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In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence
In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Crystal Joesell Radford, BA Graduate Program in Education The Ohio State University 2011 Thesis Committee: Professor Beverly Gordon, Advisor Professor Adrienne Dixson Copyrighted by Crystal Joesell Radford 2011 Abstract This study critically analyzes rap through an interdisciplinary framework. The study explains rap‟s socio-cultural history and it examines the multi-generational, classed, racialized, and gendered identities in rap. Rap music grew out of hip-hop culture, which has – in part – earned it a garnering of criticism of being too “violent,” “sexist,” and “noisy.” This criticism became especially pronounced with the emergence of the rap subgenre dubbed “gangsta rap” in the 1990s, which is particularly known for its sexist and violent content. Rap music, which captures the spirit of hip-hop culture, evolved in American inner cities in the early 1970s in the South Bronx at the wake of the Civil Rights, Black Nationalist, and Women‟s Liberation movements during a new technological revolution. During the 1970s and 80s, a series of sociopolitical conscious raps were launched, as young people of color found a cathartic means of expression by which to describe the conditions of the inner-city – a space largely constructed by those in power. Rap thrived under poverty, police repression, social policy, class, and gender relations (Baker, 1993; Boyd, 1997; Keyes, 2000, 2002; Perkins, 1996; Potter, 1995; Rose, 1994, 2008; Watkins, 1998). -
Rolling Stone Magazine's Top 500 Songs
Rolling Stone Magazine's Top 500 Songs No. Interpret Title Year of release 1. Bob Dylan Like a Rolling Stone 1961 2. The Rolling Stones Satisfaction 1965 3. John Lennon Imagine 1971 4. Marvin Gaye What’s Going on 1971 5. Aretha Franklin Respect 1967 6. The Beach Boys Good Vibrations 1966 7. Chuck Berry Johnny B. Goode 1958 8. The Beatles Hey Jude 1968 9. Nirvana Smells Like Teen Spirit 1991 10. Ray Charles What'd I Say (part 1&2) 1959 11. The Who My Generation 1965 12. Sam Cooke A Change is Gonna Come 1964 13. The Beatles Yesterday 1965 14. Bob Dylan Blowin' in the Wind 1963 15. The Clash London Calling 1980 16. The Beatles I Want zo Hold Your Hand 1963 17. Jimmy Hendrix Purple Haze 1967 18. Chuck Berry Maybellene 1955 19. Elvis Presley Hound Dog 1956 20. The Beatles Let It Be 1970 21. Bruce Springsteen Born to Run 1975 22. The Ronettes Be My Baby 1963 23. The Beatles In my Life 1965 24. The Impressions People Get Ready 1965 25. The Beach Boys God Only Knows 1966 26. The Beatles A day in a life 1967 27. Derek and the Dominos Layla 1970 28. Otis Redding Sitting on the Dock of the Bay 1968 29. The Beatles Help 1965 30. Johnny Cash I Walk the Line 1956 31. Led Zeppelin Stairway to Heaven 1971 32. The Rolling Stones Sympathy for the Devil 1968 33. Tina Turner River Deep - Mountain High 1966 34. The Righteous Brothers You've Lost that Lovin' Feelin' 1964 35. -
DJ Skills the Rise of the Hip-Hop DJ 3
The Rise of the Hip-Hop DJ 1 74 The Rise of The Hip-hop DJ DJs were Hip-hop’s original architects, and remain crucial to its contin- ued development. Hip-hop is more than a style of music; it’s a culture. As with any culture, there are various artistic expressions of Hip-hop, the four principal expressions being: • visual art (graffiti) • dance (breaking, rocking, locking, and popping, collectively known in the media as “break dancing”) • literature (rap lyrics and slam poetry) • music (DJing and turntablism) Unlike the European Renaissance or the Ming Dynasty, Hip-hop is a culture that is very much alive and still evolving. Some argue that Hip-hop is the most influential cultural movement in history, point- ing to the globalization of Hip-hop music, fashion, and other forms of expression. Style has always been at the forefront of Hip-hop. Improvisation is called free styling, whether in rap, turntablism, breaking, or graf- fiti writing. Since everyone is using the essentially same tools (spray paint for graffiti writers, microphones for rappers and beat boxers, their bodies for dancers, and two turntables with a mixer for DJs), it’s the artists’ personal styles that set them apart. It’s no coincidence that two of the most authentic movies about the genesis of the move- ment are titled Wild Style and Style Wars. There are also many styles of writing the word “Hip-hop.” The mainstream media most often oscillates between “hip-hop” and “hip hop.” The Hiphop Archive at Harvard writes “Hiphop” as one word, 2 DJ Skills The Rise of the Hip-Hop DJ 3 with a capital H, embracing KRS-ONE’s line of reasoning that “Hiphop Kool DJ Herc is a culture with its own foundation narrative, history, natives, and 7 In 1955 in Jamaica, a young woman from the parish of Saint Mary mission.” After a great deal of input from many people in the Hip-hop community, I’ve decided to capitalize the word but keep the hyphen, gave birth to a son who would become the father of Hip-hop. -
'What Ever Happened to Breakdancing?'
