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Shock Growth of Ice Crystal Near Equilibrium Melting Pressure Under Dynamic Compression

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Shock Growth of Ice Crystal Near Equilibrium Melting Pressure Under Dynamic Compression Shock growth of ice crystal near equilibrium melting pressure under dynamic compression Yong-Jae Kima,1,2, Yun-Hee Leea,b,1, Sooheyong Leea,b, Hiroki Nadac,3, and Geun Woo Leea,b,3 aDivision of Industrial Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; bDepartment of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; and cEnvironmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan Edited by Choong-Shik Yoo, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member John D. Weeks March 20, 2019 (received for review October 20, 2018) Crystal growth is governed by an interplay between macroscopic (9, 12–18). This is particularly true for applying the rate-dependent driving force and microscopic interface kinetics at the crystal–liq- driving force, like cooling rate (13), yielding large driving force, since uid interface. Unlike the local equilibrium growth condition, the it evidently accompanies inherent thermal or concentration gradient interplay becomes blurred under local nonequilibrium, which rai- due to the thermal and mass transport phenomena, causing time ses many questions about the nature of diverse crystal growth and delay and spatial inhomogeneity of the physical events during ex- morphological transitions. Here, we systematically control the perimental procedures. Thus, it ultimately affects interface kinetics. growth condition from local equilibrium to local nonequilibrium The interference of a large driving force with interface kinetics by using an advanced dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) and may be resolved by adopting pressure as a driving parameter, generate anomalously fast growth of ice VI phase with a mor- since controlling pressure provides immediate and homogeneous phological transition from three- to two-dimension (3D to 2D), change of an entire system under a hydrostatic condition. In ad- which is called a shock crystal growth. Unlike expected, the shock dition, a huge driving force imparted by dynamic pressure (e.g., growth occurs from the edges of 3D crystal along the (112) crystal shock impact or meteor crash) can lead to rich crystallization plane rather than its corners, which implies that the fast compres- behaviors under nonequilibrium conditions. Recently, intensive sion yields effectively large overpressure at the crystal–liquid in- interest in pressure-induced crystal nucleation and growth has SCIENCES terface, manifesting the local nonequilibrium condition. Molecular emerged in the fields of static- (14–16, 24–26) and dynamic APPLIED PHYSICAL dynamics (MD) simulation reproduces the faster growth of the compression (i.e., shock compression) (17, 27–32). Remarkably, (112) plane than other planes upon applying large overpressure. the application of dynamic pressure could generate unexpected Moreover, the MD study reveals that the 2D shock crystal growth crystal growth behaviors, such as burst-like and oscillation growths originates from the similarity of the interface structure between in helium crystal with small overpressure even near equilibrium water and the (112) crystal plane under the large overpressure. melting pressure (14–16). Moreover, a high compression rate This study provides insight into crystal growth under dynamic changes ice crystal morphology from 3D to 2D with anomalously compressions, which makes a bridge for the unknown behaviors of crystal growth between under static and dynamic pressure conditions. Significance crystal morphology transition | high pressure | dynamic compression | Crystal growth and morphological transitions are crucial for interface kinetics | local nonequilibrium fundamental science and wide applications. Nevertheless, their mechanisms under local nonequilibrium growth condition are n nature, one has observed tremendous fascinating crystal unclear due to severe interference of thermal and mass trans- Imorphologies, like snowflakes (1, 2). Aside from its beauty, ports on the interplay between thermodynamic driving force understanding the formation of crystal morphology and its tran- and interface kinetics. Here, we reveal the origin of the sitions are essential for designing mechanical (e.g., deformation, pressure-induced 2D shock growth of ice VI crystal by using dynamic compression, in which a dimensional transition from yielding, strength, fracture, and toughness) and biological (e.g., 3D to 2D is observed. Unlike generally expected, the 2D shock pharmacological, reactivity, hydroactivity) properties in metallurgy growth occurs from 3D crystal edges rather than from its cor- (3, 4) and biology (5, 6), respectively. ners upon fast compression, even near equilibrium growth In general, the crystal growth and morphology are mainly condition. This is due to similar interface structure to the crystal determined by an interplay between macroscopic thermody- edge plane facilitating the fast interface kinetics under local namic driving forces and microscopic kinetic process taking place nonequilibrium growth. at a crystal–liquid interface. While the crystal growth is well understood near local-equilibrium growth condition in terms of Author contributions: G.W.L. designed research; Y.