation for increased wages.” Gap’s submission, although containing many fine words and sentiments, shows little proof of real work that will Gap says factory managers are obliged to inform workers improve wages for workers making its clothes. This is of unions operating in the factory, provide their contact disappointing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Best Sheepherder. the Racial Stereotype of Basque Immigrants in the American West Between the End of the Nineteenth and the Beginning of the Twentieth Centuries
    Historia Contemporánea 56: 81-119 ISSN: 1130-2402 — e-ISSN: 2340-0277 DOI: 10.1387/hc.17458 THE BEST SHEEPHERDER. THE RACIAL STEREOTYPE OF BASQUE IMMIGRANTS IN THE AMERICAN WEST BETWEEN THE END OF THE NINETEENTH AND THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURIES THE BEST SHEEPHERDER. EL ESTEREOTIPO RACIAL DE LOS INMIGRANTES VASCOS EN EL OESTE NORTEAMERICANO ENTRE FINALES DEL SIGLO XIX Y PRINCIPIOS DEL XX Iker Saitua University of California, Riverside and University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) orcid.org/0000-0002-8367-7070 Recibido el 15-12-2016 y aceptado el 12-7-2017 Resumen: El presente artículo estudia la imagen de los inmigrantes vascos en el Oeste norteamericano entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, y la influencia que esa imagen tuvo en la integración socioeconómica de este colec- tivo, dedicado fundamentalmente al pastoreo de ovejas, prestando especial aten- ción al Estado de Nevada. Su objetivo principal es mostrar cómo dicha imagen fue racializada, cómo la etiqueta étnica de vasco fue equiparada a la categoría racial «blanca» en los Estados Unidos, especialmente tras la aprobación de la ley de inmigración de 1924, y cómo esta percepción benefició a los inmigran- tes vascos, facilitando su integración. Para ello examina los estudios historio- gráficos, sociológicos y antropológicos sobre los inmigrantes vascos en el Oeste realizados a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX por intelectuales esta- dounidenses, y muestra cómo, influidos por el análisis turneriano y la ideología racialista de la época, elaboraron un estereotipo racial vasco, expresado en la imagen del «buen pastor», que terminó reflejándose en la prensa escrita estado- unidense y divulgándose a través de ella.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatening Immigrants: Cultural Depictions of Undocumented Mexican Immigrants in Contemporary Us America
    THREATENING IMMIGRANTS: CULTURAL DEPICTIONS OF UNDOCUMENTED MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS IN CONTEMPORARY US AMERICA Katharine Lee Schaab A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2015 Committee: Jolie Sheffer, Advisor Lisa Hanasono Graduate Faculty Representative Rebecca Kinney Susana Peña © 2015 Katharine Schaab All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Jolie Sheffer, Advisor This project analyzes how contemporary US cultural and legislative texts shape US society’s impression of undocumented (im)migrants and whether they fit socially constructed definitions of what it means to “be American” or part of the US national imaginary. I argue that (im)migrant-themed cultural texts, alongside legal policies, participate in racial formation projects that use racial logic to implicitly mark (im)migrants as outsiders while actively employing ideologies rooted in gender, economics, and nationality to rationalize (im)migrants’ exclusion or inclusion from the US nation-state. I examine the tactics anti- and pro-(im)migrant camps utilize in suppressing the role of race—particularly the rhetorical strategies that focus on class, nation, and gender as rationale for (im)migrants’ inclusion or exclusion—in order to expose the similar strategies governing contemporary US (im)migration thought and practice. This framework challenges dichotomous thinking and instead focuses on gray areas. Through close readings of political and cultural texts focused on undocumented (im)migration (including documentaries, narrative fiction, and photography), this project homes in on the gray areas between seemingly pro- and anti-(im)migrant discourses. I contend (im)migration-themed political and popular rhetoric frequently selects a specific identity marker (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering Nodes in the Transnational Social Networks of Hispanic Workers
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2013 Uncovering nodes in the transnational social networks of Hispanic workers James Powell Chaney Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Chaney, James Powell, "Uncovering nodes in the transnational social networks of Hispanic workers" (2013). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3245. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3245 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. UNCOVERING NODES IN THE TRANSNATIONAL SOCIAL NETWORKS OF HISPANIC WORKERS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography & Anthropology by James Powell Chaney B.A., University of Tennessee, 2001 M.S., Western Kentucky University 2007 December 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I sat down to write the acknowledgment for this research, something ironic came to mind. I immediately realized that I too had to rely on my social network to complete this work. No one can achieve goals without the engagement and support of those to whom we are connected. As we strive to succeed in life, our family, friends and acquaintances influence us as well as lend a much needed hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Act of 1924 from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Immigration Act of 1924 