DOCSLIB.ORG

Neospora Caninum and Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Dogs from Durango City, Mexico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neospora Caninum and Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Dogs from Durango City, Mexico J. Parasitol., 93(5), 2007, pp. 1033–1035 ᭧ American Society of Parasitologists 2007 NEOSPORA CANINUM AND TOXOPLASMA GONDII ANTIBODIES IN DOGS FROM DURANGO CITY, MEXICO J. P. Dubey, C. Alvarado-Esquivel*, O. Liesenfeld†, R. G. Herrera-Flores‡, B. E. Ramı´rez-Sa´nchez‡, A. Gonza´lez-Herrera§, S. A. Martı´nez-Garcı´a*, L. A. Bandini, and O. C. H. Kwok United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are structurally similar parasites, with many hosts in common. The prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum was determined in sera from dogs from Durango City, Mexico. Using a modified agglutination test, antibodies to T. gondii were found in 52 (51.5%) of the 101 dogs with titers of 1:25 in 27, 1:50 in 11, 1:100 in 5, 1:200 in 4, 1:400 in 2, 1:800 in 2, and 1:3,200 or higher in 1. Antibodies to N. caninum were determined by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the Neospora sp. agglutination test (NAT). Two of the 101 dogs had N. caninum antibodies; these dogs did not have T. gondii antibodies, supporting the specificity of the tests used. The N. caninum antibody titers of the 2 dogs were: 1:400 by IFAT and 1:200 by NAT in 1, and 1:25 by NAT and IFAT in the other. Results indicate that these 2 structurally similar protozoans are antigenically different. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are related coc- nol were used as antigen and a titer of 1:25 or higher was considered cidians that can cause fatal infections in dogs (Dubey, Carpenter indicative of T. gondii exposure. Antibodies to N. caninum in canine sera were detected using the et al., 1988). Toxoplasmosis in dogs is of historical importance indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) as described (Dubey, Hattel et because clinical toxoplasmosis was first diagnosed in a dog by al., 1988) and the direct N. caninum agglutination test (NAT) as de- Mello (1910), soon after the discovery of T. gondii in a rodent scribed (Romand et al., 1998). (Nicolle and Manceaux, 1909). Since then, there have been nu- Statistical evaluation merous reports of clinical toxoplasmosis worldwide and these have been summarized by Dubey (1985) and Dubey and Beattie Results were analyzed with the aid of the software Epi Info 6. For comparison of the frequencies among the groups, the Mantel–Haenszel (1988). After the discovery of N. caninum as a cause of paral- test, and when indicated the Fisher exact test, were used. The associa- ysis in dogs, several reports thought to be toxoplasmosis are tion of the animal characteristics and the T. gondii infection was as- now considered neosporosis (Dubey et al., 1989; Dubey and sessed by calculating the odd ratio with a 95% confidence interval. For Lindsay, 1996). age comparison among groups of dogs the Student’s t-test was used. A Little is known of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Mexican dogs. In the present report, we determined the prev- alence of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in dogs from RESULTS Durango City, Mexico and attempted to identify general char- Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 52 (51.5%) of the 101 acteristics of dogs associated with these infections. dogs with titers of 1:25 in 27, 1:50 in 11, 1:100 in 5, 1:200 in 4, 1:400 in 2, 1:800 in 2, and 1:3,200 or higher in 1. MATERIALS AND METHODS General characteristics of the 101 dogs studied are shown in Dogs Table I. The number of male and female dogs was comparable; All 101 unwanted dogs enrolled from August to November 2006 in however, male dogs had a higher frequency of anti-T. gondii the animal shelter in Durango City, Mexico were studied. The animal antibodies than females (59.6% vs. 40.1%; P ϭ 0.06). Age in shelter attends stray dogs captured by the municipality from the streets dogs was between 3 mo and 12 yr (mean 2.5 yr). The frequency of Durango City and unwanted pets given by the owners for adoption. of infection was comparable among dogs younger than 1 yr, General data, including age, breed, gender, health status, origin (stray ϭ or