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Chrysippus's Dog As a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition
Chrysippus’s Dog as a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition Michael Rescorla Abstract: I critique an ancient argument for the possibility of non-linguistic deductive inference. The argument, attributed to Chrysippus, describes a dog whose behavior supposedly reflects disjunctive syllogistic reasoning. Drawing on contemporary robotics, I urge that we can equally well explain the dog’s behavior by citing probabilistic reasoning over cognitive maps. I then critique various experimentally-based arguments from scientific psychology that echo Chrysippus’s anecdotal presentation. §1. Language and thought Do non-linguistic creatures think? Debate over this question tends to calcify into two extreme doctrines. The first, espoused by Descartes, regards language as necessary for cognition. Modern proponents include Brandom (1994, pp. 145-157), Davidson (1984, pp. 155-170), McDowell (1996), and Sellars (1963, pp. 177-189). Cartesians may grant that ascribing cognitive activity to non-linguistic creatures is instrumentally useful, but they regard such ascriptions as strictly speaking false. The second extreme doctrine, espoused by Gassendi, Hume, and Locke, maintains that linguistic and non-linguistic cognition are fundamentally the same. Modern proponents include Fodor (2003), Peacocke (1997), Stalnaker (1984), and many others. Proponents may grant that non- linguistic creatures entertain a narrower range of thoughts than us, but they deny any principled difference in kind.1 2 An intermediate position holds that non-linguistic creatures display cognitive activity of a fundamentally different kind than human thought. Hobbes and Leibniz favored this intermediate position. Modern advocates include Bermudez (2003), Carruthers (2002, 2004), Dummett (1993, pp. 147-149), Malcolm (1972), and Putnam (1992, pp. 28-30). -
Cephalopods and the Evolution of the Mind
Cephalopods and the Evolution of the Mind Peter Godfrey-Smith The Graduate Center City University of New York Pacific Conservation Biology 19 (2013): 4-9. In thinking about the nature of the mind and its evolutionary history, cephalopods – especially octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid – have a special importance. These animals are an independent experiment in the evolution of large and complex nervous systems – in the biological machinery of the mind. They evolved this machinery on a historical lineage distant from our own. Where their minds differ from ours, they show us another way of being a sentient organism. Where we are similar, this is due to the convergence of distinct evolutionary paths. I introduced the topic just now as 'the mind.' This is a contentious term to use. What is it to have a mind? One option is that we are looking for something close to what humans have –– something like reflective and conscious thought. This sets a high bar for having a mind. Another possible view is that whenever organisms adapt to their circumstances in real time by adjusting their behavior, taking in information and acting in response to it, there is some degree of mentality or intelligence there. To say this sets a low bar. It is best not to set bars in either place. Roughly speaking, we are dealing with a matter of degree, though 'degree' is not quite the right term either. The evolution of a mind is the acquisition of a tool-kit for the control of behavior. The tool-kit includes some kind of perception, though different animals have very different ways of taking in information from the world. -
"Higher" Cognition. Animal Sentience
Animal Sentience 2017.030: Vallortigara on Marino on Thinking Chickens Sentience does not require “higher” cognition Commentary on Marino on Thinking Chickens Giorgio Vallortigara Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences University of Trento, Italy Abstract: I agree with Marino (2017a,b) that the cognitive capacities of chickens are likely to be the same as those of many others vertebrates. Also, data collected in the young of this precocial species provide rich information about how much cognition can be pre-wired and predisposed in the brain. However, evidence of advanced cognition — in chickens or any other organism — says little about sentience (i.e., feeling). We do not deny sentience in human beings who, because of cognitive deficits, would be incapable of exhibiting some of the cognitive feats of chickens. Moreover, complex problem solving, such as transitive inference, which has been reported in chickens, can be observed even in the absence of any accompanying conscious experience in humans. Giorgio Vallortigara, professor of Neuroscience at the Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences of the University of Trento, Italy, studies space, number and object cognition, and brain asymmetry in a comparative and evolutionary perspective. The author of more than 250 scientific papers on these topics, he was the recipient of several awards, including the Geoffroy Saint Hilaire Prize for Ethology (France) and a Doctor Rerum Naturalium Honoris Causa for outstanding achievements in the field of psychobiology (Ruhr University, Germany). r.unitn.it/en/cimec/abc In a revealing piece in New Scientist (Lawler, 2015a) and a beautiful book (Lawler, 2015b), science journalist Andrew Lawler discussed the possible consequences for humans of the sudden disappearance of some domesticated species. -