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson–Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, and Asian Exclusion Act (Pub.L. 68-139, 43 Stat. 153, enacted May 26, 1924), was a United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. It superseded the 1921 Emergency Quota Act. The law was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, mainly Jews fleeing persecution in Poland and Russia, who were immigrating in large numbers starting in the 1890s, as well as prohibiting the immigration President Coolidge signs the of Middle Easterners, East Asians and Indians. According to the U.S. immigration act on the White House Department of State Office of the Historian, "In all its parts, the most basic South Lawn along with appropriation purpose of the 1924 Immigration Act was to preserve the ideal of American bills for the Veterans Bureau. John J. homogeneity."[1] Congressional opposition was minimal. Pershing is on the President's right. Contents 1 Provisions 2 History 3 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Provisions The Immigration Act made permanent the basic limitations on immigration into the United States established in 1921 and modified the National Origins Formula established then. In conjunction with the Immigration Act of 1917, it governed American immigration policy until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which revised it completely.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Immigration with the Immigrant Stories Project LESSON PLANS
    Teaching Immigration with the Immigrant Stories Project LESSON PLANS 1 Acknowledgments The Immigration History Research Center and The Advocates for Human Rights would like to thank the many people who contributed to these lesson plans. Lead Editor: Madeline Lohman Contributors: Elizabeth Venditto, Erika Lee, and Saengmany Ratsabout Design: Emily Farell and Brittany Lynk Volunteers and Interns: Biftu Bussa, Halimat Alawode, Hannah Mangen, Josefina Abdullah, Kristi Herman Hill, and Meredith Rambo. Archival Assistance and Photo Permissions: Daniel Necas A special thank you to the Immigration History Research Center Archives for permitting the reproduction of several archival photos. The lessons would not have been possible without the generous support of a Joan Aldous Diversity Grant from the University of Minnesota’s College of Liberal Arts. Immigrant Stories is a project of the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota. This work has been made possible through generous funding from the Digital Public Library of America Digital Hubs Pilot Project, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. About the Immigration History Research Center Founded in 1965, the University of Minnesota's Immigration History Research Center (IHRC) aims to transform how we understand immigration in the past and present. Along with its partner, the IHRC Archives, it is North America's oldest and largest interdisciplinary research center and archives devoted to preserving and understanding immigrant and refugee life. The IHRC promotes interdisciplinary research on migration, race, and ethnicity in the United States and the world. It connects U.S. immigration history research to contemporary immigrant and refugee communities through its Immigrant Stories project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Immigration Quotas on Wages, the Great Black Migration, and Industrial Development
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 11214 The Effects of Immigration Quotas on Wages, the Great Black Migration, and Industrial Development Bin Xie DECEMBER 2017 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 11214 The Effects of Immigration Quotas on Wages, the Great Black Migration, and Industrial Development Bin Xie Jinan University and IZA DECEMBER 2017 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 11214 DECEMBER 2017 ABSTRACT The Effects of Immigration Quotas on Wages, the Great Black Migration, and Industrial Development* This paper exploits the exogenous and differential immigrant supply shocks caused by the immigration quota system in the 1920s to identify the causal effects of the immigration restriction on the US manufacturing wages, the Great Migration, and industrial production between 1920 and 1930.
    [Show full text]
  • Killing Hope U.S
    Killing Hope U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II – Part I William Blum Zed Books London Killing Hope was first published outside of North America by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London NI 9JF, UK in 2003. Second impression, 2004 Printed by Gopsons Papers Limited, Noida, India w w w.zedbooks .demon .co .uk Published in South Africa by Spearhead, a division of New Africa Books, PO Box 23408, Claremont 7735 This is a wholly revised, extended and updated edition of a book originally published under the title The CIA: A Forgotten History (Zed Books, 1986) Copyright © William Blum 2003 The right of William Blum to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Cover design by Andrew Corbett ISBN 1 84277 368 2 hb ISBN 1 84277 369 0 pb Spearhead ISBN 0 86486 560 0 pb 2 Contents PART I Introduction 6 1. China 1945 to 1960s: Was Mao Tse-tung just paranoid? 20 2. Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style 27 3. Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state 33 4. The Philippines 1940s and 1950s: America's oldest colony 38 5. Korea 1945-1953: Was it all that it appeared to be? 44 6. Albania 1949-1953: The proper English spy 54 7. Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter Factor 56 8. Germany 1950s: Everything from juvenile delinquency to terrorism 60 9. Iran 1953: Making it safe for the King of Kings 63 10.
