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Sediment Load of Asian Rivers Flowing Into The 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn V o 1．4 N o ．1 M A RIN E SCIENC E BU LLETIN M ay 2 OO 2 S ed im e n t L o a d o f A sia n R iv e rs flow in g in to th e O c e a n s a n d th eir R eg ion a l V ariatio n ★ L iu Shu guan g (刘曙光)‘-2 Z h en g Y o nglai(郑永来) ，Zhuge Zheng ji (诸 葛 正技 ) ， L i C ong xian (李 从先)‘ l K ey L aboratory of M arine G eology, Tongii U niversity,Shanghai 200092 2 D ep artm en t of G eotechn ica l E ng ineering, Ton~ i U niversity,S ha ng h a i 2 000 92 A bstract Study of the m ajor A sian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals Variations o ftheir w ater d isch arg es an d sed im en t lo ad s，an d loca l ch ar acteristics o f river se d im e nt co n cen tration s．O n the bas is o f th is，the A s ian rivers fall into th ree reg ion s，in clud ing E u rasia A rctic，E as t As ia, S o uth east an d South A sia R egions．111e Euras ia A rctic R egion is characterized by th e low es t sedim ent co n ce n tratio n an d lo ad ，w h ile th e E as t As ia R eg io n is o f th e h iIgh est sed im en t co n ce ntratio n an d higher sedim ent load， an d th e South-E ast an d South A sia R eg ion y ields h igher sedim ent co n cen tration an d h igh est sed im en t lo ad ． 11le sedim ent loads of these region s are m ainly co ntrolled by clim ate．geom orpho logy an d tecto n ic activ ity ．111e E uras ia A rctic riv ers w ith larg e bas in areas an d w ater d isch arg e ．dra in low re lief w h ich co n sists o f tu nd ra sed im en t．thu s cau sing th e lo w est sed im en t lo ad ．111e E as t A sia rivers w ith sm all bas in areas an d low est w ater discharges ，drain extensive loess plateau，an d tran spo rt m ost erodible loess m ateria1．which results in high est sedim ent concentration ．111e SE an d S o uth As ia rive rs o rigin ating fi'om th e T ibet P latea u h av e larg e bas in are as an d th e larg est w ater d isch arges because of the S um m er M o nsoon an d h ilgh rainfall influence ，causing the h igh est sed im en t 1o ad ． In A sia, tectonic m otion of the T ibet Plateau plays an im po rtant role．T hose large rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau transport about 5O％ of the w orld river sedim ent load to ocean an nually，form ing large estuaries an d deltas，an d co nsequently exerting a great influence on sed im en tatio n in th e co as tal z on e an d sh e lv es ． K ey w o rd s As ia, riv er flow ing into the oc ea n ，sed im en t lo ad ，w ater d isch ar g e In trodu ction R iv e r is o n e o f th e m o s t im p o rtan t a n d a ctiv e c o m p o n en ts in th e E a rth sy ste m ． It p lay s an im p o rta n t ro le ln surface m igration ，geo m orp hic po rtray and interaction o f lan d and o cean A sia is th e largest ． continent an d has the m ost co m p lex p hy sical g eogr ap hical co ndition in the w orld ．A sia ex tend s across the frigid，tem p erate an d trop ical zon es，an d has m any large rivers flow ing into th e ocean ． W hile these riv ers tra n sp o rt p len tifu l w a ter d isch ar g e in to th e o ce an ，廿le y c arry a h u gIe am o u n t o f se d im e n t in to th e o c e an ，th u s fo rm in g an im p o rtan t ch a rac te ristic o f A s ian riv e rs．