household), type of food eaten, and residence place for dogs were dogs between 1 and 2 yr (P 0.37), and dogs older than 2 yr obtained (Table I). (P ϭ 0.39). All dogs resided in urban areas. Most dogs were healthy, and the frequency of infection between healthy dogs Serological examination and sick dogs was similar (P ϭ 0.59). In addition, the number The sera were transported by courier from Mexico to Beltsville, of stray and household dogs was comparable, and the frequency Maryland, where serology was performed. Two-fold serial dilutions of infection among these groups was similar (P ϭ 0.94). Sim- were made (1:25 to 1:3,200) and tested for T. gondii antibodies with a modified agglutination test (MAT), as described previously (Dubey and ilarly, the prevalence of infection in household male dogs was Desmonts, 1987). Whole formalin-fixed tachyzoites and mercaptoetha- comparable with that observed in household female dogs (58.3% and 42.9%, respectively; P ϭ 0.30). Most dogs were cross-breeds and the prevalence of infection in this group of Received 2 April 2007; revised 11 April 2007; accepted 12 April ϭ 2007. dogs was similar to that found in purebred dogs (P 0.5). The * Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Jua´rez del Estado de Durango, prevalence of infection in dogs that obtained their food from Dgo Mexico, Avenida Universidad y Fanny Anitua. 34000 Durango, garbage was comparable with that observed in dogs that ate Dgo. Mexico. commercially available (P ϭ 0.79) or homemade food (P ϭ † Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charite´ Medical School Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, 0.68). Germany. ‡ Animal Shelter Municipal Office of Public Health and Environment. DISCUSSION Durango, Mexico. Carretera a Mexico s/n. Durango, Dgo. Mexico. § Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico. Cuauhtemoc 225 norte, 34000 In the present study, most dogs seropositive for T. gondii (27 Durango, Dgo. Mexico. of 51) had only a low MAT titer of 1:25. The MAT is consid- 1033 1034 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 93, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2007 TABLE I. General characteristics of the dogs and prevalence of anti-T. considered a primary pathogen in dogs and most fatal infections gondii antibodies. reported are in those immunosuppressed, particularly coinfected with canine distemper virus (Campbell et al., 1955; Capen and Dogs studied Dogs seropositive Cole, 1966; Dubey, 1985; Dubey et al., 1989, 2003). To our Characteristics No. % No. % knowledge, there is no confirmed report of congenital toxo- plasmosis in dogs. We are aware of only 1 report of clinical Gender canine toxoplasmosis or neosporosis in Mexico. De Aluja Male 57 56.4 34 59.6 (1971) found T. gondii-like organisms in a dog that had gen- Female 44 43.6 18 40.1 eralized infection; whether this case was toxoplasmosis or neos- Age groups (yr) porosis is uncertain now because the material has not been test- Ͻ1 16 15.8 7 43.8 ed retrospectively for N. caninum infection. Roch and Varela 1–2 55 54.5 31 56.4 (1966) found dye-test T. gondii antibodies in 38.3% of 60 dogs Ͼ2 30 29.7 14 46.7 from Mexico; no other details were given. Residence area The domestic dog is a definitive host for N. caninum and the Urban 101 100 52 51.5 oocysts shed in canine feces are considered essential in the epidemiology of this parasite (McAllister et al., 1998; Dubey, Health status Schares, and Ortega, 2007). Neospora caninum is one of most Healthy 91 90.1 47 51.6 important cause of abortion in cattle worldwide and dogs are Ill 10 9.9 5 50 an important risk factor for N. caninum infection in cattle. Origin Therefore, there have been many surveys for N. caninum in- Stray 56 55.4 29 51.8 fections in dogs worldwide and these were recently summarized Household 45 44.6 23 51.1 (Dubey, Schares, and Ortega, 2007). Breed Sa´nchez et al. (2003) compared N. caninum seroprevalence Pure breed 7 6.9 4 57.1 in city dogs versus farm dogs from a dairy region of Tizayuca, Cross-bred 94 93.1 48 51.1 Hidalgo, Mexico. Antibodies to N. caninum found in more farm Food dogs (51% of 27) than found in the city (20% of 30) using an Commercial 62 61.4 33 53.2 ELISA. These N. caninum seroprevalences in dogs from Hi- Homemade 66 65.3 36 54.5 dalgo were higher than the 2% seroprevalence in animals