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Chrysippus's Dog As a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition
Chrysippus’s Dog as a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition Michael Rescorla Abstract: I critique an ancient argument for the possibility of non-linguistic deductive inference. The argument, attributed to Chrysippus, describes a dog whose behavior supposedly reflects disjunctive syllogistic reasoning. Drawing on contemporary robotics, I urge that we can equally well explain the dog’s behavior by citing probabilistic reasoning over cognitive maps. I then critique various experimentally-based arguments from scientific psychology that echo Chrysippus’s anecdotal presentation. §1. Language and thought Do non-linguistic creatures think? Debate over this question tends to calcify into two extreme doctrines. The first, espoused by Descartes, regards language as necessary for cognition. Modern proponents include Brandom (1994, pp. 145-157), Davidson (1984, pp. 155-170), McDowell (1996), and Sellars (1963, pp. 177-189). Cartesians may grant that ascribing cognitive activity to non-linguistic creatures is instrumentally useful, but they regard such ascriptions as strictly speaking false. The second extreme doctrine, espoused by Gassendi, Hume, and Locke, maintains that linguistic and non-linguistic cognition are fundamentally the same. Modern proponents include Fodor (2003), Peacocke (1997), Stalnaker (1984), and many others. Proponents may grant that non- linguistic creatures entertain a narrower range of thoughts than us, but they deny any principled difference in kind.1 2 An intermediate position holds that non-linguistic creatures display cognitive activity of a fundamentally different kind than human thought. Hobbes and Leibniz favored this intermediate position. Modern advocates include Bermudez (2003), Carruthers (2002, 2004), Dummett (1993, pp. 147-149), Malcolm (1972), and Putnam (1992, pp. 28-30). -
Cephalopods and the Evolution of the Mind
Cephalopods and the Evolution of the Mind Peter Godfrey-Smith The Graduate Center City University of New York Pacific Conservation Biology 19 (2013): 4-9. In thinking about the nature of the mind and its evolutionary history, cephalopods – especially octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid – have a special importance. These animals are an independent experiment in the evolution of large and complex nervous systems – in the biological machinery of the mind. They evolved this machinery on a historical lineage distant from our own. Where their minds differ from ours, they show us another way of being a sentient organism. Where we are similar, this is due to the convergence of distinct evolutionary paths. I introduced the topic just now as 'the mind.' This is a contentious term to use. What is it to have a mind? One option is that we are looking for something close to what humans have –– something like reflective and conscious thought. This sets a high bar for having a mind. Another possible view is that whenever organisms adapt to their circumstances in real time by adjusting their behavior, taking in information and acting in response to it, there is some degree of mentality or intelligence there. To say this sets a low bar. It is best not to set bars in either place. Roughly speaking, we are dealing with a matter of degree, though 'degree' is not quite the right term either. The evolution of a mind is the acquisition of a tool-kit for the control of behavior. The tool-kit includes some kind of perception, though different animals have very different ways of taking in information from the world. -
"Higher" Cognition. Animal Sentience
