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India needs focussed study on the non-breeding grounds of lesser floricans thoroughly and regularly.
esser florican is one of the four bustard species of India, all of which are threatened to become extinct as per the International Union for the Conservation of Nature L(IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Once found in abundance, the Lesser Florican (Sypheotides indicus) is in actual danger of becoming extinct from India. The rapid decline is tied to the obliteration of India’s least valued, and highly endangered ecosystem—the grassland. Generally dismissed as ‘wastelands’, grasslands have been massively diverted for infrastructure, real estate, roads, power projects, etc. This month, our cover story titled, ‘Lesser Florican: Silent Decline from Historical Ranges’ presents an ethnobiological analysis on how slowly and silently this beautiful bustard has vanished from its former historical ranges where once it was in abundance. This smallest and virtually endemic bustard of India is sliding from ‘Endangered’ to ‘Critically Endangered’ category very soon according to the latest report of the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun, submitted in June 2018. Also, India is suffering from serious scarcity of ‘research-based conservation’ especially field researchers in grassland ecosystems and that is the reason probably that the country is amongst the top ten in the list of highest numbers of endangered and critically endangered, vulnerable, and near-threatened bird species. India needs focussed study on the non-breeding grounds of lesser floricans thoroughly and regularly. We also need to analyse data through online sites such as ebird.org to evaluate its proper population in the country for the conservation of this magnificent species of birds. The feature article this month throws light on the fact that ivory is the prime reason behind poaching of elephants and their dwindling populations. The article also talks about the measures that have been taken globally to stop elephant poaching. As far back as in the 1960s, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was conceived as an international agreement between governments. Today, it accords protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants. The CITES programme for Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), was established by the Conference of the Parties (CoP) to CITES at its 10th Meeting at Harare in 1997, in accordance with the provisions on trade in elephant specimens. Though several initiatives have been taken up jointly by many countries, poaching continues to remain a serious threat. However, poaching does not pose the only danger to elephant populations. In its recently released report, the Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) has blamed the inadequate food, lack of veterinary facilities, and cruelty meted out to young cubs separated from their mothers for being reared for entertainment. Therefore, the solution does not lie in just shutting down the demand for ivory by educating populations. Alternative livelihood options that are just as paying are the real solutions. Demand determines supply. When there is no demand for ivory, there shall be no poaching at all.
Ajay Mathur Director General, TERI 1 Editor-in-chief to our planet. It is good to read that Ajay Mathur `50 sustainability is no longer limited Editorial Board K Ramanathan
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http://www.terragreen.teriin.org [email protected] TERRAGREEN OCTOBER 2018 Contents VOLUME 11 ISSUE 7 OCTOBER 2018
4 NEWS 30 SPECIAL REPORT
8 TERI ANALYSIS Pioneers Blaze Their Own Trail What After Petcoke? 34 GREEN CHALLENGES 10 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH Emerging Mobility Options Heatwave Made ‘Twice as Likely by Climate Change’ 37 TERRA YOUTH
12 FEATURE 46 WILDLIFE Ivory Stockpiles and the A Lion Amongst the Tigers Vanishing Pachyderms 48 MANEKA SPEAKS 18 IN CONVERSATION 50 PIONEER Mr R C M Reddy, Managing Director and 53 SPECIAL FEATURE CEO, IL&FS Education & GREEN EVENTS FEATURE12 Technology Services Limited 56
22 COVER STORY
Lesser Florican: Silent Decline from Historical Ranges
SPECIAL 30REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL 10 RESEARCH 37 TERRA YOUTH
22 COVER STORY Cover Story Lesser Florican Silent Decline from Historical Ranges
The lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), also known as the likh or kharmore, belongs to the bustard family and is the only member of the genus Sypheotides. The lesser florican is a globally endangered bird that has lost over 90 per cent of its habitat. In this article, Dr Surya Prakash presents an ethnobiological analysis on how slowly and silently this beautiful bustard has vanished from its former historical ranges where once it was in abundance.