from Garbage 57 37.6 29 50.8 the Durango city in the present study. How dogs become in- fected with N. caninum is unknown (Dubey, Schares, and Or- tega, 2007). Whether dogs can become infected by ingesting sporulated N. caninum oocysts has not been demonstrated and ered specific for T. gondii at a serum dilution of 1:25 or higher the parasite has not been isolated from the small mammals or on the basis of experimental studies in animals and a validation birds that dogs may hunt for food. Unlike cattle, N. caninum is study in naturally infected pigs (Dubey et al., 1995; Dubey, not likely to be sustained in nature by transplacental transmis- 1997).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MALARIA Despite All Differences in Biological Detail and Clinical Manifestations, Every Parasite's Existence Is Based on the Same Simple Basic Rule
    MALARIA Despite all differences in biological detail and clinical manifestations, every parasite's existence is based on the same simple basic rule: A PARASITE CAN BE CONSIDERED TO BE THE DEVICE OF A NUCLEIC ACID WHICH ALLOWS IT TO EXPLOIT THE GENE PRODUCTS OF OTHER NUCLEIC ACIDS - THE HOST ORGANISMS John Maynard Smith Today: The history of malaria The biology of malaria Host-parasite interaction Prevention and therapy About 4700 years ago, the Chinese emperor Huang-Ti ordered the compilation of a medical textbook that contained all diseases known at the time. In this book, malaria is described in great detail - the earliest written report of this disease. Collection of the University of Hongkong ts 03/07 Hawass et al., Journal of the American Medical Association 303, 2010, 638 ts 02/10 Today, malaria is considered a typical „tropical“ disease. As little as 200 years ago, this was quite different. And today it is again difficult to predict if global warming might cause a renewed expansion of malaria into the Northern hemisphere www.ch.ic.ac.uk ts 03/08 Was it prayers or was it malaria ? A pious myth relates that in the year 452, the the ardent prayers of pope Leo I prevented the conquest of Rome by the huns of king Attila. A more biological consideration might suggest that the experienced warrior king Attila was much more impressed by the information that Rome was in the grip of a devastating epidemic of which we can assume today that it was malaria. ts 03/07 In Europe, malaria was a much feared disease throughout most of European history.
    [Show full text]
  • Juan J. Vera. Geologist. Resume
    Address: Loma Redonda 1599-V42 Phone. Home: (52-81) 8143 0271 Colonia Loma Larga Mobil. 52-81-1680 4722 Monterrey, N. L. 64710 E-mail: Mexico. [email protected] JUAN J. VERA. GEOLOGIST. RESUME. Objective Utilize my 38 years of mining and exploration activities in Mexico to successfully achieve mining companies’ goal, operating the state-of-the-art exploration and ore-mining technology. Reactivation of gold-silver mining districts mainly in the State of Jalisco. Work experience MEXICO. 2011. Geologist. Chief Executive Officer CONSTRUCIONES y DESARROLLO MASCOTA, S.A. DE C.V. Las Agujas Mine. Gold-Silver property. Municipality of Mascota, Jalisco. Mèxico. 200-ton/day underground mine ongoing project. 2000- 2011. Geologist. Project Analyst. FIDEICOMISO DE FOMENTO MINERO ( MINING DEVELOPMENT TRUST) This is a Mexican Federal Government Trust. Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. Performing Geological assignments to mining companies and Individuals on training and technical assistantship 1994-1999: USA. MINING COMPANIES. • SERVICIOS CYPRUS S.A. DE C.V. Guadalajara Office. Wholly owned subsidiary of CYPRUS- AMAX MINERALS. Denver. CO. USA. SENIOR GEOLOGIST. Generative gold exploration programs throughout the physiographic province of the East-West Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (States of Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Michoacán, Hidalgo, Veracruz). The Sierra Madre Oriental and associated NW-SE. silver- polymetallic Belt (States of Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí), and Volcanic Massive Sulfide deposits (VMS), Cu-Zn (State of Zacatecas). Porphyry-copper projects, located in North-western Mexico; drilling-indicated copper resources and geological modeling. • MINERA HECLA S.A. DE C.V. Hermosillo Office. Wholly owned subsidiary of HECLA MINING COMPANY. Coeur d’Alene, ID.