Animal Sentience 2017.030: Vallortigara on Marino on Thinking Chickens Sentience does not require “higher” cognition Commentary on Marino on Thinking Chickens Giorgio Vallortigara Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences University of Trento, Italy Abstract: I agree with Marino (2017a,b) that the cognitive capacities of chickens are likely to be the same as those of many others vertebrates. Also, data collected in the young of this precocial species provide rich information about how much cognition can be pre-wired and predisposed in the brain. However, evidence of advanced cognition — in chickens or any other organism — says little about sentience (i.e., feeling). We do not deny sentience in human beings who, because of cognitive deficits, would be incapable of exhibiting some of the cognitive feats of chickens. Moreover, complex problem solving, such as transitive inference, which has been reported in chickens, can be observed even in the absence of any accompanying conscious experience in humans. Giorgio Vallortigara, professor of Neuroscience at the Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences of the University of Trento, Italy, studies space, number and object cognition, and brain asymmetry in a comparative and evolutionary perspective. The author of more than 250 scientific papers on these topics, he was the recipient of several awards, including the Geoffroy Saint Hilaire Prize for Ethology (France) and a Doctor Rerum Naturalium Honoris Causa for outstanding achievements in the field of psychobiology (Ruhr University, Germany). r.unitn.it/en/cimec/abc In a revealing piece in New Scientist (Lawler, 2015a) and a beautiful book (Lawler, 2015b), science journalist Andrew Lawler discussed the possible consequences for humans of the sudden disappearance of some domesticated species. -
The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity (Paperback)
Hello. Sign in to get personalized recommendations. New customer? Start here. FREE 2-Day Shipping, No Minimum Purchase: See details Your Amazon.com | Today's Deals | Gifts & Wish Lists | Gift Cards Your Account | Help Shop All Departments Search Books Cart Wish List Advanced Browse Hot New The New York Libros En Books Bestsellers Bargain Books Textbooks Search Subjects Releases Times® Best Sellers Español Join Amazon Prime and ship Two-Day for free and Overnight for $3.99. Already a member? Sign in. The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity Quantity: 1 (Paperback) by Paola Cavalieri (Editor), Peter Singer (Editor) "If there is a single person who has made people appreciate that chimpanzees are individuals with different personalities and complex social relationships, that person is..." (more) or Key Phrases: New York, United States, Jane Goodall (more...) Sign in to turn on 1-Click ordering. (6 customer reviews) List Price: $18.99 Price: $15.25 & eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping on orders over $25. Details More Buying Choices You Save: $3.74 (20%) 53 used & new from $2.58 In Stock. Have one to sell? Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Gift-wrap available. Share with Friends Want it delivered Friday, July 3? Order it in the next 11 hours and 37 Share your own customer images minutes, and choose One-Day Shipping at checkout. Details Search inside this book 20 new from $5.99 33 used from $2.58 Tell the Publisher! I’d like to read this book Also Available in: List Price: Our Price: Other Offers: on Kindle Hardcover (1st U.S. -
THE CAGE IS a STAGE a Project in Five Parts by Emily Mast
“Allow us to direct your attention to the front cover of this book—its face if you like. What do you see? . What affects does the appearance of such an image engender in you? . Is the image before you human? What critical registers are you using to determine such a response? What does the term ‘human’ and its so-called inverse, ‘non-human’ mean to you? How have you come upon such knowledge? What cultural resonances, in other words, inform your views?” (Noreen Giffney and Myra J. Hird, “Introduction,” in Queering the Non/Human, p. 1) THE CAGE IS A STAGE A project in five parts by Emily Mast Made in collaboration with and performed by Heyward Bracey, Kiara Gamboa, Garrett Hallman, Angelina Prendergast and Joe Seely Curated by Julia Paoli and Christine Shaw Part 1: Part 2: THE CAGE IS A STAGE THE CAGE IS A STAGE (PROOF*) (BLEED**) Exhibition at the Blackwood Gallery Exhibition at the e|gallery June 22–September 18, 2016 June 22–September 18, 2016 Opening reception: Opening reception and performances: Saturday, June 25, 2016, 2pm–5pm Saturday, June 25, 2016, 2pm–5pm FREE and open to the public FREE and open to the public Blackwood Gallery, Kaneff Centre e|gallery, CCT Building University of Toronto Mississauga University of Toronto Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road 3359 Mississauga Road Mississauga, ON Mississauga, ON blackwoodgallery.ca blackwoodgallery.ca A five channel video installation featuring A gallery exhibition and printed score that five consecutive rehearsals of one section invite immersion and participation from of the evening-length performance. With the visitor. -