-J.K., Y.-H.L., S.L., H.N., and G.W.L. the interplay (7–11), the formation and transition of diverse performed research; Y.-J.K., Y.-H.L., S.L., H.N., and G.W.L. analyzed data; and Y.-J.K., crystal morphologies remain poorly understood under local non- Y.-H.L., S.L., H.N., and G.W.L. wrote the paper. or far-from-equilibrium growth conditions, such as zigzag growth The authors declare no conflict of interest. in 2D (12, 13), rapid or burst-like growth of helium crystal (14– This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. C.-S.Y. is a guest editor invited by the 16), ice crystals (17), and alloys (18). These anomalous growth Editorial Board. behaviors imply that the local equilibrium condition at the This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). crystal–liquid interface is disturbed by sudden application of a 1Y.-J.K. and Y.-H.L. contributed equally to this work. large driving force. While theoretical (19–21) and simulation (22, 2Present address: Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 23) studies have reported that both the interface kinetics and the CA 94550. thermodynamic driving forces indeed play a key role in mor- 3To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or gwlee@ phological transitions and anomalously fast growth under non- kriss.re.kr. equilibrium conditions, many experimental discoveries remain This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. unexplained due to technical challenges of accessing the local non- 1073/pnas.1818122116/-/DCSupplemental. equilibrium or far-from-equilibrium conditions on a consistent basis Published online April 15, 2019. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818122116 PNAS | April 30, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 18 | 8679–8684 Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 fast growth, and facet to dendritic growth (17). For over two de- cades, many experimental and theoretical studies (13, 18–21) have speculated that such anomalous growth kinetics and abrupt tran- sitions in morphologies under rate-dependent driving forces are attributed to a dynamical mechanism. However, such phenomena and their exact nature remain still elusive. Here, we manipulate the growth condition from (local) equi- librium to local nonequilibrium by using a dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) technique (17, 27–29), and generate an anom- alously fast crystal growth of the ice VI phase with a morpho- logical transition from 3D to 2D, hereafter referred to as a shock crystal growth. The shock crystal growth is expected by a geo- metric model (33), showing discontinuous behavior of crystal growth when two or more facets meet at the same position at the same time (17, 24, 33). Moreover, we reveal the origin of the shock crystal growth using dDAC experiment and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation; surprisingly, the shock crystal growth originates from the 3D crystal edges rather than its corners under fast compression. In addition, the rapid growth of the 2D crystal formed even at small overpressure (i.e., near equilibrium melting pressure of ice VI phase) implies that the fast compression builds “effectively” large overpressure and affects fast interface kinetics in the vicinity of the 3D crystal edges. The MD simulation confirms that the interface structure of the edge plane is con- siderably similar to that of the bulk crystal compared with other planes under large overpressure, which causes fast interface ki- netics. Ultimately, our findings provide a fundamental basis to- ward accessing the local nonequilibrium growth condition and a bridge for understanding various crystal growth phenomena be- tween static (equilibrium) and dynamic (nonequilibrium) growth conditions. Results Anomalous Transitions in Growth Morphology and Speed. Fig. 1 shows the growth behavior of an ice VI crystal as a function of compression rate [i.e., strain rate «_ v, defined by Δl/lo per time, where Δl and lo are compressed displacement and initial thick- ness of the gasket cell, respectively (see SI Appendix for the details)]. A roughened ice VI crystal coexists with liquid water at an equilibrium melting pressure of 0.96 GPa within a gasket hole which is sealed
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