    [Show full text]
  • Nine Ways the City of Durango Supports Bicycling and Nine
    Nine Ways the City of Durango Supports Bicycling And Nine Durango Biking Laws ~~Plus famous bicycling quotes~~ Published 2012 by the City of Durango (Colorado). Permission to copy is granted, but not for sale or profit. This is available as a free downloadable eBook, or ask for it in print at City Hall, 949 East 2nd Ave, Durango, CO 81301. Online at http://www.durangogov.org/index.aspx?NID=190 in Search Options, Select Search Type = Histories and enter *Durango supports bicycling* [with the asterisks] in the Subject box to retrieve this booklet. Cataloging-in-publication data: City of Durango (Colo.) Nine ways the City of Durango supports bicycling; and nine Durango biking laws / by J. Todd Ellison 12 p. Bicycling--Colorado--Durango. Bicycles and bicycling--History--Colorado--Durango Cycling--Law and legislation--Colorado--Durango. Bicycles and bicycling--Safety measures. Traffic violations--Colorado--Durango. Most recently updated 10/25/2017 Please email any comments on this history to [email protected] This is drawn from actual records of the City of Durango. For further reading, visit www.durangogov.org/docs.cfm—which is the records search portal on the City of Durango website. Sources of the quotes about bicycling: http://www.theargonauts.com/coolquotes.shtml by Scott Stoll, who bicycled 26,000 miles around the world in 4 years; and http://kba.tripod.com/quotes.htm The City of Durango Supports Bicycling! Welcome, bicyclists! Here are nine of the many ways in which the City has promoted bicycling in and around Durango: 1. Durango’s City Council has a long history of supporting bicy- cling.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Intestinal Protozoa in Dogs and Cats
    Control of Intestinal Protozoa 6 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 06 Second Edition – February 2018 1 ESCCAP Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 3SZ, United Kingdom First Edition Published by ESCCAP in August 2011 Second Edition Published in February 2018 © ESCCAP 2018 All rights reserved This publication is made available subject to the condition that any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise is with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. This publication may only be distributed in the covers in which it is first published unless with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-907259-53-1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 1: CONSIDERATION OF PET HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS 5 2: LIFELONG CONTROL OF MAJOR INTESTINAL PROTOZOA 6 2.1 Giardia duodenalis 6 2.2 Feline Tritrichomonas foetus (syn. T. blagburni) 8 2.3 Cystoisospora (syn. Isospora) spp. 9 2.4 Cryptosporidium spp. 11 2.5 Toxoplasma gondii 12 2.6 Neospora caninum 14 2.7 Hammondia spp. 16 2.8 Sarcocystis spp. 17 3: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PARASITE TRANSMISSION 18 4: OWNER CONSIDERATIONS IN PREVENTING ZOONOTIC DISEASES 19 5: STAFF, PET OWNER AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION 19 APPENDIX 1 – BACKGROUND 20 APPENDIX 2 – GLOSSARY 21 FIGURES Figure 1: Toxoplasma gondii life cycle 12 Figure 2: Neospora caninum life cycle 14 TABLES Table 1: Characteristics of apicomplexan oocysts found in the faeces of dogs and cats 10 Control of Intestinal Protozoa 6 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 06 Second Edition – February 2018 3 INTRODUCTION A wide range of intestinal protozoa commonly infect dogs and cats throughout Europe; with a few exceptions there seem to be no limitations in geographical distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer 2014 Newsletter of the Durango Education Center Richard & Mary Lyn Ballantine Paul Lemon Education Center and Thought It May Be a Good Fit