The Cognitive Animal : Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition
Contents Introduction ix 11 Learning and Memory Without a Contributors xvii Brain 77 James W. Grau THE DIVERSITY OF 12 Cognitive Modulation of Sexual COGNITION Behavior 89 Michael Domjan The Inner Life of Earthworms: Darwin's Argument and Us 13 Cognition and Emotion in Concert Implications 3 in Human and Nonhuman Animals 97 Eileen Crist Ruud van den Bos, Bart B. Houx, and Berry M. Spruijt 2 Crotalomorphism: A Metaphor for U nderstanding Anthropomorphism 14 Constructing Animal Cognition 105 by Omission 9 William Timberlake Jesús Rivas and Gordon M. 15 Genetics, Plasticity, and the Burghardt Evolution of Cognitive Processes 115 3 The Cognitive Defender: How Gordon M. Burghardt Ground Squirrels Assess Their 16 Spatial Behavior, Food Storing, and Predators 19 the Modular Mind 123 Donald H. Owings Sara J. Shettleworth 4 Jumping Spider Tricksters: Deceit, 17 Spatial and Social Cognition in Predation, and Cognition 27 Corvids: An Evolutionary Approach 129 Stim Wilcox and Robert Jackson Russell P. Balda and Alan C. 5 The Ungulate Mind 35 Kamil John A. Byers 18 Environmental Complexity, Signal 6 Can Honey Bees Create Cognitive Detection, and the Evolution of Maps? 41 Cognition 135 James L. Gould Peter Godfrey-Smith 7 Raven Consciousness 47 19 Cognition as an Independent Bernd Heinrich Variable: Virtual Ecology 143 Alan C. Kamil and Alan B. Bond 8 Animal Minds, Human Minds 53 Eric Saidel 20 Synthetic Ethology: A New Tool for Investigating Animal Cognition 151 9 Comparative Developmental Bruce MacLennan Evolutionary Psychology and Cognitive Ethology: Contrasting but 21 From Cognition in Animals to Compatible Research Programs 59 Cognition in Superorganisms 157 Sue Taylor Parker Charles E. -
Listening to Dance...With Our Bodies and Minds Jordan
Interdisciplinary Panel 4: Looking and listening Listening to dance...with our bodies and minds Stephanie Jordan, Research Professor in Dance, Director of Centre for Dance Research, Roehampton University Through our bodies, we empathise not only with dance, but also with its accompanying music. So, what happens when we experience dance and music together, or ‘choreomusically’? Evidence now suggests that audio, visual and motor imagery share a common representational and neuropsychological base, even though music can be subversive as much as supportive in the partnership with dance. In this regard, might it be useful to explore the interface between perception and empathy in our discussion of dance and music? In experiencing dance and music together, is the response one of integration or of two (or even more) separate ‘voices’ or ‘bodies’, each of which invites empathetic response or ‘virtual motion’? My paper raises questions about how we respond to choreomusical structures, drawing from my experience of integrating ideas from cognitive science into dance analysis (independently and in experimental workshops). My research, though primarily from the point of view of perception, raises key questions about empathetic responses to, or embodiment of, the two simultaneously-presented media. Although a number of valuable crossmodal studies deal with basic temporal and spatial concepts, there are few to date that have foregrounded relations (or structural meetings) between the more complex and extended stimuli of actual dance and music. In the two seminal experiments (Krumhansl and Schenk (1997); Mitchell and Gallaher (2001)), empirical evidence demonstrated that dance can reflect musical formal divisions, pitch level, dynamics and emotions. -
Emily Elizabeth Bray [email protected] [email protected]
