The Romanticization of the Dead Female Body in Victorian And
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Te Romanticization of the Dead Female Body in Victorian and Contemporary Culture by Brenna Mulhall In “Te Philosophy of Composition,” Edgar in his literature is likely rooted in the immense Allan Poe writes the infamous line: “the death, then, grief and loss that he experienced afer the deaths of of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most several key women in his life, including his mother poetical topic in the world” (548). Tis problematic and his young wife (Hutchisson 16, 134). While Poe contention, which equates female death with poetic does not explicitly relate his literature to the loss inspiration, is one of the hallmarks of the arts during of these beloved women, he explains his repeated the Victorian Age. Poe, along with many famous portrayals of death in the essay “Te Philosophy male artists of the time, engaged with this idea and of Composition.” Drawing upon his experience of ultimately exploited young women throughout loss, he suggests that the most legitimate poetical their work by implying that there is something tone is melancholy and that the most efective way inherently beautiful about their demise. While many to evoke such a tone is to depict death (Poe 548). In male writers and artists used the death of young addition, the women in Poe’s works who appear to be women as their inspiration, some female artists of dead or dying are, more ofen than not, portrayed as the Victorian Age, most notably Christina Rossetti voiceless and passive objects. For instance, although and Elizabeth Siddall,1 used their art to highlight the poem “Annabel Lee” is named afer the character, this exploitation and reclaim their subjectivity as the reader never actually hears Annabel Lee’s voice. creators, instead of passive muses. Poe’s contention In fact, the story of her life and death is told by her continued throughout the twentieth century with grieving lover who claims that her only purpose in the death of Evelyn McHale, whose demise was life was to “love and be loved by [him]” (Poe 441). hailed “the most beautiful suicide,” and has persisted Te speaker declares that nothing could “dissever into the twenty-frst century (Cosgrove). From the [his] soul from the soul / Of the beautiful Annabel suicide of Ruslana Korshunova to the hundreds Lee” (Poe 441). Although he clearly feels fguratively of advertisements and modeling campaigns that close to her soul, the speaker also suggests that he glamorize female death, it is clear that the Victorian is literally close to her when he remarks that every fascination and romanticization of the dead female night he lies with the corpse of his deceased lover body is intact in contemporary culture. Ultimately, in her tomb. Te speaker’s disturbing obsession this romanticization has persisted in part due to with Annabel Lee may suggest that he is engaging in the fact that representations of dead female bodies necrophilia with her “beautiful” dead body. As she exemplify the feminine ideal: passive, visionless, and cannot talk back or speak for herself, she represents voiceless. the ideal Victorian woman. Edgar Allan Poe’s contention that the death of Similarly, Charles Baudelaire, a French poet and a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in art Poe translator, uses dead and dying women as the underlies a signifcant percentage of the literary principal inspiration for his literary works. In his works that he created throughout his short life. Poe’s poem “I Worship You,” the speaker declares his love obsession with portraying dead and dying women for a woman even though she dismisses his advances. Instead of deterring him, her resistance strengthens 1 In this paper, I will refer to Elizabeth Siddall using the his love for her, as he claims that his infatuation original spelling of her last name instead of the spelling grows “the more [she] fees from [him]” (Baudelaire that her husband, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, used in public 3). He compares her appearance to an “ornament,” as discourse. Rossetti changed the spelling of Siddall’s name if she were a beautiful decoration whose sole purpose because he believed his spelling (Siddal) was more elegant was to be aesthetically pleasing (Baudelaire 4). Afer (Orlando 612). Aisthesis 1 Volume 8, 2017 Te Romanticization of the Dead Female Body in Victorian and Contemporary Culture the frst stanza, the speaker becomes extremely Te poem “Te Lady of Shalott” by Lord Alfred aggressive: He describes himself advancing “to Tennyson also demonstrates the ways in which the attack” and climbing “to the assault” against female death was idealized and romanticized during the woman (Baudelaire 