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Wilderness Protected Areas: Management Guidelines for IUCN Category 1b Prepared by the IUCN Wilderness Specialist Group Editors: Sarah Casson, Vance Martin, Alan Watson, Angie Stringer, and Cyril Kormos Authors: Sarah Casson, Vance Martin, Alan Watson, Angie Stringer, Cyril Kormos, Harvey Locke, Sonali Ghosh, Steve Carver, Tom McDonald, Sharon Shay Sloan, Ilarion Merculief, John Hendee, Chad Dawson, Susan Moore, David Newsome, Steve McCool, Roger Semler, Steven Martin, Robert Dvorak, Chris Armatas, Ralph Swain, Brad Barr, David Krause, Nicole Whittington-Evans, Lawrence S. Hamilton, Joel Holtrop, James Tricker, Peter Landres, Elizabeth Mejicano, and Toby Aykroyd WILDERNESS SPECIALIST GROUP IUCN (International Union for The WILD Foundation Conservation of Nature) As the heart of the global wilderness community for IUCN helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our over 40 years, the WILD Foundation protects most pressing environment and development wilderness while meeting the needs of human challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate communities, working across cultures and boundaries change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the by collaborating with local peoples, organizations, the world economy by supporting scientific research, private sector, and governments to create dynamic managing field projects all over the world, and practical projects, inspiring solutions and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies communications initiatives. together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global WILD’s work advances a reciprocal, balanced environmental organisation, with more than 1,200 relationship between people and nature – our Nature government and NGO members and almost 11,000 Needs Half vision. Our aim is to ensure that enough volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work wild land and seascapes are protected and is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and interconnected (scientifically estimated to be at least hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private half of any given ecoregion) to maintain nature’s life- sectors around the world. supporting systems and the diversity of life on Earth. The vision supports human health and prosperity, and www.iucn.org secures a bountiful, beautiful legacy of resilient, wild nature. Nature Needs Half recognizes that we are part of nature, not separate from it. The “half” also suggests a planet that is respectfully shared, where the needs of all living things are considered and protected equally, for the good of all. www.wild.org IUCN World Commission on Protected Wilderness Specialist Group of IUCN Areas (WCPA) The Wilderness Specialist Group serves as a liaison IUCN WCPA is the world’s premier network of between IUCN WCPA and the World Wilderness protected area expertise. It is administered by IUCN’s Congress to establish linkages between the World Programme on Protected Areas and has over 1,400 Wilderness Congresses and IUCN’s World Parks members, spanning 140 countries. IUCN WCPA Congresses and World Conservation Congresses. works by helping governments and others plan The Wilderness Specialist Group was launched at the protected areas and integrate them into all sectors; by World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, in providing strategic advice to policy makers; by 2003. The objectives of the Wilderness Specialist strengthening capacity and investment in protected group include promoting research and discussion on areas; and by convening the diverse constituency of the importance and role of wilderness, helping protected area stakeholders to address challenging integrate wilderness related issues into WCPA issues. For more than 50 years, IUCN and WCPA have publications, proceedings and meetings, and been at the forefront of global action on protected providing expert referral service to the WCPA for areas. wilderness-related issues. www.iucn.org/wcpa ii The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organisations. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Casson, S.A., Martin V.G., Watson, A., Stringer, A., Kormos, C. (eds.) Wilderness Protected Areas: Management Guidelines for IUCN Category 1b. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN xx pp. ISBN: XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X Front Cover Photo: © Carlton Ward Back Cover Photo: © Corneila Doerr / Wild Wonders of Europe Layout by: Fiona Casson Printed by: IUCN Publications Services Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Global Protected Areas Programme Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications iii Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………………… viii 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 What is a 1b protected area? ..............................................................................................2 1.2 History of the IUCN 1b protected area category .................................................................4 1.3 Objective of the IUCN 1b protected area management category .......................................6 1.4 Extent of 1b sites .................................................................................................................8 1.5 Inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities ...................................................9 1.6 Application of 1b category: Assignment and Reporting ................................................... 13 2. Management Principles………………………………………………………………………………14 2.1 Manage wilderness comprehensively through development of large-scale, intact wilderness protected areas and connectivity between wilderness protected areas .................................................................................15 2.2 Manage wilderness, and cultural sites within, to maintain highest integrity of all components of ecosystems, wildlife, and sacred and traditional cultural use sites ........................................................................................17 2.3 Engagement between stakeholders and non-tribal government with Indigenous Peoples, Tribes and local communities in management and designation of wilderness in true partnership relations ..............................................20 2.4 Manage wilderness both to preserve intrinsic wilderness values and to produce human values ...........................................................................................24 2.5 Prioritise wilderness-dependent activities and areas of minimal human recreation ...............................................................................................................27 2.6 Guide wilderness management using written plans with specific area objectives and cultural norms ....................................................................................29 2.7 Manage carrying capacities through establishing limits of acceptable change ............................................................................................................32 2.8 Focus management on threatened sites and damaging activities ....................................34 2.9 Apply only the minimum tools, regulations, or force to achieve wilderness protected area objectives ................................................................................36 2.10 Monitor wilderness conditions and experience opportunities to guide long-term wilderness stewardship ...........................................................................39 2.11 Manage wilderness in relation to its adjacent lands ..........................................................41 3. Governance and Authority…………………………………………………………………………...45 3.1 Introduction: governance and authority in wilderness protected areas .............................46 3.2 Governance and authority of wilderness protected areas by government ........................48 3.3 Governance and authority by Indigenous Peoples and local communities .......................51 3.4 Private governance of wilderness protected areas ............................................................54 3.5 Shared governance and authority of wilderness protected areas .....................................56 3.6 Multilateral governance and authority of wilderness protected areas ...............................60 3.7 Variances in jurisdiction and diversity of governance and authority ..................................62 4. Current Management Issues………………………………………………………………………...65 4.1 Planning systems and management framework ................................................................66