Emily Elizabeth Bray www.emilyebray.com [email protected] [email protected] PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE University of Arizona, School of Anthropology, Tucson, AZ and May 2017 – Present Canine Companions for Independence®, Santa Rosa, CA Post-doctoral Research Associate Focus: Longitudinal cognitive and behavioral studies in assistance dogs Supervisors: Dr. Evan MacLean and Dr. Brenda Kennedy EDUCATION University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA May 2017 PhD in Psychology (Concentration in Animal Learning and Behavior) Center for Teaching & Learning Teaching Certificate in College and University Teaching Dissertation: “A longitudinal study of maternal style, young adult temperament and cognition, and program outcome in a population of guide dogs” Advisors: Dr. Robert Seyfarth, Dr. Dorothy Cheney, and Dr. James Serpell University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA May 2013 M.A. in Psychology Thesis: “Dogs as a model system for understanding problem-solving: Exploring the affective and cognitive mechanisms that impact inhibitory control” Advisors: Dr. Robert Seyfarth, Dr. Dorothy Cheney, and Dr. James Serpell Duke University, Durham, NC May 2012 B.A. in Cognitive Psychology and English (summa cum laude), Graduation with Distinction in Psychology Psychology GPA 4.0, Cumulative GPA 3.97 Graduation with Distinction Thesis: “Factors Affecting Inhibitory Control in Dogs” Advisors: Dr. Brian Hare and Dr. Stephen Mitroff University College London, London, UK August 2010 - December 2010 Semester Abroad through Butler University’s Institute for Study Abroad PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS 10. Bray, E.E., Gruen, M.E., Gnanadesikan, G.E., Horschler, D.J., Levy, K. M., Kennedy, B.S., Hare, B.A., & MacLean, E.L. (in press). Dog cognitive development: a longitudinal study across the first two years of life. -
2010 Program Meeting Schedule
Vision Sciences Society 10th Annual Meeting, May 7-12, 2010 Naples Grande Resort & Club, Naples, Florida Program Contents Board, Review Committee & Staff . 2 Satellite Events. 22 Keynote Address . 3 Club Vision Dance Party. 22 Meeting Schedule . 4 Open House . 23 Schedule-at-a-Glance . 6 Member-Initiated Symposia . 24 Poster Schedule . 8 Friday Sessions . 29 Talk Schedule . 10 Saturday Sessions . 33 Young Investigator Award . 11 Sunday Sessions . 43 Abstract Numbering System. 11 Monday Sessions . 53 VSS Dinner and Demo Night . 12 Tuesday Sessions . 58 VSS Public Lecture . 15 Wednesday Sessions . 68 VSS at ARVO . 15 Topic Index. 71 Attendee Resources . 16 Author Index . 74 Exhibitors . 19 Hotel Floorplan . 86 Travel Awards . 21 Advertisements. 89 Board, Review Committee & Staff Board of Directors Abstract Review Committee Tony Movshon (2011), President David Alais Laurence Maloney New York University Marty Banks Ennio Mingolla Pascal Mamassian (2012), President Elect Irving Biederman Cathleen Moore CNRS & Université Paris 5 Geoff Boynton Shin’ya Nishida Eli Brenner Tony Norcia Bill Geisler (2010), Past President Angela Brown Aude Oliva University of Texas, Austin David Burr Alice O’Toole Marisa Carrasco (2012), Treasurer Patrick Cavanagh John Reynolds New York University Marvin Chun Anna Roe Barbara Dosher (2013) Jody Culham Brian Rogers University of California, Irvine Greg DeAngelis Jeff Schall James Elder Brian Scholl Karl Gegenfurtner (2013) Steve Engel David Sheinberg Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen, Germany Jim Enns Daniel Simons -
Comparative Evolutionary Approach to Pain Perception in Fishes
