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American West

American West

American West (Five a Day) American West Knowledge Organiser; 1.1 Plains Indians Key Words 1 The American West is the two-thirds of the USA that is west of the Mississippi River, a vast expanse of land with many different landscapes. The 9. Native American Native people of America area is dominated by the Great Plains, a huge natural grassland that Indian stretched from north to south through the middle of the USA 10. Plains Indians Native American Indians who lived on the Plains. Key Events 11. Largest tribe of Plains Indians called a nation. 2 1830 – The Indian Removal Act; Moving Indians from the East to new land west of 12. Chief Leader of a tribe. the Mississippi river. 13. Tipis Plain Indians’ homes 3 1834 – Trade and Intercourse Act: All land west of the Mississippi River was to keep, this Act formed the Permanent Indian Frontier. 14. White settlers European migrants to America (and their descendants) who made up a large proportion of the US citizens settling in the 4 1848 – the US victory in the Mexican-American War. US gain new territory, West. including California. 15. Nomadic Moving around from place to place.

1851 – The Indian Appropriations Act: US Government provides money to pay 16. Polygamy Having more than one wife at the same time. 5. for moving Plains Indians in Indian Territory onto reservations. 17. Buffalo Large animal that lived in herds and roamed the Great Plains. Key Questions 18 Counting coup The act of touching an enemy rather that killing him. 6, Why was the The Plains was called the ‘Great American Desert’ because Plains called that’s what it resembled – there was nothing there, dry 19.. Scalping Cutting away the hair and scalp of defeated enemy as a trophy. ‘The Great dusty, rocky landscape in parts that stretched for miles. 20. A Brave Young Indian warrior. American Other parts were grassy open prairie lands that also Desert’? stretched for miles. Open wilderness. 21. WakanTanka Plains Indians’ Great Spirit (God)

7. Describe the Unpredictable at times. Freezing in the winter, deep snow. 22. Happy Hunting Plains Indians equivalent of Christians’ heaven. climate of the Hot in the summer, dry, prone to fires. Heavy rain and Ground Great Plains. thunderstorms, tornadoes were also common. Strong winds 23. Medicine Man Holy man. The most spiritual member of a tribe. Helped cure the across vast open land. sick and contacted the spirits. 24 Exposure Leaving a member of the tribe behind (to die) if they could not keep up. 8. Describe Plains Indians lived in tribes. Tribes were made up of 25. Sun Dance A tribal ritual dance to sun to gain strength for the tribe. Plains Indian different bands. Bands could be several hundred people or 26. Buffalo Dance A dance to the spirit world calling for the buffalo to be brought to Society. just 20 or 30 people. Different tribes had different ways of them. organizing their bands. Bands and tribes formed nations. The Sioux was one of the biggest nations, because tribes had 27. Reservations An area designated for Indian use. sub-tribes. 28. Nations Indian nations made up of tribes, bands and sub-tribes.

29. PIF – Permanent Border that represents beginning of Plain Indian Territory, Indian Frontier established by the US government in 1834. Historical 5 a day Topic 1.1 The Plains Indians – their beliefs and way of life

Plan your answer Explain two consequences of the American victory in the Mexican- American War (1848). Chief Tipi Travois Federal

Place these events in order on the timeline Plan your answer Write a narrative account analysing the ways in which the US Mexican- Indian Indian government policy towards PI developed 1834-51. American war Appropriations Removal Act • Permanent Indian Frontier (1834) Act • Indian Appropriations Act (1851) 8 marks

List 3 ways the Indians survived on the Plains. 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 1.1The Plains Indians – their beliefs and way of life

Plan your answer: Explain two consequences of the American victory in Chief Leaders of PI society the Mexican- American War (1848). 8 marks • USA gained huge new territories in the West, including California Tipi Tent-like homes, made of animal hide • USA gained control over territory in Oregon • Texas officially became part of the USA. A framework harnessed to a horse to transport Travois • Government encouraged people to move west to populate there belongings new areas. Federal A government in charge of all the states

Place these events in Write a narrative account analysing the ways in which the US order on the timeline government policy towards PI developed 1835-51. • Permanent Indian Frontier (1834) Indian Removal Mexican- Indian • Indian Appropriations Act (1851) 8 marks Act American war Appropriations Plan you answer first by listing the main developments of 1835-51 in sequence. This will help you to structure your answer: 1830 1848 Act 1851 Indian Removal Act (1830), Permanent Frontier (1834), US-Mexico war (1848), Government support for westward expansion and Indian Appropriations Act (1851)

List 3 ways the Indians survived on the Plains. 1. Buffalo 2.Attitudes to war 3.Beliefs about land/nature American West Knowledge Organiser 1.2; Migration and Early Settlement

1 In the 1830s, very few white Americans ventured beyond the Permanent Indian Key Words Frontier. However, when the USA gained new land in the West through the victory of the Mexican – American war many white Americans travelled across Indian 10. Federal A government that controls all the states within that country. territory to settle in the West. The Westward Expansion began. There were many pull and push factors encouraging White Americans to move. 11. Trails Routes marking out ‘tried-and-tested’ ways across the West. Key Push/Pull Factors 12. Rocky Mountains. Mountainous area situated in the West. 13. Prospector Someone who searches for gold or other precious metals. 2 1837 – economic depression in the East. 3 1825 – Jedidiah Smith first publicized the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains. 14. Missionaries Someone who travels to a place in order to covert its people to their faith.

