Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides : a Comprehensive Review

Available online at www.ijpab.com Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2478 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) Review Article

Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides : A Comprehensive Review

Pavitra Kumari, Rakesh* and Rajender Singh Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), INDIA *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19.01.2017 | Revised: 26.01.2017 | Accepted: 28.01.2017

ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world’s most important and esteemed fruits of the tropical and subtropical countries. By the virtue of its wide range, delicious taste, superb flavour, very high nutritive and medicinal value as well as great religio-historical significance, it is called the “King of the fruits”. Mango is affected by a number of diseases at all stages of the development right from nursery to post harvest including storage and transit. Its production is drastically affected by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the most damaging pathogen cause mango anthracnose. This paper reviews the research and development of Anthracnose of mango during the precedent in relation to pathogen taxonomy, distribution, biology, disease cycle and management.

Key words: Anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, pathogen

INTRODUCTION India is only mango41. Mango is one of the Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are universally world’s most important and esteemed fruit considered as one of the choicest fruits in crops, are exposed to various pathogen, which tropical and subtropical countries41,61 and are infect and disturb the normal physiological cultivated extensively as a commercial fruit functions during growth and development. crop in India, China, Indonesia, Thailand and Among the diseases that hindered the Mexico. By the virtue of its wide range, productivity of mango, Anthracnose caused by delicious taste, superb flavour, very high C. gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc.), is most nutritive and medicinal value as well as great destructive disease worldwide. religio-historical significance, it is called the Distribution and Host Range “King of the fruits”24. India is the world’s C. gloeosporioides causing Anthracnose largest producer of mango followed by China disease in mango is worldwide in distribution and Thailand33. Mango is grown in at least 87 and is pathogenic to more than 470 different countries but no where it is so greatly value in host plant at various development stages of India where 40 per cent of total fruits grown in plants46,52,63.

Cite this article: Kumari, P., Rakesh and Singh, R., Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: A Comprehensive Review, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(1): 48-56 (2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2478

Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 The pathogen poses a threat to many in Costa Rica during 19906 and could reach economically important crops such as mango, almost 100 per cent in fruit produced under almond, avocado, apple, Arabica coffee, wet or very humid condition7. Mahfud35 guava, dragon fruit, cassava, sorghum and reported that the disease caused severe yield strawberry3,16,36,39. Amongst them mango losses up to 50.28 per cent was in anthracnose is very important from Indian Gondunglegi, Indonesia. In India, Himachal prospective63. Pradesh, during 1990-92, post-harvest decay History of Pathogen Colletotrichum due to anthracnose was 29.6 per cent62. gloeosporioides Prakash et al50., also observed up to 20-30 per C. gloeosporioides is one of the frequently cent mango fruits were rotten due to C. reported plant pathogens among genus gloeosporioides from Hyderabad. This Colletotrichum in India. It is known to infect a pathogen causes flower set reduction and yield variety of host with characteristic symptoms. losses in mango and can also damage foliage The generic name Colletotrichum was and under crowded and moist conditions cause introduced by Corda13 for C. lineola, a species serious problems in nurseries and young associated with a member of the family orchards4,31. Apiaceae, in the Czech Republic. The Disease Symptom pathogenic C. gloeosporioides was reported in The characteristic symptoms are numerous Penzig for first time44. The naming is based on oval or irregular vinaceous brown or deep Vermicularia gloeosporioides, the type brownish spots of various sizes scattered all specimen of which was collected from Citrus over the leaf surface under damp conditions. in Italy34. In India, it was first reported by The fungus grows rapidly forming elongated Butler11 on coffee. McRae37 reported it as the mass brown or mummy brown necrotic areas causal pathogen of mango anthracnose. measuring 20-25 mm in diameter (Fig. 1) Glomerella cingulata is the sexual stage which when old become ruptured and (teleomorph) while the asexual stage blighted59. Symptomology of C. (anamorph) is called C. gloeosporioides60. The gloeosporioides infection varies very little most accepted taxonomic detail of C. between different hosts and is characterized by gloeosporioides is provided herewith; the dark, depressed lesions on ripe fruit often pathogen belongs to kingdom Fungi, phylum accompanied by pink slimy spore masses Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes, order which develop as acervuli mature27. Lesions Phyllachorales, family Phyllachoraceae22. often coalesce to form large necrotic areas Yield Losses frequently along the leaf margins severely Loss estimated due to Anthracnose disease affected leaves usually curl. Lesions develop was reported 60 per cent or higher during the primarily on young tissue and conidia are heavy rainy season5. Anthracnose was formed and can be observed in lesions of all recognized as the most important field and ages. Under favourable conditions conidia are post harvest disease of mango worldwide46. It strewn and invade young twigs causing twig is major constraint on the expansion of export die back in some cases47. Relative humidity trade of mango28. Crop losses caused by C. >95 per cent for at least 12 hours is essential gloeosporioides generally occur as a direct for infection and development of C. reduction in quantity or quality of the gloeosporioides on mango fruit. Infection harvested produce33. The disease incidence progresses faster in wounded tissues and in from different countries has been reported to ripe fruits49. be 32 per cent in South Africa57, 64.6 per cent Copyright © February, 2017; IJPAB 49

Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051

A B

Fig. 1: A. Pure culture of C. gloeosporioides, B. Symptoms of anthracnose on mango fruits

Biology and Disease Cycle of Colletotrichum wall directly by narrow penetration peg that gloeosporioides emerges the base of appressorium. Acervli are C. gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc.) belonging the asexual bodies produced during the to the family Phyllachoraceae of the division infection process in the tissue of infected host Ascomycota, is an asexual facultative parasite. as small, flask shaped structure with a small The fungus comprises C. gloeosporioides as cushion at the bottom, of which short crowded anamorph imperfect or asexual state while, conidophores are formed and can be observed Glomerella cingulata as sexual (perfect) on the surface of diseased plants. The conidia teleomorph state60. G. cingulata occurres on a escape through an opening at the top of broad range of host species produce acervuli acervuli. Setae are usually long brownish within the host tissue during asexual (mitotic) coloured emerged from acervuli22,32,45,53. The phase of their life cycle. The teleomorph state whole infection process, including the is known for their ability to cause serious formation of conidia, acervuli, setae and disease12. The fungus prefers warm humid appressoria, and infection results into tissue environment for spreading the anthracnose necrosis. Dead wood and plant debris are also disease uniformly and effectively18,48. The primary sources of inoculum. The sunken, fungus is primarily invade into injured or water soaked spots, rapidly expand on infected weakened tissues of plants, produces various plant tissue become soft on full expansion and specialized structures during infection process. show a range of colours from red-brown to tan These specialized structures viz., conidia, to black, generally described anthracnose acervulli, setae and appressoria are formed disease. But a great variation in the symptoms during the interaction between host and produced by C. gloeosporioides is recorded pathogen. C. gloeosporioides colonises from host to host. The symptoms may be injures, plant tissues and forms number of sunken, water soaked, round to oval, regular to acervuli and conidia. Conidia can be spread irregular and brownish red to black spots. over relatively short distances by rain splash or Similarly, the fungal characteristic on culture overhead irrigation and infect other health media also varies among hosts. Generally, the plant tissues. The penetration into host tissues fungus produces circular, wooly or cottony generally relies on formation of specialized mycelia growth on culture media with infection structures known as appressoria. characteristic colour i.e. pale brown or grayish These appressoria allows the fungus to white25,69. The mycelium of growing culture is penetrate the host cuticle and epidermal cell hyaline, septate and branched. The Copyright © February, 2017; IJPAB 50

Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 conidiomata are acervular, separate, composed However, several studies showed that the of hyaline to dark brown septate hyphae. The effect of residue burial on survival of the setae are long, brown and septate. The pathogen may vary greatly, depending upon conidiogenous cells are enteroblastic, the plant organ and soil conditions. phialidic, hyaline, conidia are hyaline, one Sankar and Kumari58 reported that the celled, straight, cylindrical and obtuse at C. gloeosporioides survived up to 90 days apices. Variation in the dimension of when infected plant parts buried in soil. At 120 conidiogenous cells is also observed in days of burial no propagules could be different studies. The fungus produces hyaline, recovered. Under laboratory conditions C. one celled, ovoid to oblong, slightly curved or gloeosporioides survived up to 150 days. The dumbbell shaped conidia, 10-15 μm (average) survival of C. gloeosporioides generally up to 20 μm in length and 5-7 μm in width. reduced with increased soil depth and duration There is a great variation in size and shape of of burial of infected plant materials. The conidia of C. gloeosporioides depending upon maximum reduction of fungal survival was the host from which the pathogen is isolated observed below 20 per cent at 150 days of and its area of origin. Normally the conidia burial below 20 cm depth19,21. The number of may be oblong with obtuse ends20. C. gloeosporioides conidia diminished sharply The germination in C. gloeosporioides after the first month of burial. The number of follows two routes: pathogenic and conidia was higher in residues placed on the saprophytic8. Pathogenic germination takes soil surface due to large amount of readily place on plants or on a hydrophobic surface available substrate. Later, survival of C. and is characterized by fast mitosis followed gloeosporioides was mainly limited by the by development of a single germ tube. This competition with microorganisms process is initiated immediately and results in decomposing residues54. Recently, Takushi65, the formation of appressoria. Saprophytic observed that C. gloeosporioides was able to germination occurs in rich medium. It takes a survive for long periods on diseased withered much longer period of time and is leaves, with survival period increasing with characterized by development of two germ decreasing temperature. tube. C. gloeosporioides requires 25-28˚ C Different Inoculation Methods for Diseases temperature, pH 5.8-6.5 for better growth. This Development pathogen is inactive in dry season and Hasabins23 proved that C. gloeosporioides was switches to active stages when encountered pathogenic on mango fruits. The fungus favourable environmental conditions14,48,63. produced typical anthracnose lesions within 72 Survival/ Viability of Colletotrichum hours in unwounded and within 48 hours in Gloeosporioides wounded fruits. Patel42 reported that tooth Survival studies on anthracnose fungi (C. brush injury method found more efficient in gloeosporioides) of strawberries, beans and development of anthracnose symptoms lentil proved the ability of this fungus to followed by pinprick method. survive for longer period in soil10,15,67,70. Management of Disease Eradication of infected materials through Patel42 reported that among systemic burial after harvest could reduce inoculum fungicides carbendazim (0.1%), thiophanate build-up in the field before the planting methyl (0.1%), propiconazole (0.1%) and season26,38. Boland et al9., observed that C. hexaconaazole (0.05%) were strongly gloeosporioides survived for two dry seasons fungitoxic whereas in non-systemic group, as conidia on infected stem pieces of S. scabra MBMC proved superior followed by thiram placed on the soil surface. On the other hand, (0.2%) against C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Urena-Padilla et al68., reported that C. Patil et al43. (2007) reported that among the gloeosporioides was still detected on infected twelve fungicides tested; Bordeaux mixture strawberry crowns after burial for 100 days. (1%), tricyclazole (0.1%), difenconazole Copyright © February, 2017; IJPAB 51