Brown, Culum (2016) Comparative evolutionary approach to pain perception in fishes. Animal Sentience 3(5) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1029 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Animal Sentience 2016.011: Brown Commentary on Key on Fish Pain Comparative evolutionary approach to pain perception in fishes Commentary on Key on Fish Pain Culum Brown Biological Sciences Macquarie University Abstract: Arguments against the fact that fish feel pain repeatedly appear even in the face of growing evidence that they do. The standards used to judge pain perception keep moving as the hurdles are repeatedly cleared by novel research findings. There is undoubtedly a vested commercial interest in proving that fish do not feel pain, so the topic has a half-life well past its due date. Key (2016) reiterates previous perspectives on this topic characterised by a black-or-white view that is based on the proposed role of the human cortex in pain perception. I argue that this is incongruent with our understanding of evolutionary processes. Keywords: pain, fishes, behaviour, physiology, nociception Culum Brown [email protected] studies the behavioural ecology of fishes with a special interest in learning and memory. He is Associate Professor of vertebrate evolution at Macquarie University, Co-Editor of the volume Fish Cognition and Behavior, and Editor for Animal Behaviour of the Journal of Fish Biology. -
ISAZ Newsletter Number 19, May 2000
(GLWR(GLWRUU -R 6ZDEH 1/ $VVRFLDWH (GLWRU 3HQQ\ %HUQVWHLQ 86$ &RQWHQWV $$UUWLWLFFOHVOHV 55HFHLYHHFHLYHGG The Unexplained Powers of Animals Rupert Sheldrake ‘In it for the Animals’: Animal Welfare, Moral Certainty and Disagreements Nicola Taylor Cultural Studies as a Means for Elucidating the Human- Animal Relationship in Zoos Randy Malamud $$QWKUR]QWKUR]RRRORJLFRORJLFDDOO99LVLRQLVLRQVV An interview with Bernard Rollin on his vision of the human-animal relationship Jo Swabe &HQWUHV RI 55HHVHDUFVHDUFKK The Anthrozoology Institute, UK %RR%RRNNVVHWFHWF Reviews of Sanders’ Understanding Dogs; Beyond Violence: The Human-Animal Connection PYSETA video Plus, info on books Hot off the Presses and News from the Net *UHHWLQJV IURIURPP00HHHWHWLLQQJV 1999 Delta Society Annual Conference 0HHWLQJV RI 'LVWLQF'LVWLQFWWLRQLRQ 22IIIILFLFLLDODO ,6$= %XVLQH%XVLQHVVVV KWWSZZZVRWRQDFXNaD]LLVD]KWP ,6$=1HZVOHWWHU -XO\ 1XPEHU $$UWLFOUWLFOHHVV 5HFH5HFHLLYHGYHG THE UNEXPLAINED POWERS OF ANIMALS Rupert Sheldrake 20 Willow Road, London NW3 1TJ, UK [email protected] www.sheldrake.org For many years animal trainers, pet owners hundreds of animal trainers, shepherds, blind and naturalists have reported various kinds of people with guide dogs, veterinarians and pet perceptiveness in animals that suggest the owners, I have been investigating some of existence of psychic powers. Surprisingly these unexplained powers of animals. There little research has been done on these are three major categories of seemingly phenomena. Biologists have been inhibited mysterious -
Animal Cognition Research Offers Outreach Opportunity John Carey, Science Writer
SCIENCE AND CULTURE SCIENCE AND CULTURE Animal cognition research offers outreach opportunity John Carey, Science Writer In a classroom in Thailand, groups of elementary school human populations growing and wildlife habitat shrink- children are marching around large sheets of newspaper ing, there’s less room for people and animals. In Thai- on the floor. Music plays. Each group of five kids has a land, that’s led to increasing conflicts between newspaper sheet. When the music stops, the children crop-raiding elephants and farmers. These clashes rush to stand on their sheet. The first time, there’sroom go beyond the research realm, involving a complex for all. As music starts and stops, though, the teacher interplay of conservation, economics, and societal makes the newspaper sheet smaller and smaller. Eventu- concerns. So the scientist behind the exercise, ally, five pairs of feet can no longer fit on the sheet. Some Hunter College psychologist and elephant researcher of the children climb on their partners, cramming their Joshua Plotnik, figured he needed to branch out bodies together before tumbling to the ground laughing. beyond his fieldwork on elephant cognition and The children are having a great time. But this game find ways to use his research to help reduce those of “losing space” also has a serious message. With conflicts. “The fight to protect elephants and other Elephants can cooperate with one another by pulling simultaneously on both ends of the rope to gather food from a platform. Joshua Plotnik has sought to incorporate such results into education and conservation efforts. Image courtesy of Joshua Plotnik.