    Upcoming Events 2013 Donors Why I Volunteer Stoneage Waterblast Tools July 8: Literacy Proponents and JM Jones Pediatric Partners Terry Swan Summer GED and ESL classes begin Benefactors Maynes, Bradford, Shipps Reid & Sari Ross Ellen Matthews Turiel Anonymous & Sheftel, LLP July 21: Ann Smith After relocating to Durango last year, I had extra time for volunteer Mercury Payment Systems Tom West Anschutz Family Foundation Gordon & Dene Thomas Summer Community Education classes begin DEClaration work while I searched for employment. I’d heard about the Durango Nan Uhl Summer 2014 Newsletter of the Durango Education Center Richard & Mary Lyn Ballantine Paul Lemon Education Center and thought it may be a good fit. I’d done some Carol Treat September 2: Stephanie Moran math tutoring back East after I lost my job in the steel industry. El Pomar Foundation Nancy Wallace “One of my favorite quotes is Fall GED and ESL classes begin Sheila Fortune Foundation Heather Pacheco ‘Give someone a fish, they (From 1980-2008, a thriving economy of 23,000-plus steel workers in eat for a day. Teach them to Pittsburgh had dwindled down to about 800.) Marc & Jane Katz Red Willow Production Company Literacy Advocates fish, they eat for a lifetime’. September 16: Gregory Bell Teaching and empowering Ballet Folklorico de Durango performance Fiesta on the Mesa, Sue Liefeld Cordelia Stites individuals is the greatest gift I started to tutor math on weekdays and evenings at the DEC. In The Payroll Department Norman Broad we can give. Supporting the 5-7 p.m. Fort Lewis College Student Union Plaza Penny O’Keefe Durango Education Center my previous tutoring experiences, I was pretty successful at getting CJ’s Diner Pope Family Charitable Foundation Lillian White through financial gifts helps students to overcome the fear or shyness that held them back in Victoria Coe others develop their skills the public school system.
    [Show full text]
  • Pilgrimage and Cultural Commerce on the Camino Real De Tierra Adentro
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 83 Number 4 Article 2 10-1-2008 Rutas del Corazón: Pilgrimage and Cultural Commerce on the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Enrique R. Lamadrid Miguel Gandert Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Lamadrid, Enrique R. and Miguel Gandert. "Rutas del Corazón: Pilgrimage and Cultural Commerce on the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro." New Mexico Historical Review 83, 4 (2008). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol83/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rutas del Corazon PILGRIMAGE AND CULTURAL COMMERCE ON THE CAMINO REAL DE TIERRA ADENTR01 Enrique R. Lamadrid Photographs by Miguel Gandert or over four centuries, the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (Royal Road F ofthe Interior) served as the passageway for people, politics, and trade, linking New Mexico with Mexico and the rest of the world.zAs the oldest continually used historical route in North America, much of the initial re­ search on the Camino Real has concentrated on military history, commerce, technology, missions, and genealogy.3 On this foundation, the more elusive contours ofcultural history can be traced through the intangible heritage of the Camino Real. 4 During the early colonial period, the Spanish established missionary projects to convert the local Natives as New Spain expanded into the northlands. This legacy of intercultural spirituality still inspires the peoples ofa vast region now crossed by an international boundary.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Durango │949 E
    City Council Mayor: Dean Brookie Mayor Pro-Tem: Kim Baxter Council Members: Melissa Youssef Barbara Noseworthy Chris Bettin Executive Team Leaders José R. Madrigal Dirk Nelson Cynthia Sneed CITY OF Amy Phillips Robert Brammer Tony Vicari Levi Lloyd DURANGO Sandy Irwin Catherine Metz 2021 STRATEGIC PLAN Erin Hyder Zeta Fail Amber Blake Kevin Hall Eric Pierson Tom Sluis 1 | Page City of Durango │949 E. 2nd Ave │ Durango, CO 81301 D urangoGov.org The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad Company formed Durango along the banks of the Animas River in September 1880 to serve the San Juan mining district. Today, the city proudly serves a diverse community of approximately 19,000 neighbors in all facets of life, work, and recreation in our natural environment. Each day, a devoted workforce of approximately 400 full-time employees come together to ensure the needs of the community are met through municipal service. To guide this effort, the Durango City Council has adopted clear statements on why we exist, what we aspire to be, and what we believe in. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WHY WE OUR MISSION The City of Durango and our employees provide efficient city services, effectively maintain city assets and EXIST manage growth, are accountable, ethical and fiscally responsible, and collaborate with regional partners to improve the quality of life for our entire community. OUR VISION WHAT WE Durango is an authentic, diverse, multigenerational, and thriving community. Our residents value and enjoy our ASPIRE unique natural environment and benefit from the management of our city's resources in a fiscally responsible, environmental, and socially sustainable manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Neospora Caninum Infection in Cattle
