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The Chester and Holyhead Railway and Its Political Impact on North Wales and British Policy Towards Ireland, 1835-1900

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The Chester and Holyhead Railway and Its Political Impact on North Wales and British Policy Towards Ireland, 1835-1900 The Chester and Holyhead Railway and its political impact on North Wales and British policy towards Ireland, 1835-1900 Philip Michael Lloyd PhD University of York Railway Studies September 2017 ABSTRACT This thesis presents a theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between technology and politics, and then applies it to the use made of railways by successive British governments in their Irish policies between 1835 and 1850. It questions why the Chester and Holyhead Railway was chosen over its rivals in 1844, and what political influence government applied to ensure its success against a technically superior alternative. The thesis also examines the interaction between politics and technology between 1850 and 1900 in North Wales by assessing the political implications of the London and North Western Railway monopoly, including the Holyhead line. Uniquely, the study shows that successive governments between 1835 and 1850 included railways in their Irish policies, but did not achieve the required results. Politicians failed to implement the impressive 1839 Irish Railway Commission proposals, and then did not focus sufficiently on reducing journey time between London and Dublin. Government allowed regional and personal interests in Britain to guide its decision-making, rather than technical advice. Railways produced paradoxical political results in North Wales between 1850 and 1900. They assisted both Anglicisation and Welsh nationalism, and the thesis adds to knowledge by showing that railways featured on the nationalist agenda of the region, particularly after 1867. By exploring railways and politics in North Wales and Ireland, this thesis enhances knowledge about their role in day to day governance, nation-building and larger imperial ambitions. These novel findings are based on a thorough review of the literature, an extensive use of primary sources and a range of research methods, including mathematical calculation. The thesis suggests that technological solutions to political problems produce more of the intended results when expertise, public priorities and political leadership are aligned so that projects are not, in Henry Thoreau’s words, merely: ‘an improved means to an unimproved end.’ 2 Contents The Chester and Holyhead Railway and its political impact on North Wales and British policy towards Ireland, 1835-1900........................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 2 Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables, Figures and Illustrations contained within the text ..................................................... 5 Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... 7 Author's Declaration ..................................................................................................................... 8 1. London 179 Miles: 85 Miles Holyhead ................................................................................ 9 1.1 Politics and technology: a theoretical framework. ....................................................... 11 1.2 The historical and historiographical context ................................................................ 21 1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 33 1.4 Overview .................................................................................................................. 34 2. The origins of faster communication in Britain’s Irish policies 1801-36 ....................................... 38 2.1 Improvements in communications between Britain and Ireland before 1840 ................ 40 2.2 The Porth Dinllaen Railway (PDR) ............................................................................... 45 2.3 The organisation of the Irish political and economic interests ...................................... 48 2.4 The Chester and Holyhead Railway (CHR) .................................................................... 51 2.5 St. Georges Harbour and Railway (GHR) ...................................................................... 54 2.6 The United Kingdom government response to the competing schemes ........................ 56 3. The Irish Railway Commission 1836-39 ..................................................................................... 62 3.1 The work of the Irish Railway Commission (IRC)........................................................... 64 3.2 The IRC approach to railway management and regulation............................................ 71 3.3 The Irish Railway Commission report in the press and parliament 1838-39 ................... 75 3.4 The end of the IRC initiative 1839-40 .......................................................................... 82 4. The final decision on the London to Dublin railway link 1840-46 ................................................ 87 4.1 Establishing the credibility of the Chester and Holyhead Railway 1838-40..................... 89 4.2 The Chester and Holyhead Railway in Parliament 1840 ................................................ 93 4.3 Sir Robert Peel’s Irish policy and the Chester and Holyhead Railway 1841-44 .............. 100 4.4 Public funding for the Chester and Holyhead Railway ................................................ 111 4.5 The Great Western Railway challenge 1845-46 .......................................................... 113 5. The Chester and Holyhead Railway and the governance of Ireland 1846-60 .............................. 124 5.1 The special status of the Chester and Holyhead Railway ............................................ 125 5.2 The Chester and Holyhead Railway in action 1850 – 58 .............................................. 128 5.3 The informal importance of communication time in the governance of Ireland ........... 132 5.4 The performance of the London – Dublin rail and sea link 1850-60 ............................. 136 5.5 Irish politics and railways 1846 – 1860 ...................................................................... 139 6. Railways, monopoly and the politics of “progress” in North Wales 1845-80 .............................. 146 6.1The establishment of a railway monopoly in North Wales 1845-80 .............................. 147 6.2 Railways and a ’system of beliefs’ in North Wales 1855-80 ......................................... 161 7. The London and North Western Railway and the politics and people of North Wales 1850-80 . 168 7.1 Setting the scene: North Wales society and its early reactions to railways 1845 - 65 .... 169 7.2 The LNWR, the landed elite and the growing electorate in North Wales 1850-80 ........ 175 7.3 Railways, the general population of North Wales and the Welsh language .................. 185 7.4 Gladstone and the politics of railway monopoly in North Wales 1860 - 80 .................. 189 3 8. The LNWR and politics in North Wales 1880 -1900: ‘The Great Railway Problem’ ...................... 194 8.1 Gladstone, North Wales and railways 1880 – 1890 .................................................... 195 8.2 Confrontation in Parliament 1890 – 1900.................................................................. 202 8.3 Local politics and the LNWR in North Wales 1890-1900 ............................................. 211 8.4 The railway in North Wales 1881-1900...................................................................... 217 9. Conclusion : The Chester and Holyhead Railway in Britain’s Irish policy and the politics of North Wales 1850-1900 .......................................................................................................... 219 Appendix A: Land ownership in North Wales showing area and value of land owned by large landowners featured in North Wales by County area .................................................................. 229 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................... 231 4 List of Tables, Figures and Illustrations contained within the text Table Title Page Table 2.1 Profile of key people known to have attended the Dublin meeting about 48 the London to Dublin railway link, 22 January 1836 Table 2.2 Significant attendees at the Bangor meeting about the London to Dublin 53 railway link, 12 February 1836 Table 3.1 Comparison of the IRC route mileages and those of lines proposed by 68 joint stock companies in Ireland Table 5.1 Time taken for parliamentary reports from London to be published in 134 the Freeman’s Journal in Dublin for all available years 1820 – 1859 Table 7.1 The rental value (RV) of LNWR land holdings in North Wales as a 179 percentage of total RV for each county Figure Title Page Figure 2.1 Map of early railway developments that were relevant to improved 44 communications with Ireland from 1830 Figure 2.2 Map showing location of counties and railways proposed for North 55 Wales section of the London –
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