During 1982–1989, Ravi Sankaran, the ‘Florican Man of India’ reported 60 per cent decline in their population which was alarming but in 1994 it again increased by 32 per cent to 2,206 birds but this rise was short-lived. Their population fluctuations are directly related with breeding season and rainfall patterns. 3LFWXUH&RXUWHV\ 'U*6%KDUGZDM,)6 Cover Story
3LFWXUH&RXUWHV\ 'U*6%KDUGZDM,)6
t was in the month of October in 2010, at Nagoya, Historical Roots Japan, in the Convention of Biological Diversity John Frederick (1759–1796), first described the (CBD) in which countries adopted a strategic plan, I abundance of this bustard from Gujarat’s Kathiawar 2011–2020 with 20, time-bound targets to halt the area during monsoon. According to him, they were so extinction rate of different species by 2020, known as common that they could be easily caught alive by the ‘Aichi Targets’. Lesser Florican or Sypheotides indicus villagers. Almost after a century during British rule in (Endangered IUCN 2014) was also amongst those India in the 1870s their number started plummeting birds species that needed ‘intensive care’ under and it became visible. The reasons were obvious— ‘Intensive Recovery Programme’ as it was observed to hunting for sports and dining delights. Significantly, be declining at a greater pace owing to the loss of its most of the extinct Indian birds have been historically habitat which are unfortunately fragile grasslands and shot either for ‘hunting sport’ or for ‘dining delights’, that are given negligible attention with a tag of ‘wasteland’. is why the state bird of Rajasthan ‘Great Indian Bustard’ The decline of lesser florican is so rapid that if remained is ‘Critically Endangered’ today as per The International unchecked, this smallest virtually endemic bustard Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Bharatpur of India would slide from ‘Endangered’ to ‘Critically Bird Sanctuary in Rajasthan displays names of such Endangered’ category very soon according to the latest hunters who had shot thousands of birds for sports report of the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun, in one day. Frank Finn (1915) in his book ‘Sporting & submitted in June 2018. Though endemic to India, it Game birds of India’ reveals the truth. Lesser florican is is also reported from Pakistan and Nepal where it used no different from other birds as in 1879 forest officials to be in abundance once, but today it is only a non- shot close to 30 birds in just one day near Malur Railway breeding visitor there. There are reports of its sightings Station, Bangalore. Arab royals have also hunted great as vagrants from Bangladesh and Myanmar as well. It is Indian bustards, Hubara bustards, and lesser floricans listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International till 1976 in Rajasthan. But subsequently, the Rajasthan Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and under the CMS Government imposed a strict ban on its hunting in 1983 Convention. India is a signatory to both CITES and CMS and made it effective for 10 years. Convention.
24 TERRAGREEN OCTOBER 2018 the key factors for their decline. In 1930, Humes and Marshall expressed their deep concern and fear of its extinction in nearly 50 years. The same concerns were echoed by Madansinhji of Kutch in 1975/76 who opined that the lesser floricans are ‘persecuted mercilessly’. During 1982–1989, Ravi Sankaran, the ‘Florican Man of India’ reported 60 per cent decline in their population which was alarming but in 1994 it again increased by 32 per cent to 2,206 birds but this rise was short-lived. Their population fluctuations are directly related with 3LFWXUH&RXUWHV\ 'U*6%KDUGZDM,)6 breeding season and rainfall patterns. If monsoon is good the numbers of birds go up but in case of drought, Going by the available references of their sightings the numbers drop suggesting that lesser floricans are in non-breeding ranges Bengaluru, Karnataka, has sensitive to decline if there is severe and extended dry some convincing historical records (Lieut. Col. R M season. Today, it is difficult to comment on their global Betham and Capt. W B Roberts 1911, Raghavendra population status due to lack of surveys in many of 2011, and Raha 1998 and 2001). Raha also meticulously their non-breeding areas, though there are some recent maintained extensive record of birds of Maharashtra. reports that were submitted to WII Dehradun, stating However, its non-breeding grounds haven’t been their drastic decline. Such decline in their population studied in detail (Ali and Repley, 1969). Anderson drew attention of scientific community from various (1983) observed their absence from Bangalore during organizations and institutes, such as WWI, Dehradun; ‘hot months’. There are references of some dispersal to the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), Mumbai; South-east India during non-breeding season (P Patil in Corbett Foundation and some non-governmental Litt., 2016). organizations (NGOs) in many states who are trying to In Delhi-NCT, that includes parts of Uttar Pradesh conserve this beautiful bird. and Haryana, all the reported sporadic sightings are India is suffering from serious scarcity of ‘research- during monsoon months (June–July) when lesser based conservation’ especially field researchers in floricans migrate to their breeding grounds towards grassland ecosystems and that is the reason probably Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh, using South- that the country is amongst top ten in the merit west monsoon currents. Whistler (1914), Bill Harvey (2006) had seen it in the outskirts of Sultanpur National Park, Haryana. Nitin and Rajeev (2011 and 2014) Map showing the declining status of reported them from Dadri agriculture fields (in Uttar lesser florican from its former range