'What ever happened to breakdancing?' Transnational h-hoy/b-girl networks, underground video magazines and imagined affinities. Mary Fogarty Submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Interdisciplinary MA in Popular Culture Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © November 2006 For my sister, Pauline 111 Acknowledgements The Canada Graduate Scholarship (SSHRC) enabled me to focus full-time on my studies. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my committee members: Andy Bennett, Hans A. Skott-Myhre, Nick Baxter-Moore and Will Straw. These scholars have shaped my ideas about this project in crucial ways. I am indebted to Michael Zryd and Francois Lukawecki for their unwavering kindness, encouragement and wisdom over many years. Steve Russell patiently began to teach me basic rules ofgrammar. Barry Grant and Eric Liu provided comments about earlier chapter drafts. Simon Frith, Raquel Rivera, Anthony Kwame Harrison, Kwande Kefentse and John Hunting offered influential suggestions and encouragement in correspondence. Mike Ripmeester, Sarah Matheson, Jeannette Sloniowski, Scott Henderson, Jim Leach, Christie Milliken, David Butz and Dale Bradley also contributed helpful insights in either lectures or conversations. AJ Fashbaugh supplied the soul food and music that kept my body and mind nourished last year. If AJ brought the knowledge then Matt Masters brought the truth. (What a powerful triangle, indeed!) I was exceptionally fortunate to have such noteworthy fellow graduate students. Cole Lewis (my summer writing partner who kept me accountable), Zorianna Zurba, Jana Tomcko, Nylda Gallardo-Lopez, Seth Mulvey and Pauline Fogarty each lent an ear on numerous much needed occasions as I worked through my ideas out loud. -
Hip-Hop Education Center to Launch Campaign Asking President Obama
For Immediate Release Press Contact: November 3, 2015 Lily Zaballos (510) 566-0814 [email protected] Hip-Hop Education Center to launch campaign asking President Obama to designate hip-hop as valuable public school education tool; hosts first annual awards for Hip-Hop Education pioneers NEW YORK — Today, the Hip-Hop Education Center (HHEC) announces that it will launch on November 11, 2015, the We The People for Hip-Hop Education in Public Schools, a petition requesting that the Obama Administration designate Hip-Hop culture as a valuable and uniquely American national treasure worthy of being taught and practiced in all K-12 public schools. “Carlos Mare and I are excited to share what we’ve been passionately working on for the past year, we know this will be game changer in education reform and will open up opportunities for millions of children.” said HHEC Founder Martha Diaz. For the past five years, HHEC has been conducting research, evaluating programs, and convening the teachers, teaching artists, scholars, researchers, activists, and music industry professionals to research and build a Hip-Hop Education movement. Research shows that Hip-Hop programing is making a difference with student engagement and academic outcomes. HHEC believes integrating Hip-Hop into public school education could help solve the U.S. education crisis: • Students are not being engaged in school. Approximately, 1.1 million American high school students drop out every year. That’s a student every 26 seconds – or 7,000 a day. • This education crisis poses direct negative consequences to poverty, crime, and economic conditions to our society. -
Chapter 6. the Voice of the Other America: African
Chapter 6 Th e Voice of the Other America African-American Music and Political Protest in the German Democratic Republic Michael Rauhut African-American music represents a synthesis of African and European tradi- tions, its origins reaching as far back as the early sixteenth century to the begin- ning of the systematic importation of “black” slaves to the European colonies of the American continent.1 Out of a plethora of forms and styles, three basic pil- lars of African-American music came to prominence during the wave of indus- trialization that took place at the start of the twentieth century: blues, jazz, and gospel. Th ese forms laid the foundation for nearly all important developments in popular music up to the present—whether R&B, soul and funk, house music, or hip-hop. Th anks to its continual innovation and evolution, African-American music has become a constitutive presence in the daily life of several generations. In East Germany, as throughout European countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain, manifold directions and derivatives of these forms took root. Th ey were carried through the airwaves and seeped into cultural niches until, fi nally, this music landed on the political agenda. Both fans and functionaries discovered an enormous social potential beneath the melodious surface, even if their aims were for the most part in opposition. For the government, the implicit rejection of the communist social model represented by African-American music was seen as a security issue and a threat to the stability of the system. Even though the state’s reactions became weaker over time, the offi cial interaction with African-American music retained a political connotation for the life of the regime. -
