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Soil Survey of Carleton County Province of Ontario

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Soil Survey of Carleton County Province of Ontario SOIL SURVEY OF CARLETON COUNTY PROVINCE OF ONTARIO BY G. A. HILLS and N. R. RICHARDS EXPERIMENTAL FARMS ERVICE AND F. F. MORWICK ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 0 GUELPH, ONTARIO MARCH 1944 REPORT No. 7 OF THE ONTARIO SOIL SURVEY EXPERIMENTAL FARMS SERVICE, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF ; AGRICULTURE AND THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SOIL SURVEY OF CARLETON COUNTY PROVINCE OF ONTARIO BY G . A . HILLS and N . R . RICHARDS EXPERIMENTAL FARMS SERVICE AND F . F. MORWICK ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE GUELPH, ONTARIO MARCH 1944 REPORT No. 7 OF THE ONTARIO SOIL SURVEY EXPERIMENTAL FARMS SERVICE, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE _PREFACE The soils, of Carleton County were surveyed during the summer and fall months of 1940. Thi's is the seventeenth county for which a soil map has been prepared on a detailed reconnaissance basis, and it is the first county for which a complete Soil Survey Report has been published. Six county soil maps have been published previously, namely-Norfolk, Elgin, Kent, Haldimand, Welland and Middlesex . These have been numbered in order from one to six, and for this reason this soil report and map has been numbered seven. The other counties which have been surveyed and maps prepared are as-follows-Essex, Oxford, Brant, Waterloo, Wentworth, Lincoln, Halton, Peel, York, Du ferin, Durham, Peterboro, Northumberland, Prince Edward and Grenville. Copies of the maps for each of these counties have been placed in ,the respective Agricultural Representatives' offices., ONTARIO SOIL SURVEY COMMITTEE DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENTAL FARMS SERVICE DR. E. S. ARCHIBALD DR. A. LEAHE~ DR. E. S. HOPKINS ' MR. L. E. WR GHT ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR E ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE DR. G. I. CHRISTIE PROF. G. N. I .UHNKE PROF. F. F. MORWICK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Dominion `Department of Mines and Resources, . Surveys and Engineering Branch, Hydrographic and Map Service supplied the base maps and supervised the compi lation and drawing of the final copy of the map for litho- graphing. The physical and chemical analyses were done by Messrs. A. S. Fleming and A. L. Willis. The authors wish to acknowledge the generous assistance . rendered by members of the staff of the Central Experimental Farm during the course of the survey, and also by, Mr. W. M. Croskery, the Provincial Department of Agriculture Representative in the county. Dr. A. Leahey, Dr. P. 0. Ripley and Mr. P. C. Stobbe read- the manuscript, and their suggestions were greatly appreciated. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Part 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ARE&..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 A. Location and Area. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. County Seat and Principal Towns . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 C. Population and Racial Origin . ... ...... .... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 D. Transportation and 1larkets.. ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .10 Part 11. FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF THE CARLETON COUNTY SOILS. ... ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ..12 A. The Geological :Materials upon which Carleton County Soils Have Been Formed.. .... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .12 B. Relief. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ..21 C. Climate. ... ... ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ..21 D. Natural Vegetation...... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ..26 E. Age.. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ..27 F. Erosion. ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ..27 Part 111. THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CARLETON COUNTY SOILS A. Regional Soil Types. ..... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..28 B. Local Soil Variations... .. .. .. ... .. .. ..... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .33 C. Soil Descriptions (with Key). ..... ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .34 Grenville Loam... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .36 Grenville Sandy Loam. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ...38 Lyons Loam. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .40 Galesburg Sandy Loam ... .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. ..... ... .. ... .. ...42 Ellwood Clay Loam.. ... ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ...... .. ..... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ..43 Kars Gravelly Sandy Loam. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ..44 Leitrim Gravelly Sandy Loam.. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. 45 Carp Clay Loam... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ..47 North Gower Clay Loam.... .. ... .. ...... .. ... .. ... ..... ..... ... .. .. .. .. .. ..49 North Gower Clay Loam-Shallow Muck Phase... .. ... .. .50 Rideau Clay...... .. .. .. ..... .. ..... ... ..... .. ... .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. ... .. .. ..... ... .52 Rideau Clay, Sand-Spot Phase.. .. ..... ... .. ... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .........53 Rideau Clay, Rock-Knob Phase. .. .. .. .. ... .. ........ .. ... .. .. .. .......54 Renfrew Clay and Renfrew Clay Compact Subsoil Phase..54 Bearbrook Clay.. ... .. ... .. ..... ..... .. ... .. .. .. ... ..... ... ..... ... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .56 Bearbrook Clay, Sand-Spot Phase...... .......... ... .. .. ... ... .. ...... .. .57 Osgoode Loam..... .... .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ..... ..... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .58 Castor Silt Loam.. ... ........... .. .. ..... .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. .59 Manotick Sandy Loam... ............. .. ... .. ... ........ .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ..... .61 Allendale Sandy Loam. ... .... ... ..... ..... .. .. ..... .. ... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..62 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Uplands Sand. ................ .. ... .. ... ............. ....... ..... ... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .64 Rubicon Sand..... ....... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ..... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ........ ..65 Granby Sand.. ..... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... ..... ..... .. .. ... .. ........ ... .. ... ..... .. .66 Granby Sandy Loam.... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ..... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .67 Farmington Undifferentiated..... .......... ... ..... .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .68 Farmington Shingly Sandy Loam. ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. Farmington Sandy Loam.. ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ...... .. ... .. .. .. .. ..70 Farmington Loam....... ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ... ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. :. .. .. .. .. ..71 Farmington Clay Loam... ..... .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .71 Nepean Sand....... ...... ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .72 Chandos Sand..... ... ......... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ..... ... ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .73 Anstruther Sand... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ....... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .73 Bridgman Sand .. .. .. ... ..... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .74 Eastport Sand......:........... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .74 Bottom Land....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. :. .. .. .. .74 Muck. ....... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ..... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .. .. .75 Peat.. ........ .. ... .. .. .. .. ..... .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... :. ... ..... .. .. .75 Part IV. AGRICULTURE. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ........ ... .. ... .. ... .. ........ ... .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ...... : .76, A. Early Settlement and Agricultural Development...... ... ... ... .. .. .76 ' B. Present Agriculture... ... ... ...... .. ... .. .. ..... .. ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .76 C. The Utilization and Management of Carleton County Soils. ...78 D. Crop Adaptability and Productivity Ratings of Soil Types85 Land Use Capability . ... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .. .. .. .. ... 89 Classes. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. Part V. DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICALi DATA . .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .94 Appendix=-SOIL SURVEY METHODS.. .............. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .101 GLOSSARY....... ... ... ..". .. ... .. .. ... .. ...... ... .. ... .. .. ..... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..101 Mar-Soil Map of Carleton County..... ... ... ........ ... ..in pocket at back of report FIGURES No. PAGE 1 . Map of Ontario Showing Location of Carleton County.. ........ ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .10 2. Map of Carleton County Showing Townships and Principal Centres. .. .11 3 . Rock Formations.. ... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .13 4. Physiographic Divisions... ...... ..... ... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...14 5 . Forest Associations.. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... ..27 6. Topographic Scenes. ... ... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .
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