Pradesh) and recently many Delhi birders have seen and INDIA photographed both male and female lesser floricans again from the outskirts of Sultanpur National Park, Haryana, in July 2018. There are few sighting records Haryana
from east Saharanpur (UP) and in the North and Odisha Delhi as well. It is also believed that after the breeding season U ar Pradesh is over, these local migrants sporadically and historically Rajasthan
dispersed in peninsular India in the dry grasslands Madhya Pradesh West Bengal areas mainly east of Western Ghats, south and east Gujarat of Godavari River [Reply and Ali et al., 1986; Sankaran Odisha Maharashtra 1995(b)]. Raha and Prakash (2001), Kasambe and Gokhale (2010), Bharadwaj (2011), Ashok Chaudhary (2013), Anon (2014), and Patil (2016) have done some Andhra Pradesh extensive studies on this bustard in their breeding and Karnataka non-breeding habitats in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Dras c Decline Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. Kerala Tamil Nadu Breeding Declining During the nineteenth century, the decline of this beautiful bustard became too visible because of Sporadic Sigh ng hunting and habitat loss which were believed to be
TERRAGREEN OCTOBER 2018 25 Cover Story
of highest numbers of endangered and critically endangered, vulnerable, and near-threatened bird species. Ravi Sankaran had generated major baseline data on lesser floricans. Though he is not amongst us today but his dedicated research from 1982 till early 2000 is a goldmine for today’s scientific fraternity. Asad Rahmani, Pramod Patil, S Dutta, G S Bhardwaj, Dhananjay Mohan, and Ashok Chaudhari, have also done remarkable work in this field to conserve this beautiful bustard of India and we need more scholars like them today to study their least researched non- breeding territories that need equal attention for their conservation. Lesser floricans become more vulnerable during their breeding season while displaying their fluttering jumps to woe their female counterparts Sankaran (1982) and Bhardwaj (2010) found out that and establish their territories in grasslands of Gujarat, the decline in population was nearly 90 per cent which Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra, where was alarming and habitat loss was also 55 per cent. In they migrate during monsoon. This is the only time 2011, Bhardwaj et al. recorded its presence in only 24 when these otherwise shy birds become visible to out of 91 grasslands surveyed, compared to its earlier humans. Here it would be interesting to note that presence in 37 grasslands in 1999. Lesser florican has despite having 466 IBA (Important Bird Area) we have been given the highest degree of protection under 154 globally threatened and near-threatened avian Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972, species with so many unlisted birds due to lack of any but their drastic decline necessitated it to be declared monitoring and inventory of birds in their respective as an ‘endangered’ species in IUCN Red List 2011 under habitats. Thankfully, ebird.org was introduced in India in priority ‘species recovery programme’ by the Ministry 2014, to spread awareness amongst common people of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC), to contribute and participate as ‘citizen scientists’ Government of India, in its centrally sponsored scheme and help scientific community in bird monitoring called ‘Integrated Development of Wildlife’. and upload their sightings on ebird.org to help in In Sonkhaliya, Rajasthan, the then District Magistrate data generation in the repository of records for of Ajmer, was able to convince local community of the future research. From their respective field surveys, village to encourage ‘community-based conservation’ of
26 TERRAGREEN OCTOBER 2018 this bustard with an initiative to use MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme)—the job guarantee scheme of the central government—as a community tool and villagers from Sonkhaliya agreed to earmark a dedicated 30 hectare zone of their land for the breeding of lesser floricans effective from May 1 to September 30 each year by restricting their cattle grazing in the earmarked fields by providing it a community protection. The same model was also adapted by Madhya Pradesh later on. Ethnobiology of Distribution and Decline Ethnobiology is a study of the complex set of relationship of flora and fauna with the present and past human societies. According to Berlin (1992) local regional languages usually used by tribes about environment and their traditional linguistics are to migrate northwards and westwards, respectively. repositories of knowledge for the historical existence of Lesser floricans arrive during heavy rainfall and they the birds in that particular habitat because language’s take advantage of the main current of South-west structure and semantics go hand in hand. If this theory monsoon. If there is insufficient rainfall in one