    Neospora caninum infection in cattle Agnote DAI-314, First edition, May 2004 Belinda Walker, Veterinary Officer NSW Agriculture, Gunnedah Neospora caninum is a microscopic protozoan parasite. It was rare occurrence that is unlikely to contribute to the mainte- not specifically identified until 1989 as a cause of abortion nance of an infection in a herd. in cattle, although abortions due to this previously- Adult cows show no clinical signs of illness following unidentified protozoan had been recognised since the 1970s. infection, and the majority have normal pregnancies. Neospora caninum is now considered a major cause of bovine However, European studies have shown that infected cattle abortion throughout the world. are three times more likely to abort than uninfected cows. In some areas, such as the North Coast of NSW, evidence Calves of infected cows, although born clinically normal, from laboratory submissions indicates that Neospora caninum have an 80 to 90 per cent chance of being Neospora carriers. may be responsible for over 30 per cent of all abortions in The female calves then have a high probability of infecting both dairy and beef cattle. Neosporosis is diagnosed less their own calves. frequently in inland NSW, but this may be partly because Recent studies in New Zealand report a much lower rate aborted foetuses are less likely to be noticed in extensive of congenital transmission (around 9 per cent) than the areas. Beef producers need to become more aware of this European studies. This suggests that transmission quite likely important parasite. depends on a number of risk factors that can vary greatly Previously, neosporosis was difficult to diagnose between farms and regions (for example, presence of unless an aborted foetal brain was available for mi- carnivores, feeding of concentrates, stocking rates and croscopic examination, which is possibly why the proximity to bush versus urban areas).
    [Show full text]
  • A Literary and Historical Atlas of America
    EVERYMAN .1 WILL? GO V-* ~~^--m^r >* IN THY MOST NEED THEE & BE THY GUIDE O GO BY THY SIDE ^OVyfcxvJL Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by Sybille Pantazzi EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS REFERENCE A L I TE R A R Y AND HISTORICAL ATLAS OF NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA THE PUBLISHERS OF LlBT^ATty WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE COMPRISED UNDER THE FOLLOWING THIRTEEN HEADINGS: TRAVEL ^ SCIENCE ^ FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ^ CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS $ ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ROMANCE IN FOUR STYLES OF BINDING; CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP; LEATHER, ROUND CORNERS, GILT TOP; LIBRARY BINDING IN CLOTH, & QUARTER PIGSKIN LONDON: J. M. DENT & SONS, LTD. NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. I ALITERARYS HISTORICAL ATLAS OF AMERICA? J G.BARTHOLOMEW LL.D LONLON:PUBL4SHED hyJMDENTS-SONS^ ANP IN NEW YORK BYE-P DUTTONSCO / INTRODUCTION WHEN General Hamilton spoke in the Federalist over a " century ago of an empire, in many respects the most inter- esting in the world," meaning the United States of America, he did not, he could not, foresee the vast growth of his country and its northern and southern neighbours which this book portrays. The volume is the third in a series of small atlases, meant to cover in turn the whole globe, and to do it in a way to knit up geographical and historical knowledge with the facts of commerce and the literary record of each land or region. One chief purpose of these maps is to trace clearly " the development of the United States, beginning with the " most remarquable parts of the New England of the Pilgrim Fathers, described by Captain John Smith in 1614, and not forgetting the territories of the old American-Indian nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing Cystoisospora Canis As a Model of Apicomplexan Tissue Cyst Formation and Reactivation