A t th e sam e tim e ．A sia is a re g io n w ith R eceived o n D ece m ber 3 ，19 99 T h e P rojeet is spo nsored by the C h inese N ation al N ature S cience F ound ation (49 67 628 8)，Scientific R esearch Fo und ation for the R e turn ed O v e rsea s C h ine se S ch o lars o f th e M in istry o f E d u c ation o f C h in a a n d th e R u ss ian F o u n d a tion fo r F u n d a m e n tal R esearch (P roject N 0 0-0 5-646 90 ) 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 6 2 M A R IN E S C IE N C E B U L L E T IN V o l|4 th e h ig h e st p o p u latio n d en sity an d th e fa ste st e co n o m ic a l d ev e lo p m en t an d h u m an a ctiv ities d ire c tly o r in d ire ctly in fl u e n c e riv ers ，co a sta l z on e an d p a ra lic e n v iro n m e n t，re su ltin g in d ifi ere n c e o f w ate r d isch arg e an d se d im e n t lo a d an d th e p artic u lar o f e ff e ct o n c o a sta l zo n e ．T h ere fo re ，stu d y o n r eg io n al v ariatio n o f th e se d im e n t lo ad o f A sian riv e rs fl o w in g in to th e o ce an co n trib u te s to a b e tte r un d ersta n d in g o f th e g lo b a l c h an g e an d th e p articu larity o f in tera ctio n o f lan d an d o c e an in A sia ． A c co rd in g to th e hy d ro lo g ic a l a n d se d im e n t d ata an d th e fi e ld m e asu re m e u ts in so m e larg e riv e rs o f N o rt h a n d E a st A s ia，th e au th or s h av e m ad e a co m p ar ativ e stu d y o n th e d eltas in so m e la rg e riv e rs o f R u ssia an d C h in a ．an d d iscu s se d re g io n a l v ariatio n o f sed im e n t lo ad o f larg e riv er s in R u ssia an d C h in a [1-：q ． O n th e b a sis o f th is，w e h a v e c o lle cte d n e w d ata o f w ate r d isc h arg e ，sed im en t lo ad an d con centration of m ajor riv ers fl ow in g in to the ocean in S outheast and So uth A sia，an d stu died ch ara cte ri stic s o f w ate r an d se d im en t d isc h a rg es o f A sian riv e rs in d iff e rent n a tu ral z o n e s，in d ic ate d re g io n a l v ar iati o n o f se d im e n t lo a d in d iffe ren t la titu d e s．an d d iscus se d th e rela ti o n sh ip be tw e e n riv e r se d im en t fo rm atio n ，tran sp o rta tio n an d d ep o sitio n an d p h y s ic a l g eo g rap h ic c o n d itio n o f d ra in a g e b as in ． 1 T otal Sed im ent L oad of M ajo r A sian R ivers F low ing in to th e O cean R iv ers，dr a in in g th e A sian co n tin e n t，m ain ly flo w to th e A rc ti c ，P a c ifi c an d In d ian O c ean s ．T ab le 1 sh o w s th e w a ter d isc h ar g e an d se d im en t lo ad ．R iv e rs fro m th e A sian co n tin e n t tran sp o rt a to ta l w ate r discharg e of 6 362 ．4km ，an d contr ibute a total sed im ent load of 4 145 ．2 ×106t in to the o cean s (T ab le 2 ) T a b．1 D ra in a g e a re a ．w a te r an d su sp en d ed sed im en t d isc h arg es fo r th e m ajo r riv e rs of A sia t。’。·。。’。’·’ ’。’’ D ta ina - W ate r S ed im en t S edIime nt D m ina- W ate r S ed im e nt S ed im ent O cea n R iv er g e al g a d ischarg e disch arge eo n ee nlra - 0 cca N R iv er ge alga disc harg e d isc harg e co ne ent ra- (×10’kin ') (1 ／a) (10‘t／a) tion (kg／m 3) (×lO’km ) (km ／a) (106t／a) tion (kg／m 3) T i s-E u ph rate s 38 00 4 6 100 2 ．17 Ob ． 25 0 o 43 0 l6 0 ．0 37 Ind us 96 9 17 5 4 3 5 2 ．4 9 N ad y m 64 l8 O ．