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Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides : a Comprehensive Review

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Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides : a Comprehensive Review Available online at www.ijpab.com Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2478 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) Review Article Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides : A Comprehensive Review Pavitra Kumari, Rakesh* and Rajender Singh Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), INDIA *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19.01.2017 | Revised: 26.01.2017 | Accepted: 28.01.2017 ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world’s most important and esteemed fruits of the tropical and subtropical countries. By the virtue of its wide range, delicious taste, superb flavour, very high nutritive and medicinal value as well as great religio-historical significance, it is called the “King of the fruits”. Mango is affected by a number of diseases at all stages of the development right from nursery to post harvest including storage and transit. Its production is drastically affected by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the most damaging pathogen cause mango anthracnose. This paper reviews the research and development of Anthracnose of mango during the precedent in relation to pathogen taxonomy, distribution, biology, disease cycle and management. Key words: Anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, pathogen INTRODUCTION India is only mango41. Mango is one of the Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are universally world’s most important and esteemed fruit considered as one of the choicest fruits in crops, are exposed to various pathogen, which tropical and subtropical countries41,61 and are infect and disturb the normal physiological cultivated extensively as a commercial fruit functions during growth and development. crop in India, China, Indonesia, Thailand and Among the diseases that hindered the Mexico. By the virtue of its wide range, productivity of mango, Anthracnose caused by delicious taste, superb flavour, very high C. gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc.), is most nutritive and medicinal value as well as great destructive disease worldwide. religio-historical significance, it is called the Distribution and Host Range “King of the fruits”24. India is the world’s C. gloeosporioides causing Anthracnose largest producer of mango followed by China disease in mango is worldwide in distribution and Thailand33. Mango is grown in at least 87 and is pathogenic to more than 470 different countries but no where it is so greatly value in host plant at various development stages of India where 40 per cent of total fruits grown in plants46,52,63. Cite this article: Kumari, P., Rakesh and Singh, R., Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: A Comprehensive Review, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(1): 48-56 (2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2478 Copyright © February, 2017; IJPAB 48 Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 The pathogen poses a threat to many in Costa Rica during 19906 and could reach economically important crops such as mango, almost 100 per cent in fruit produced under almond, avocado, apple, Arabica coffee, wet or very humid condition7. Mahfud35 guava, dragon fruit, cassava, sorghum and reported that the disease caused severe yield strawberry3,16,36,39. Amongst them mango losses up to 50.28 per cent was in anthracnose is very important from Indian Gondunglegi, Indonesia. In India, Himachal prospective63. Pradesh, during 1990-92, post-harvest decay History of Pathogen Colletotrichum due to anthracnose was 29.6 per cent62. gloeosporioides Prakash et al50., also observed up to 20-30 per C. gloeosporioides is one of the frequently cent mango fruits were rotten due to C. reported plant pathogens among genus gloeosporioides from Hyderabad. This Colletotrichum in India. It is known to infect a pathogen causes flower set reduction and yield variety of host with characteristic symptoms. losses in mango and can also damage foliage The generic name Colletotrichum was and under crowded and moist conditions cause introduced by Corda13 for C. lineola, a species serious problems in nurseries and young associated with a member of the family orchards4,31. Apiaceae, in the Czech Republic. The Disease Symptom pathogenic C. gloeosporioides was reported in The characteristic symptoms are numerous Penzig for first time44. The naming is based on oval or irregular vinaceous brown or deep Vermicularia gloeosporioides, the type brownish spots of various sizes scattered all specimen of which was collected from Citrus over the leaf surface under damp conditions. in Italy34. In India, it was first reported by The fungus grows rapidly forming elongated Butler11 on coffee. McRae37 reported it as the mass brown or mummy brown necrotic areas causal pathogen of mango anthracnose. measuring 20-25 mm in diameter (Fig. 1) Glomerella cingulata is the sexual stage which when old become ruptured and (teleomorph) while the asexual stage blighted59. Symptomology of C. (anamorph) is called C. gloeosporioides60. The gloeosporioides infection varies very little most accepted taxonomic detail of C. between different hosts and is characterized by gloeosporioides is provided herewith; the dark, depressed lesions on ripe fruit often pathogen belongs to kingdom Fungi, phylum accompanied by pink slimy spore masses Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes, order which develop as acervuli mature27. Lesions Phyllachorales, family Phyllachoraceae22. often coalesce to form large necrotic areas Yield Losses frequently along the leaf margins severely Loss estimated due to Anthracnose disease affected leaves usually curl. Lesions develop was reported 60 per cent or higher during the primarily on young tissue and conidia are heavy rainy season5. Anthracnose was formed and can be observed in lesions of all recognized as the most important field and ages. Under favourable conditions conidia are post harvest disease of mango worldwide46. It strewn and invade young twigs causing twig is major constraint on the expansion of export die back in some cases47. Relative humidity trade of mango28. Crop losses caused by C. >95 per cent for at least 12 hours is essential gloeosporioides generally occur as a direct for infection and development of C. reduction in quantity or quality of the gloeosporioides on mango fruit. Infection harvested produce33. The disease incidence progresses faster in wounded tissues and in from different countries has been reported to ripe fruits49. be 32 per cent in South Africa57, 64.6 per cent Copyright © February, 2017; IJPAB 49 Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 A B Fig. 1: A. Pure culture of C. gloeosporioides, B. Symptoms of anthracnose on mango fruits Biology and Disease Cycle of Colletotrichum wall directly by narrow penetration peg that gloeosporioides emerges the base of appressorium. Acervli are C. gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc.) belonging the asexual bodies produced during the to the family Phyllachoraceae of the division infection process in the tissue of infected host Ascomycota, is an asexual facultative parasite. as small, flask shaped structure with a small The fungus comprises C. gloeosporioides as cushion at the bottom, of which short crowded anamorph imperfect or asexual state while, conidophores are formed and can be observed Glomerella cingulata as sexual (perfect) on the surface of diseased plants. The conidia teleomorph state60. G. cingulata occurres on a escape through an opening at the top of broad range of host species produce acervuli acervuli. Setae are usually long brownish within the host tissue during asexual (mitotic) coloured emerged from acervuli22,32,45,53. The phase of their life cycle. The teleomorph state whole infection process, including the is known for their ability to cause serious formation of conidia, acervuli, setae and disease12. The fungus prefers warm humid appressoria, and infection results into tissue environment for spreading the anthracnose necrosis. Dead wood and plant debris are also disease uniformly and effectively18,48. The primary sources of inoculum. The sunken, fungus is primarily invade into injured or water soaked spots, rapidly expand on infected weakened tissues of plants, produces various plant tissue become soft on full expansion and specialized structures during infection process. show a range of colours from red-brown to tan These specialized structures viz., conidia, to black, generally described anthracnose acervulli, setae and appressoria are formed disease. But a great variation in the symptoms during the interaction between host and produced by C. gloeosporioides is recorded pathogen. C. gloeosporioides colonises from host to host. The symptoms may be injures, plant tissues and forms number of sunken, water soaked, round to oval, regular to acervuli and conidia. Conidia can be spread irregular and brownish red to black spots. over relatively short distances by rain splash or Similarly, the fungal characteristic on culture overhead irrigation and infect other health media also varies among hosts. Generally, the plant tissues. The penetration into host tissues fungus produces circular, wooly or cottony generally relies on formation of specialized mycelia growth on culture media with infection structures known as appressoria. characteristic colour i.e. pale brown or grayish These appressoria allows the fungus to white25,69. The mycelium of growing culture is penetrate the host cuticle
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