7). He then compares his the Victorian Age. In the poem, the Lady of Shalott actions to “a chorus of worms [that] climb over a is imprisoned within a tower on the island of Shalott. corpse” and suggests that he cherishes her “coldness” She is under a curse in which she cannot look towards as it makes her more beautiful (Baudelaire 7-9). the city of Camelot, but instead must spend her days Te scene that the speaker describes in the second weaving. Te Lady of Shalott is only permitted to see stanza resembles a rape scene in which the speaker the world through a mirror, and if she looks directly aims to “attack” and “assault” the woman he claims at Camelot, she will face unknown consequences. to love (Baudelaire 7). Tis scene is made all the One day, the Lady of Shalott becomes “half sick of more disturbing when the speaker compares his shadows” and stops weaving so that she can look at actions to worms that eat away at a decaying corpse, the Knight Lancelot, with whom she quickly falls in suggesting that he could be engaging in necrophilia. love (Tennyson 71). By turning around to look at Tough he could be claiming that she is aloof when Lancelot, she is immediately cursed and must die. he describes her as cold, it is also likely that he is Te Lady of Shalott gets into a boat, in which she referring to the literal warmth of her body or lack carves her name, and “lying, robed in snowy white” thereof (Baudelaire 9). By comparing his lust to the she foats down the river toward Camelot (Tennyson way that worms eat the decaying fesh of corpses, 136). As she is dying and foating down the river, he likens death to his romantic desire. In addition, the Lady of Shalott sings a “carol, mournful, holy Baudelaire romanticizes the woman’s immobility, / Chanted loudly, chanted lowly / Till her blood passivity, and lack of control. Just as a corpse cannot was frozen slowly / And her eyes were darken’d resist the insects that contribute to its decay, the wholly” (Tennyson 145-148). When she arrives at woman cannot fght back against the advances of the the water’s edge in Camelot, the townspeople look speaker. Her inability to resist makes her all the more upon her dead body in the boat, and when the crowd attractive to the speaker because by not resisting, she parts Lancelot remarks that the deceased Lady of becomes more like the ideal Victorian woman. Shalott “has a lovely face” (Tennyson 169). Lady of Likewise, the poem “He Wishes His Beloved Were Shalott’s narrative parallels the ways in which many Dead” by William Butler Yeats demonstrates the women were oppressed during the Victorian Age: ways in which death is the ultimate form of passivity. She is imprisoned within her home, and her only Te speaker begins the poem by describing what his purpose is to fulfll her domestic duties; however, interactions would be like with his lover if she were when the Lady of Shalott neglects her household dead. He claims that if his beloved were “lying cold duties, she becomes a fallen woman. Consequently, and dead,” he would lay his “head on [her] breast” the moment that the Lady of Shalott gains freedom and she “would murmur tender words” to him (Yeats from her imprisonment, she dies with only a passing 1, 4, 5). He also suggests that if she were dead, she comment on her appearance from Lancelot. Her would forgive him and would not “hasten away” death is depicted as peaceful and romantic—she even though she has the “will of wild birds” (Yeats wears a snowy white dress that “loosely few to lef 7-8). Te speaker implies that his relationship with and right” (Tennyson 137), and it’s implied that his beloved would be better if she were dead because her love for Lancelot is what leads to her ultimate he could tame, control, and dominate her “wild” demise. In addition, various artistic interpretations spirit. Tis perverse Victorian fascination with dead of Tennyson’s poem eroticize the Lady of Shalott women that defned much of the literary works of the by depicting her as overtly sexual and desirable. time is reinforced in the image of the perfect woman For example, Sidney Meteyard’s interpretation of as pliable, passive, and easily dominated. the Lady of Shalott depicts her leaning back and Aisthesis 2 Volume 8, 2017 Te Romanticization of the Dead Female Body in Victorian and Contemporary Culture compares her death to a “Jacobean tragedy” (Wilde 100). Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who also depicted dead and dying young women in his artwork and poetry, romanticized female death in his poem, “Te Blessed Damozel,” in which the male speaker imagines his love in heaven. He describes her as having eyes “deeper than the depth of waters stilled at even” and “hair that lay along her back…yellow like ripe corn” (“Te Blessed Damozel” 3-4, 11-12).