The Miseducation of Hip-Hop Dance: Authenticity, and the Commodification of Cultural Identities
The Miseducation of Hip-Hop dance: Authenticity, and the commodification of cultural identities. E. Moncell Durden., Assistant Professor of Practice University of Southern California Glorya Kaufman School of Dance Introduction Hip-hop dance has become one of the most popular forms of dance expression in the world. The explosion of hip-hop movement and culture in the 1980s provided unprecedented opportunities to inner-city youth to gain a different access to the “American” dream; some companies saw the value in using this new art form to market their products for commercial and consumer growth. This explosion also aided in an early downfall of hip-hop’s first dance form, breaking. The form would rise again a decade later with a vengeance, bringing older breakers out of retirement and pushing new generations to develop the technical acuity to extraordinary levels of artistic corporeal genius. We will begin with hip-hop’s arduous beginnings. Born and raised on the sidewalks and playgrounds of New York’s asphalt jungle, this youthful energy that became known as hip-hop emerged from aspects of cultural expressions that survived political abandonment, economic struggles, environmental turmoil and gang activity. These living conditions can be attributed to high unemployment, exceptionally organized drug distribution, corrupt police departments, a failed fire department response system, and Robert Moses’ building of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, which caused middle and upper-class residents to migrate North. The South Bronx lost 600,000 jobs and displaced more than 5,000 families. Between 1973 and 1977, and more than 30,000 fires were set in the South Bronx, which gave rise to the phrase “The Bronx is Burning.” This marginalized the black and Latino communities and left the youth feeling unrepresented, and hip-hop gave restless inner-city kids a voice. -
“Rapper's Delight”
1 “Rapper’s Delight” From Genre-less to New Genre I was approached in ’77. A gentleman walked up to me and said, “We can put what you’re doing on a record.” I would have to admit that I was blind. I didn’t think that somebody else would want to hear a record re-recorded onto another record with talking on it. I didn’t think it would reach the masses like that. I didn’t see it. I knew of all the crews that had any sort of juice and power, or that was drawing crowds. So here it is two years later and I hear, “To the hip-hop, to the bang to the boogie,” and it’s not Bam, Herc, Breakout, AJ. Who is this?1 DJ Grandmaster Flash I did not think it was conceivable that there would be such thing as a hip-hop record. I could not see it. I’m like, record? Fuck, how you gon’ put hip-hop onto a record? ’Cause it was a whole gig, you know? How you gon’ put three hours on a record? Bam! They made “Rapper’s Delight.” And the ironic twist is not how long that record was, but how short it was. I’m thinking, “Man, they cut that shit down to fifteen minutes?” It was a miracle.2 MC Chuck D [“Rapper’s Delight”] is a disco record with rapping on it. So we could do that. We were trying to make a buck.3 Richard Taninbaum (percussion) As early as May of 1979, Billboard magazine noted the growing popularity of “rapping DJs” performing live for clubgoers at New York City’s black discos.4 But it was not until September of the same year that the trend gar- nered widespread attention, with the release of the Sugarhill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight,” a fifteen-minute track powered by humorous party rhymes and a relentlessly funky bass line that took the country by storm and introduced a national audience to rap. -
Smith, Troy African & African American Studies Department
Fordham University Masthead Logo DigitalResearch@Fordham Oral Histories Bronx African American History Project 2-3-2006 Smith, Troy African & African American Studies Department. Troy Smith Fordham University Follow this and additional works at: https://fordham.bepress.com/baahp_oralhist Part of the African American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Troy. Interview with the Bronx African American History Project. BAAHP Digital Archive at Fordham University. This Interview is brought to you for free and open access by the Bronx African American History Project at DigitalResearch@Fordham. It has been accepted for inclusion in Oral Histories by an authorized administrator of DigitalResearch@Fordham. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Interviewer: Mark Naison, Andrew Tiedt Interviewee: Troy Smith February 3, 2006 - 1 - Transcriber: Laura Kelly Mark Naison (MN): Hello, this is the 143rd interview of the Bronx African American History Project. It’s February 3, 2006. We’re at Fordham University with Troy Smith who is one of the major collectors of early hip hop materials in the United States and the lead interviewer is Andrew Tiedt, graduate assistant for the Bronx African American History Project. Andrew Tiedt (AT): Okay Troy, first I wanna say thanks for coming in, we appreciate it. Your archive of tapes is probably one of the most impressive I’ve ever seen and especially for this era. Well before we get into that though, I was wondering if you could just tell us a little bit about where you’re from. Where did you grow up? Troy Smith (TS): I grew up in Harlem on 123rd and Amsterdam, the Grant projects, 1966, I’m 39 years old now. -