    [Show full text]
  • PIER Summer Institutes 2014 Lesson Plan for Classroom Teachers Based on the SEED Common Core of Teaching (CCT) Rubric for Effective Teaching
    PIER Summer Institutes 2014 Lesson Plan for Classroom Teachers Based on the SEED Common Core of Teaching (CCT) Rubric for Effective Teaching Title of Lesson: How Far is Too Far? Ellen H. Cohen, Metairie Park Country Day School, Spanish Language and Culture, Grades 11 and 12, 85 minute lesson Introduction: This lesson plan investigates the lengths that a government may go in protecting its interests in another country. Guatemala between the years 1900-1954 will be the example used. Geographic Connections: D1.1.9-12 Explain how a question reflects an enduring issue in the field. D1.4.9-12 Explain how supporting questions contribute to an inquiry and how, through engaging source work, new compelling and supporting questions emerge. Vocabulary: Imperialism, monopoly, revolution, coup d’état, insurrection Content Standards: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.3 Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters uncertain. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.7 Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem. Essential Question: How far is too far? Literacy through the Content Area: This lesson can be modified easily for use in an intermediate to advanced Spanish-language classroom. Translation of teacher materials and use of primary sources in Spanish will teach literacy, in Spanish, in the content area. Placement of Lesson within Broader Curriculum/Context: This lesson can be taught independently, but it will work best within the broader curriculum of Maya Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Latest Proposal for Immigration Reform Focuses on Merit- Based System
    Latest Proposal for Immigration Reform Focuses on Merit- Based System April 26, 2019 | IMMIGRATION As the 2020 presidential election battlefield heats up, the White House has indicated a continued focus on achieving major immigration change. In its latest move to facilitate much-needed change, Senior White House Advisor Jared Kushner announced that he has developed a detailed plan for a merit-based immigration system, akin to the systems currently in place in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The plan will be presented to the White House in the coming week or two, according to Kushner, and has been developed in partnership with Stephen Miller—a White House staffer who is felt to be “tougher” on immigration than some—and Kevin Hassett, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers (a U.S. agency within the Executive Office of the President that advises the president on economic policy). This type of system has been under review for a while now. A study by the CATO Institute in January 2018 analyzed an earlier draft framework of a merit-based system, which was estimated to result in a reduction of nearly 22 million legal immigrants to the U.S. over the coming five decades. While the actual text of the to-be proposed plan remains to be seen, past draft legislation indicates a strong likelihood that a plan to revise our immigration system would not just reorganize how immigrants are selected (e.g., family-based vs. skills based)—it would likely be aimed at reducing legal immigration significantly. A merit-based system could most dramatically impact the number of family-sponsored immigrants, which is a dramatic pivot away from traditional U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • La Jaula De Oro Y Dreamers: Wellness of Latinx Undocumented
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks @ UVM University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2018 La Jaula De Oro Y Dreamers: Wellness Of Latinx Undocumented College Students In A Divisive Political Climate And #45 Era Presidency Sarah Maria Childs University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the Higher Education Administration Commons Recommended Citation Childs, Sarah Maria, "La Jaula De Oro Y Dreamers: Wellness Of Latinx Undocumented College Students In A Divisive Political Climate And #45 Era Presidency" (2018). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 880. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/880 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LA JAULA DE ORO Y DREAMERS: WELLNESS OF LATINX UNDOCUMENTED COLLEGE STUDENTS IN A DIVISIVE POLITICAL CLIMATE AND #45 ERA PRESIDENCY A Dissertation Presented by Sarah Maria Childs to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctorate of Education Specializing in Educational Leadership and Policy Studies May, 2018 Defense Date: March 21, 2018 Dissertation Examination Committee: Judith A. Aiken, Ed.D., Advisor Teresa M. Mares, Ph.D., Chairperson Cynthia C. Reyes, Ph.D. Jinny Huh, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • American Imperialism
    11/9/12 Study Island Lesson Prev 1 American Imperialism 2 Listed below are some of the important ideas and events 3 involving American diplomacy during the 19th and early 20th Next centuries. Monroe Doctrine President Monroe outlined his foreign policy in a speech given to Congress in 1823. This policy became known as the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that European countries would no longer be allowed to create new colonies or interfere with the affairs of independent nations in the Western Hemisphere. The United States would be willing to fight to prevent new colonies from falling under European control. This doctrine was used as justification for U.S. involvement in the affairs of various countries in Latin America. Manifest Destiny First used in a newspaper article written by John O'Sullivan in 1845, the term "Manifest Destiny" described the idea that the westward expansion of the United States was inevitable because of fate. In 1845, John O'Sullivan wrote a newspaper article on the annexation of Texas in which he said it was America's "manifest destiny to overspread the continent." The concept of Manifest Destiny was also used to justify expansion into California, Oregon, and Alaska. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Manifest Destiny experienced a brief resurgence. Some politicians began to use the ideas of Manifest Destiny to justify expansion overseas, especially to areas of Asia, Latin American, and the Pacific. In 1898 two distinct phases of expansion occurred. The U.S. signed a resolution to annex the Republic of Hawaii, while the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish- American War included the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain.
    [Show full text]