4 1845 – widely publicized. 15. Wagon Trains Long lines of wagons travelling in covey along trails.

5 1846-47 – The Mormon Migration 16. Claim Jumping Stealing someone else’s land or mining stake. 6 1848 – Discovery of Gold in California 17. Forty-niners Miners who took part in the Californian of 1849 Key Questions 18. Mormons Members of the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter-Day Saints. 19 Pioneers Settlers of a new country or region 7. For what Plains Indians’ went to war to gain horses and win glory. reasons did Their methods of attack were that of surprise raids, this 20. Saloons Places where alcohol was sold and consumed, gambling and Plains Indians allowed the opportunity of bravely and cunning, but prostitution also took place. go to war and lowered the chances of being killed. 21. Vigilante Member of a community that took the law into their own hands. what were their methods? 22. The Donner Party The ill-fated migration party, led by the Donner brothers, who took a short cut to find themselves stuck in the Sierra Nevada 8. Explain the In 1845, John L. Sullivan published the concept ‘The belief mountains. 40 and of the 80 perished to death –cannibalism. concept of that it was God’s will for white people to take possession of 23. Danites Mormon Secret Police ‘Manifest the whole of the USA and make it productive and civilized. Destiny’. 24. The Great Salt Lake Remote region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada where the Mormons settled.

25. Second leader of the Mormons.

9. Explain the The role of mountain and trappers was to wonder the Rocky 26. Trail migrants used to get to California. role and Mountains catching animals for their fur. 27. Polygamy Having more than one wife at the same time. importance of Mountain men worked independently whilst Trappers mountain men worked for big fur companies. They were important because 28. Joseph Smith Founder of the Mormon faith – first leader. and trappers. they found and established routes through the Rocky 29. Cholera Water contaminated disease - biggest killer on the trails West. Mountains for the first pioneers. They told of fruitful land in 30. Oxen The animal used to pull wagons west - strong but slow. the West, they published guide books and led wagon trains to Oregon. Historical 5 a day Topic: 1.2 Migration and early settlement

Plan your answer The importance of the discovery of gold in California (1848) for the Prairie settlement of the American West. Manifest destiny Donner Party Brigham Young

Place these events in order on the timeline Plan your answer Explain two consequences of the setting up of the (1836) Gold Rush The Oregon Trail Mormon 8 marks migration

List 3 reasons why the Mormon migration was successful 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day 1.2 Migration and early settlement

The importance of the discovery of gold in California (1848) for the settlement of the American West. 8 marks Prairie Large areas of flat grassland Discovery of Gold in California: Mass migration to California – 100,000 people travelled in 1849 in Manifest destiny God’s will for whites to civilise the PI search of gold – ultimate pull factor. Donner Party Group who migrated using Oregon Trail Encouraged Manifest Destiny. Business boomed – trade etc Brigham Young Leader of Mormon migration to SLC California became a major financial state. Encouraged the transatlantic railroad to go from California and not Oregon.

Place these events in order on the timeline Explain two consequences of the setting up of the Oregon Trail (1836) The Oregon Mormon 8 marks Gold Rush • Lead the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake. Trail 1848 migration • People used the rail to move West – 400,000 people travelled 1836 1848-49 the route in total. • 1843 a trip of 900 people travelled the trail it was called ‘Great Emigration’ route. • Enable USA to claim territory in Oregon - Encouraged Manifest Destiny. Government provided $30,000 for expedition to map the route. List 3 reasons why the Mormon migration was successful 1. Consulted with Trail guides 2. Strict discipline, specific roles 3.Regular resting points American West Knowledge Organiser 1.3; Conflict and Tension Key Words

1 Life for both settlers and Plains Indians was very challenging because of the harsh 10. Scalp The cutting off of their hair and skin form the top of an enemy's environments of the West. One b ad decision or one unfortunate accident culd put head to keep as a trophy and as a sign of bravery. a group of settlers or a band of Plains Indians at great risk. This made Plains Indians 11. Mass Migration When very large numbers of people migrate. and setters very wary of possible threats. Key Events 12. Mass Settlement When very large numbers of people come to live in an areas. 2 1849 – Discovery of gold in California 13. Claim A legal declaration that someone intends to take control over an area of land. 3 1851 – Fort Laramie Treaty. 14. Road agents Gangs of criminals who waited in isolated spots along roads to 4 1852 – Famine in China led to a huge increase of Chinese migrants coming to rob travelers. California, from 2,000 in 1851 to 20,000 in 1852. 15. US marshal A police officer in charge of a district. A US marshal was a federal Key Questions law officer appointed to an area.