Innovation Diffusion: Marketing Drivers of Hip-Hop Success
Innovation Diffusion: Marketing Drivers of Hip-Hop Success Chuck Tomkovick, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Justin Eder, Hip-Hop Event Organizer & Artist hen Clive Campbell, aka DJ Kool Herc, organized an after-school party in 1971 at his sister’s request, he had little idea he was inventing hip-hop, and even less of an idea Wthat his South Bronx style would spark music and fashion innovation for generations to come.1 By hopping back and forth between two turntables using duplicate copies of the same record, Kool Herc was able to extend the percussion breakdown (“the breaks”) of songs, enabling break-dancers and emcees to show and prove their skills.2 From this eclectic collage of deejaying, break-dancing, graffiti expression, and emceeing, hip-hop culture was born.3 Fast-forwarding to today, hip-hop has been an amazing commercial success. With over $12 billion in estimated annual sales4 (comprised of CDs, DVDs, digital downloads, clothing, books, magazines, ringtones, beverages, and other assorted products), the size and scope of hip-hop merchandise, and its widespread adoption, is the envy of many in the world of pop culture. Curious onlookers and those appreciative of marketing’s role in innovation diffusion wonder how this culture has spread so pervasively. Where is hip-hop in its product life cycle? Why are people of such diverse geographic and ethnic backgrounds so willing to embrace a culture that was spawned primarily by minorities in the South Bronx? Answering these and other related questions provided the motivation for this marketing module. 1 # # ʯ%ÿ৺ %# ʯ6ʯÿ6ʯ֊8ӹӹޱ״ȶʯϻ% $ÿ״ʯÿ8# ÿ6״6৺ϻ$ÿ6״״7 2 Marketing Drivers of Hip-Hop Success The diffusion of hip-hop culture, from its earliest days to its powerful world stage presence today, can be attributed to four major market- ing forces: rhythmic market visionaries with a penchant for fashion and branding, innate consumer attraction to underdogs and rebels, the merging of media and modern technology, and unabashed corpo- rate co-optation. -
Green the Green Book
Book # 1 THE GREEN BOOK Universal Zulu Nation Infinity Lessons Archive 1973 - 2000 FOR THE MASSES Compiled By : King Mark Luv & Malika Saphire Table of Contents Myths and Misconceptions ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Laws and Regulations of the Universal Zulu Nation Part 1 (1 – 20) ........................................................................................ 4 Laws and Regulations of the Universal Zulu Nation Part 2 (21 – 46) ...................................................................................... 5 INFINITY LESSON ONE ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 ABOUT ZULU NATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Message to the People........................................................................................................................................................ 7 INFINITY LESSON TWO ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 THE HISTORY OF AFRIKA BAMBAATAA ............................................................................................................................... 8 INFINITY LESSON THREE ....................................................................................................................................................... -
Sonic Jihadâ•Flmuslim Hip Hop in the Age of Mass Incarceration
FIU Law Review Volume 11 Number 1 Article 15 Fall 2015 Sonic Jihad—Muslim Hip Hop in the Age of Mass Incarceration SpearIt Follow this and additional works at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/lawreview Part of the Other Law Commons Online ISSN: 2643-7759 Recommended Citation SpearIt, Sonic Jihad—Muslim Hip Hop in the Age of Mass Incarceration, 11 FIU L. Rev. 201 (2015). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.25148/lawrev.11.1.15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by eCollections. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Law Review by an authorized editor of eCollections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 37792-fiu_11-1 Sheet No. 104 Side A 04/28/2016 10:11:02 12 - SPEARIT_FINAL_4.25.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 4/25/16 9:00 PM Sonic Jihad—Muslim Hip Hop in the Age of Mass Incarceration SpearIt* I. PROLOGUE Sidelines of chairs neatly divide the center field and a large stage stands erect. At its center, there is a stately podium flanked by disciplined men wearing the militaristic suits of the Fruit of Islam, a visible security squad. This is Ford Field, usually known for housing the Detroit Lions football team, but on this occasion it plays host to a different gathering and sentiment. The seats are mostly full, both on the floor and in the stands, but if you look closely, you’ll find that this audience isn’t the standard sporting fare: the men are in smart suits, the women dress equally so, in long white dresses, gloves, and headscarves.