The Cognitive Animal : Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition
Contents Introduction ix 11 Learning and Memory Without a Contributors xvii Brain 77 James W. Grau THE DIVERSITY OF 12 Cognitive Modulation of Sexual COGNITION Behavior 89 Michael Domjan The Inner Life of Earthworms: Darwin's Argument and Us 13 Cognition and Emotion in Concert Implications 3 in Human and Nonhuman Animals 97 Eileen Crist Ruud van den Bos, Bart B. Houx, and Berry M. Spruijt 2 Crotalomorphism: A Metaphor for U nderstanding Anthropomorphism 14 Constructing Animal Cognition 105 by Omission 9 William Timberlake Jesús Rivas and Gordon M. 15 Genetics, Plasticity, and the Burghardt Evolution of Cognitive Processes 115 3 The Cognitive Defender: How Gordon M. Burghardt Ground Squirrels Assess Their 16 Spatial Behavior, Food Storing, and Predators 19 the Modular Mind 123 Donald H. Owings Sara J. Shettleworth 4 Jumping Spider Tricksters: Deceit, 17 Spatial and Social Cognition in Predation, and Cognition 27 Corvids: An Evolutionary Approach 129 Stim Wilcox and Robert Jackson Russell P. Balda and Alan C. 5 The Ungulate Mind 35 Kamil John A. Byers 18 Environmental Complexity, Signal 6 Can Honey Bees Create Cognitive Detection, and the Evolution of Maps? 41 Cognition 135 James L. Gould Peter Godfrey-Smith 7 Raven Consciousness 47 19 Cognition as an Independent Bernd Heinrich Variable: Virtual Ecology 143 Alan C. Kamil and Alan B. Bond 8 Animal Minds, Human Minds 53 Eric Saidel 20 Synthetic Ethology: A New Tool for Investigating Animal Cognition 151 9 Comparative Developmental Bruce MacLennan Evolutionary Psychology and Cognitive Ethology: Contrasting but 21 From Cognition in Animals to Compatible Research Programs 59 Cognition in Superorganisms 157 Sue Taylor Parker Charles E. -
Comparative Evolutionary Approach to Pain Perception in Fishes
Brown, Culum (2016) Comparative evolutionary approach to pain perception in fishes. Animal Sentience 3(5) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1029 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Animal Sentience 2016.011: Brown Commentary on Key on Fish Pain Comparative evolutionary approach to pain perception in fishes Commentary on Key on Fish Pain Culum Brown Biological Sciences Macquarie University Abstract: Arguments against the fact that fish feel pain repeatedly appear even in the face of growing evidence that they do. The standards used to judge pain perception keep moving as the hurdles are repeatedly cleared by novel research findings. There is undoubtedly a vested commercial interest in proving that fish do not feel pain, so the topic has a half-life well past its due date. Key (2016) reiterates previous perspectives on this topic characterised by a black-or-white view that is based on the proposed role of the human cortex in pain perception. I argue that this is incongruent with our understanding of evolutionary processes. Keywords: pain, fishes, behaviour, physiology, nociception Culum Brown [email protected] studies the behavioural ecology of fishes with a special interest in learning and memory. He is Associate Professor of vertebrate evolution at Macquarie University, Co-Editor of the volume Fish Cognition and Behavior, and Editor for Animal Behaviour of the Journal of Fish Biology. -
Animal Cognition Research Offers Outreach Opportunity John Carey, Science Writer
SCIENCE AND CULTURE SCIENCE AND CULTURE Animal cognition research offers outreach opportunity John Carey, Science Writer In a classroom in Thailand, groups of elementary school human populations growing and wildlife habitat shrink- children are marching around large sheets of newspaper ing, there’s less room for people and animals. In Thai- on the floor. Music plays. Each group of five kids has a land, that’s led to increasing conflicts between newspaper sheet. When the music stops, the children crop-raiding elephants and farmers. These clashes rush to stand on their sheet. The first time, there’sroom go beyond the research realm, involving a complex for all. As music starts and stops, though, the teacher interplay of conservation, economics, and societal makes the newspaper sheet smaller and smaller. Eventu- concerns. So the scientist behind the exercise, ally, five pairs of feet can no longer fit on the sheet. Some Hunter College psychologist and elephant researcher of the children climb on their partners, cramming their Joshua Plotnik, figured he needed to branch out bodies together before tumbling to the ground laughing. beyond his fieldwork on elephant cognition and The children are having a great time. But this game find ways to use his research to help reduce those of “losing space” also has a serious message. With conflicts. “The fight to protect elephants and other Elephants can cooperate with one another by pulling simultaneously on both ends of the rope to gather food from a platform. Joshua Plotnik has sought to incorporate such results into education and conservation efforts. Image courtesy of Joshua Plotnik. -
Critical Perspectives on Veganism
CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON VEGANISM Edited by Jodey Castricano and Rasmus R. Simonsen The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series Series Editors Andrew Linzey Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford , United Kingdom Priscilla Cohn Villanova , Pennsylvania, USA Aim of the series In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the ethics of our treatment of animals. Philosophers have led the way, and now a range of other scholars have followed from historians to social scientists. From being a marginal issue, animals have become an emerging issue in ethics and in multidisciplinary inquiry. Th is series will explore the challenges that Animal Ethics poses, both conceptually and practically, to traditional understandings of human-animal relations. Specifi cally, the Series will: • provide a range of key introductory and advanced texts that map out ethical positions on animals • publish pioneering work written by new, as well as accomplished, scholars; • produce texts from a variety of disciplines that are multidisciplinary in character or have multidisciplinary relevance. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14421 Jodey Castricano • Rasmus R. Simonsen Editors Critical Perspectives on Veganism Editors Jodey Castricano Rasmus R. Simonsen Th e University of British Columbia Copenhagen School of Design and Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada Technology Copenhagen, Denmark Th e Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series ISBN 978-3-319-33418-9 ISBN 978-3-319-33419-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33419-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950059 © Th e Editor(s) (if applicable) and Th e Author(s) 2016 Th is work is subject to copyright. -
Conceptions of Human Uniqueness Among Vegetarians and Omnivoresy
European Journal of Social Psychology, Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 41, 201–209 (2011) Published online 5 August 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.766 Research article The humanity of what we eat: Conceptions of human uniqueness among vegetarians and omnivoresy MICHAL BILEWICZ1*, ROLAND IMHOFF2 AND MAREK DROGOSZ3 1Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Poland; 2Institute for Psychology, University of Bonn, Germany; 3Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Abstract Studies on dehumanization demonstrated that denying certain human characteristics might serve as a strategy for moral disengagement. Meat consumption—especially in the times of cruel animal farming—is related to the exclusion of animals from the human scope of justice. In the present research, it was hypothesized that the conception of human uniqueness (denying animals certain psychological characteristics) might be a strategy of meat-eaters’ moral disengagement. Three studies compared the extent to which vegetarians and omnivores attribute psychological characteristics to humans versus animals. In Study 1, vegetarian participants ascribed more secondary (uniquely human) emotions to animals than did the omnivores; however, there were no differences in primary (animalistic) emotions. Study 2 showed that omnivores distinguish human characteristics from animalistic ones more sharply than vegetarians do, while both groups do not differ in distinguishing human characteristics from mechanistic ones. Study 3 confirmed the results by showing that omnivores ascribed less secondary emotions to traditionally edible animals than to the non-edible species, while vegetarians did not differentiate these animals. These results support the claim that the lay conceptions of ‘human uniqueness’ are strategies of moral disengagement. -
Find the Keepsake Digital Program Here
PROGRAM Welcome to... October 21, 2020 Thank You To Our Program Sponsors Support Our Members By Visiting Them Through The Live Link Ads Agenda All keynote sessions will be available to watch on demand after they debut. Speaker names are hyperlinked for additional information. 9:00 AM | State of the City of Beverly Hills Southern California broadcast icon, Fritz Coleman, will join Beverly Hills Mayor Lester Friedman to discuss the current State of the City from the beautiful and historic Greystone Mansion. Lester Friedman | Mayor of Beverly Hills Fritz Coleman | Southern California Broadcast Icon 9:15 AM | Networking Break 9:30 AM | The Economy of Professional Sports President & CEO of the Los Angeles Dodgers, Stan Kasten, and Owner & Chairman of the Board of the Los Angeles Chargers, Dean Spanos, explain the effect COVID-19 is having on the team’s financial model. Stan Kasten | President & CEO, Los Angeles Dodgers joined by Mario Solis | NBC4 Sports Dean Spanos | Owner & Chairman of the Board, Los Angeles Chargers joined by Hayley Elwood | Team Reporter 10:15 AM | State of Luxury Emmy Award winning TV news producer, luxury expert and strategic communications PR consultant, Ann Shatilla, returns with her “State of Luxury with Ann Shatilla” business seminar. This time, insightful business information in an in-depth conversation with Anish Melwani, Chairman & CEO, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton Inc., North America. LVMH is known as the world leader of luxury with over 70 Maisons, and is the only group present in all five major sectors of the luxury market; Fashion & Leather Goods, Perfumes & Cosmetics, Wine & Spirits, Watches & Jewelry, and Selective Retailing. -