area, of ethnobiology is believed, then it would be possible the birds migrate to adjacent areas where the rainfall to corroborate the historical existence of lesser florican is better (Dharmakumarsinhji, 1950). Floricans are in their former ranges either for breeding or for non- known to return to a particular grassland in successive breeding. The Pardhi or Wagri tribe in Maharashtra years and at several sites every year for at least 20–30 and Gujarat has used different names for the male and years, suggesting that there may be a strong site- female, the male is called the ‘Khalchida’ and the female fidelity amongst males (Magrath et al., 1985). However, is known as ‘Bhandewadi’; Kasambe, (2007). Baker Dharmakumarsinhji (1955) made somewhat different (1921) collected all such records available in his time observations and suggested that the same individuals and found that the florican was widely scattered in the do not necessarily visit the same grassland or locality country in all the suitable grasslands. Ali and Ripley every year. (1969) too have summarized its distribution as resident, Mark Bonta (2003) in his book, Seven Names for the irregular local migrant, and also nomadic during rainy Bellbird proposed the theory of cultural relationship season, though vagrants were seen as far east as of birds with human society of that particular region Dinajpore in West Bengal (Hume and Marshall, 1978) where a particular species of bird has been sighted and as far south as Kerala (Ferguson, 1904). irrespective of the purpose it was used, that is, food, After the breeding is over, birds from Gujarat, game or any medicinal value or traditional adornment Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh, fly to peninsular India by human society who knew about birds in their distant (Dharmakumarsinhji, 1950), but some individuals tend past and to their recent presence in their traditional culture. The integration of traditional ornithological 3LFWXUH&RXUWHV\ 'U*6%KDUGZDM,)6 knowledge and environmental ethics in southern Chile, provide good examples of this trend. Anvita Abbi and Satish Deshpande (2012) have mentioned it in their book Birds of Great Andmanese and have established correlation between anthropological and linguistic perspective for the existence of birds. This underestimated and undervalued science is well accepted today as applied ethno-ornithology and playing an important role in research and conservation initiatives in the world. It provides authentically valid and reliable information about the traditional human
TERRAGREEN OCTOBER 2018 27 Cover Story
cultural interaction with avifauna as ‘people-biota- 3LFWXUH&RXUWHV\ 'U*6%KDUGZDM,)6 environment’ around the world. Honduras and Ricardo Rozzi (2003) in their book Multi-ethnic Bird Guide of the Subantarctic Forests of South America underlined the importance of local traditions and practices relating to birds for the future of biodiversity conservation.
Regional names of lesser florican used by local tribes in India
State Regional Language Local Regional Name used by Tribes
Andhra Pradesh Telugu Niala Nimli
Madhya Pradesh Hindi Khar Teetar, Kharmor, Bhatt Kukra
Uttar Pradesh Hindi Leekh, Tuqdar, Chhota Charat
Rajasthan Rajasthani Khadmoriyo, Khad Mor
Gujarat Gujarati Khad Mor, Tan Mor, Tiloor
Tamil Nadu Tamil Warragu Kozhi
Kerala Malayalam Chatta Kozhi
Karnataka Kannada Kannoul, Sindh, Kharmur
West Bengal Bangla Chhota Dahar, Likh
Maharashtra Marathi Tanner
Odisha Odiya No regional name
Haryana Haryanvi No regional name
Delhi Composite (Hindi and Punjabi) No regional name
It may be corroborated amply with the people’s birds are declining rapidly or have vanished completely traditional knowledge and bird’s historical presence from these states. Haryana and Delhi though have from the past in that particular region for any reason, past and recent sighting records during monsoon and present sighting records for their existence during without any regional names which suggests its sporadic winter in Bengaluru suggests that lesser floricans spend sightings when it migrates to its breeding grounds and their non-breeding phase in and around Bengaluru en route take short breaks to re-energize themselves. in Karnataka where it is called Kannoul. The regional In Odisha it may be considered as vagrant as this state linguistic nomenclature has to be corroborated with never had any regional name and nor does it fall in their the present sighting records at the same time of the migratory flyways. To conclude, it may be suggested year, from the same area, to establish lesser florican’s that we need focussed study on the non-breeding non-breeding ground. It is also important to note that grounds of lesser floricans thoroughly and regularly. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and We also need to analyse data through ebird.org to West Bengal, also have regional local names of lesser evaluate its proper population in the country for the florican suggesting their existence in these regions in conservation of this species of birds.# the past. But today, either very few or no recent sighting Dr Surya Prakash is a Naturalist & Wildlife Writer working in record justifies the probability that lesser florican once School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, existed in these states in abundance. These beautiful India.
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