Kumari et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (1): 48-56 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 (0.05%) and propiconazole (0.1%) completely at all concentrations among all the selected inhibited the growth of C. gloeosporioides plant extracts2,17,30,51,55,56. causing anthracnose of guava. Prashanth et al51., observed that non-systemic fungicide CONCLUSION mancozeb had inhibited mycelia growth Anthracnose disease of mango incited by (64.0%) of C. gloeosporioides at 0.1 per cent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is serious concentration, while systemic fungicides threat of concern among farmers not only in difenconazole and propiconazole inhibited India but around the world as it causes huge mycelia growth up to 90.7 per cent at 0.1 per pre and post harvest losses to mango crop. The cent concentration. Singh et al64., reported that only method to control anthracnose is by fungicides viz., Bavistin (carbendazim), Contaf timely application of fungicides spray, which (hexaconazole) and Score (difenconazole) had also raises environmental and health hazard. completely inhibited the growth of pathogen at Another way is to use of Eucalyptus and neem 100µg/ml concentrations tested in vitro, while leaf extract against the infection caused by copper oxychloride was least effective as it did Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Hence, at the not cause substantial reduction in growth of present time more emphasis is made on other pathogen. The systemic fungicide carbendazim methods of disease management like growing had completely (100%) inhibited mycelia resistant varieties, use of plant and natural growth of C. gloeosporioides at all the products, bio-control agents and alteration in concentrations in vitro conditions62,66. Among agronomic practices because they are more systemic fungicides, carbendazim was found economical, eco-friendly and safe the most effective, while non-systemic fungicide, mancozeb showed the best REFERENCES inhibition of C. gloeosporioides, causing 1. Akem, C.N., Mango anthracnose disease: anthracnose of mango29. Present status and future research The benzimidazoles, primarily priorities. Plant Patho. J., 5: 266-273 benomyl and carbendazim provided excellent (2006). anthracnose control under field conditions1. 2. Alemu, K., Ayalew, A. and Weldetsadik, Singh et al64., observed that carbendazim was K., Evaluation of antifungal activity of most effective promising providing 71.41 per botenicals for postharvest management of cent disease control under field conditions mango anthracnose (Colletotrichum followed by hexaconazole and difenconazole gloeosporioides). Int. J. Life Sci., 8: 1-6 in which the disease control 66.62 per cent and (2013). 57.14 per cent, respectively. Minimum per 3. Amusa, N.A., Ashaye, O.A., Oladapo, cent disease index (18.8) was recorded in M.O. and Oni, M.O., Guava fruit difenconazole at 0.1 per cent concentration anthracnose and effect on its nutritional followed by carbendazim (0.1%) with PDI and market values in Ibanda, Nigeria. 32.751. World J. Agri. Sci., 1: 169-172 (2005). Pandey et al40., reported highest 4. Anisurrahman, A., Lal, A. and Simon, S., growth inhibition in all isolates of C. Post harvest management of anthracnose gloeosporioides by leaf extract of Moras alba rot of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Ann. and Azadirachta indica. Neem leaf extract was Pl. Protec. Sci., 21: 121-124 (2013). found effective in mycelial growth inhibition 5. Ann, P.J., Chen, M.F. and Hwang, R.C., (35.21 %) at 5 per cent concentration29. Neem, Effect of environmental factors on disease garlic, eucalyptus and akk extract were used incidence of mango anthracnose and for the management of C. gloeosporioides bacterial black spot. In: Proceeding of the causal agent of mango anthracnose under in symposium on climatic effects on the vitro and field conditions. Eucalyptus has occurrence of plant diseases and insect, showed the highest mycelia growth inhibition pp. 29-40 (Tu, C.C. and Yang, C.M., Copyright © February, 2017; IJPAB 52

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