57Th Socal Journalism Awards
FIFTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL5 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA7 JOURNALISM AWARDS LOS ANGELES PRESS CLUB th 57 ANNUAL SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 48 NOMINATIONS JOURNALISM AWARDS LOS ANGELES PRESS CLUB 57TH SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA JOURNALISM AWARDS WELCOME Dear Friends of L.A. Press Club, Well, you’ve done it this time. Yes, you really have! The Los Angeles Press Club’s 57th annual Southern California Journalism Awards are marked by a jaw-dropping, record-breaking number of submissions. They kept our sister Press Clubs across the country, who judge our annual competition, very busy and, no doubt, very impressed. So, as we welcome you this evening, know that even to arrive as a finalist is quite an accomplishment. Tonight in this very Biltmore ballroom, where Senator (and future President) John F. Kennedy held his first news conference after securing his party’s nomination, we honor the contributions of our colleagues. Some are no longer with Robert Kovacik us and we will dedicate this ceremony to three of the best among them: Al Martinez, Rick Orlov and Stan Chambers. The Los Angeles Press Club is where journalists and student journalists, working on all platforms, share their ideas and their concerns in our ever changing industry. If you are not a member, we invite you to join the oldest organization of its kind in Southern California. On behalf of our Board, we hope you have an opportunity this evening to reconnect with colleagues or to make some new connections. Together we will recognize our esteemed honorees: Willow Bay, Shane Smith and Vice News, the “CBS This Morning” team and representatives from Charlie Hebdo. -
Selections from the Gift Collection of Walter and Leonore
Graduated brass weights cast in the shape of elephants (page 47). Previous page A sampling of decorative boxes that the Annenbergs received as gifts over the decades. TREASURES AT SUNNYLANDS: SELECTIONS FROM THE GIFT COLLECTION OF WALTER & LEONORE ANNENBERG January 25, 2015 through January 17, 2016 by Anne Rowe Text, design, and all images copyright © The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands 2014. An illustration of Washington, D.C. from First published in 2014 by The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands, the interior of the decoupage presentation 71231 Tamarisk Lane, Rancho Mirage, CA 92270, United States of America. box given to the Annenbergs by All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized, in any form or by any Jay and Sharon Rockefeller (page 51). means, electronic or mechanical, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2014951183 ISBN: 978-0-9858429-9-4. Printed in the United States of America. Book and cover design by JCRR Design. Contents The Annenberg Retreat at Sunnylands by Geoffrey Cowan page 6 Walter and Leonore Annenberg by Janice Lyle, Ph.D. page 6 Treasures at Sunnylands by Anne Rowe pages 7 – 17 Gifts from Presidents & First Ladies pages 18 – 27 Gifts from Royalty pages 28 – 33 Gifts from Diplomats pages 34 – 43 Gifts from Business Leaders pages 44 – 53 Gifts from Entertainers pages 54 – 59 Gifts from Family pages 60 – 63 Acknowledgments page 64 This eighteenth-century silver creamer was a gift from David Rockefeller (page 45). 5 The Annenberg Retreat at Sunnylands Walter and Leonore Annenberg For more than forty years, Sunnylands served as Sunnylands was the winter home of Walter and an oasis for presidents of the United States, other Leonore Annenberg. -
2016 Form 990-PF
Return of Private Foundation OMB No. 1545-0052 Form 990-PF I or Section 4947(a)(1) Trust Treated as Private Foundation À¾µº Do not enter social security numbers on this form as it may be made public. Department of the Treasury I Internal Revenue Service Information about Form 990-PF and its separate instructions is at www.irs.gov/form990pf. Open to Public Inspection For calendar year 2016 or tax year beginning , 2016, and ending , 20 Name of foundation A Employer identification number THE ANNENBERG FOUNDATION 23-6257083 Number and street (or P.O. box number if mail is not delivered to street address) Room/suite B Telephone number (see instructions) 101 WEST ELM STREET 640 (610) 341-9268 City or town, state or province, country, and ZIP or foreign postal code C If exemption applicatmionm ism m m m m m I pending, check here CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428 m m I G Check all that apply: Initial return Initial return of a former public charity D 1. Foreign organizations, check here Final return Amended return 2. Foreign organizations meeting the 85% test, checkm hem rem anmd am ttamchm m m I Address change Name change computation H Check type of organization: X Section 501(c)(3) exempt private foundation E If private foundation status was terminamtedI Section 4947(a)(1) nonexempt charitable trust Other taxable private foundation under section 507(b)(1)(A), check here I Fair market value of all assets at J Accounting method: Cash X Accrual F If the foundation is in a 60-month terminmatIion end of year (from Part II, col.