    Characterizing Cystoisospora canis as a Model of Apicomplexan Tissue Cyst Formation and Reactivation Alice Elizabeth Houk-Miles Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences David S. Lindsay Nammalwar Sriranganathan Jeannine S. Strobl Anne M. Zajac May 4, 2015 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Cystoisospora canis, Toxoplasma gondii, characterization, tissue cyst reactivation, model Characterizing Cystoisospora canis as a Model of Apicomplexan Tissue Cyst Formation and Reactivation Alice Elizabeth Houk-Miles ABSTRACT Cystoisospora canis is an Apicomplexan parasite of the small intestine of dogs. C. canis produces monozoic tissue cysts (MZT) that are similar to the polyzoic tissue cysts (PZT) of Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite of medical and veterinary importance, which can reactivate and cause toxoplasmic encephalitis. We hypothesized that C. canis is similar biologically and genetically enough to T. gondii to be a novel model for studying tissue cyst biology. We examined the pathogenesis of C. canis in beagles and quantified the oocysts shed. We found this isolate had similar infection patterns to other C. canis isolates studied. We were able to superinfect beagles that came with natural infections of Cystoisospora ohioensis-like oocysts indicating that little protection against C. canis infection occurred in these beagles. The C. canis oocysts collected were purified and used for future studies. We demonstrated in vitro that C. canis could infect 8 mammalian cell lines and produce MZT. The MZT were able to persist in cell culture for at least 60 days. We were able to induce reactivation of MZT treated with bile-trypsin solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative 3D Genome Organization in Apicomplexan Parasites
    Comparative 3D genome organization in apicomplexan parasites Evelien M. Bunnika, Aarthi Venkatb,1, Jianlin Shaob,1,2, Kathryn E. McGovernc,3, Gayani Batugedarad, Danielle Worthc, Jacques Prudhommed, Stacey A. Lappe,f,g, Chiara Andolinah,i,4, Leila S. Rossj, Lauren Lawresk, Declan Bradyl, Photini Sinnism, Francois Nostenh,i, David A. Fidockj, Emma H. Wilsonc, Rita Tewaril, Mary R. Galinskie,f,g, Choukri Ben Mamounk, Ferhat Ayb,n,5,6, and Karine G. Le Rochd,5,6 aDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; bDivision of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; cDivision of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; dDepartment of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; eInternational Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; fDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; gMalaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; hCentre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom; iShoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, 63110 Tak, Thailand; jDepartment
    [Show full text]
  • Serological Evidence of Exposure to Toxoplasma Gondii and Neospora
    Short Communication ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) www.cbpv.org.br/rbpv Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, v. 28, n. 4, p. 816-820, oct.-dec. 2019 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019079 Serological evidence of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in free-ranging Orinoco goose (Neochen jubata) in Brazil Evidência sorológica de exposição à Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em Ganso-do-Orinoco (Neochen jubata) de vida livre no Brasil Marcos Rogério André1* ; Mariele De Santi1,2; Mayara de Cássia Luzzi1; Juliana Paula de Oliveira2; Simone de Jesus Fernandes1; Rosangela Zacarias Machado1; Karin Werther2 1 Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil 2 Laboratório de Patologia de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil Received June 26, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Abstract Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are Apicomplexan intracellular protozoan parasites that affect numerous animal species, thus leading to severe diseases and economic losses, depending on the vertebrate species involved. The role of the avian species in maintaining and transmission of these coccidia has been studied for several years as they tend to serve as a potential source of infection for mammals and humans. The present study aimed to assess the serological exposure of Orinoco goose (Neochen jubata) to T. gondii and N. caninum. Between 2010 and 2013, 41 free-ranging Orinoco geese were captured in the Araguaia River, Brazil. The presence and titration of IgY antibodies to both coccidia were assayed via indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT).
    [Show full text]