4 O 02 2 N arm ada 49 5 2 6 ．9 1 -32 7 T az l5O 4 4 0 ．9 0 ．O2 In d ia K rislm a 2 50 32 4 0 ． 12 5 P y r l 1O 34 O ．6 O 0 18 O cean B 糟 hlT强 28 l6 2 0 1 ． 2 5 Y enise i 26 0 o 62 O l3 O 0 2 l G an gc s 9 80 5 90 5 2 0 0．88 1 V ya sm a 180 86 3 4 O 04 B rahn ~ p u tra 5 8 0 6 30 54 0 0 ．85 7 A K h ata ng a 3 60 85 l 7 O 02 rctic Ira w ad dy 4 3 0 4 30 2 6 0 0 ．6 1 A n fl b al" 100 17 0 ．4 0 0 24 M ekong 790 470 160 O 34 0 ceall O lenjok 220 36 l l O 031 H 0n g ho 16 0 120 13 0 1 ．0 8 L e na 2 5 O0 52 0 l8 0 0 35 Z h~ iang 329 7 227 71．8 O 34 O m oloy 39 7 0．13 O 0 19 m ailbag 30 l 25 9 7．2 O 28 Y alia 320 34 3．5 0 093 Jiulongjiang 15 15 3．1 O．2I Ind igirka 360 61 13 O 2 13 M ian g 6 1 5 8 7 5 0 13 A lazey a 6 8 8 ．8 O ．7 O ．O 8 Pacific Q iantangjiang 4 1 5 34．2 4．4 o 13 K olym a 660 130 16 O 04 6 O c ea n Y an g tz e 19 00 93 0 4 80 0 ．52 A m g ye m 30 9 ．2 O ．85 O 0 9 2 Y ello w rive r 77 0 5 9 l 10o 2 7 8 Y o ng d ing he 5 0 8 1．4 8 l 6 o 8 L u anh e 4 4 9 4．9 2 2 7 4 ．6 3 D alin g he 23 2 2 l 36 2 1 9 L iao h e 16 6 ．3 5 6 4 1 6 86 Y alujiang 63．8 25 l 1．9 O．08 A m tlr 18 00 32 0 23 0 0 72 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn LiuShuguang et ：SedimentLoad ofAsian Rivers andRegionaltheir Variation 63 W aterdischarge intotheArctic Ocean．the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean aboutis 30％ ofthe total water discharge apart．W ater discharge into the Arctic Ocean is more than that into the other oceans．Sediment load into the Pacific Ocean is the most．In contrast，sediment load into the Arctic Ocean theis least．only about 2．2％ ofthe total sediment load．The water discharge from Ganges- Brahmaputra Rivers is the mOst．and the second largest in Asia in terms of water discharge is the Yangtze River．The waterdischarge ofYellow River only is about 1 0 Ofthe Yangtze River，while its sediment load is far greater than that ofthe Yangtze and any other large river in the world．W ater discharge ofthe YeniseiRiver flowing intothe Arcticabout is 1／2 Ofthe Yangtze River,while sediment load onlyis 1／25 ofthe Yangtze River．About 70％ oftotalthissediment load thein world derivedis fromAsia ．Asianrivers have an important place the in worldrivers． Tab．2 Distributionofwater discharge and sediment load Asianof rivers flowing into the ocean 2 SpatialDistribution of Sediment Loadof Asian Rivers Flowing into the Ocean 111e sediment load of major Asian rivers is affected byclimate，terrain，vegetation,soil andon， soaffected is majorAsianrivers of loadsediment 111e andhas distinctregional and seasonal difference． Distribution ofsediment load in Asia continent nonuniform．Sedimentis load in the rivers ofthe Southeastern Asia is larger than that in the Northwestern Asia．Sediment load in the rivers oflower latitudes largeris thanthat thein higher latitudes．Sediment load in the rivers thatoriginate from the Oinghai．Tibetotherregions． in rising riversthemore Plateau inis thatthan Variation of sediment concentration of Asian rivers is very clear(Fig．1)．Riversvery is Asiansedimentof Variationrivers concentration North of Ch a' locating in the latitudes 34~39uN，drain in the LoesS Plateau，transporting the most easily erodible material available to moving water．As a result．sediment loads are
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