6. Explain why After the discovery of gold in California in 1848 thousands of gold 16. Posse A group of men called together by a sheriff or marshal to help the Fort Laramie prospectors travel the Oregon Trail to get to California – mass him in enforcing the law. Treaty of 1851 migration. Oregon Trail crossed Indian territory. There was some was needed. conflict between Plains Indians and migrates. Pressure on 17. Sheriff An elected law officer with the responsibly of keeping the peace government to ensure safe crossing of the Plains for whites. in his area and carrying out orders of a law court, such as issuing Government also wanted Plains Indians in fixed territories - to put warrants, making arrests and delivering prisoners to jail. a stop to tribes fighting each other. 18. Vigilantes A group of ordinary citizens who punish suspected lawbreakers 7. What did the End the fighting between the tribes. Allow migrants to ravel themselves instead of relying on the official justice system. Plains Indians through their lands in safety. Permit surveyors form railroad agree to in the companies to enter their lands in safety. Allow the government to 19 This occurs when a group of people takes the law into their own Fort Laramie build roads through their lands and construct army posts. Pay hands and executes someone they suspect of a crime. Treaty 1851? compensation if any individuals from their tribe broke the Treaty terms (*e.g. by attacking migrants) 20. Lawlessness None or very little law enforcement or officials to control crime.

8. What did the Protect Plains Indians from white Americans (including migrants 21. Gold prospectors People searched for gold. US government trying to settle on Plains Indian lands) agree to in the Pay the tribes an annuity (a yearly payment) of $50.000 as long as 22. Claim jumping Stealing/taking over someone else's legal claim to land. Fort Laramie the Treaty terms were kept to. Treaty 1851? 23. Annuity A payment of money – a yearly allowance.

9. What were Mass migration to California by people from all around the world. 24. Racism Discrimination against different racial groups of people. the problems of The official systems of law enforcement were stretched thin in the law enforcement west – over vast areas with only horseback as means of travel. 25. Salting a claim Scattering a few flakes of gold on a worthless claim to con in early towns Many law enforcement officials were corrupt. Mining communities someone into buying it. and settlements? agreed their own rules - Vigilance committees were set up. Racist attacks on American Indians and the Chinese. 26. Treaty An official agreement. Historical 5 a day Topic: 1.3 Conflict and tension

Plan your answer Explain two consequences of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. Scalp Treaty Sheriff Vigilante

Place these events in order on the timeline Plan your answer Explain the importance of the development of mining towns for law Fort Laramie Famine in China Gold Rush and order in the early West 8 marks Treaty

List 3 terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 1.3 Conflict and tension

Explain two consequences of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. • Closure of the Scalp Cutting off of the hair and skin as a trophy • signed the treaty and took his people to a Treaty An agreement between two sides reservation in Dakato – the Great Sioux Reservation was to be exclusive use for the Sioux nation. Sheriff An elected law officer, had to keep the • and refused to sign the treaty. peace Vigilante Ordinary citizens who punish lawbreakers

Place these events in order on the timeline Explain the importance of the development of mining towns for law and order in the early West 8 marks Gold Rush Fort Laramie Famine in Mining Towns: 1849 Treaty China • Mass influx of gold prospectors. • Shanty towns quickly sprung up – mostly white single males – 1851 1852 most had guns. • Violent places – drinking, gambling, prostitution. • New crimes of claim jumping. • Vigilante practice – law and order was needed in these new towns. List 3 terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty 1. PI would end fighting 2. PI would allow settlers to migrate 3.Pay $50,000 and protect PI American West Knowledge Organiser 2.1 Development of the Settlement in the West 1862-1876 Key Words 1 Before the 1860s, the California god Rush had been the main factor bringing large 10. Civil War A war within a country between two sides. numbers of migrants to the West. Many travelled by sea, but two-thirds crossed the 11. Homesteader A person who claims a plot of land on the Plains, settles and USA along he Oregon Trail. After the Civil War, new factors contributed to a new farmers it. wave of settlement in the West as people moved to start a new life as independent farmers on the Plains. 12. Squatting Settling land without any legal right to do this. Key Events 13. Union Pacific Railroad company heading from the East to the West

2 1861-165 civil War 14. Central Pacific Railroad company heading from the West to the East. 3 1862 Act Homestead Act – government allocates plots of land 15. Brothels Places where women sold their bodies to men for sex. 4 1862 Act – The Pacific Railroad Act 1862 16. Turkey Red A tough wheat that grew well on the Plains. 5 1869 –10th May Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad 17. Sod House Homesteaders house built out of sods of earth. 6 1873 Act The Timber Culture Act 18. Wind pump Wind pumps used a tribune to drawn up water from deep underground.

19 Wil Bill Hickok Corrupt Marshal of Abilene – town sacked him Key Questions 20. Cow Town A town where are herded to, sold and transported by Explain the The Homstead Act 1862 was an act passed by the US government to railroad. Homestead Act encourage white Americans to settle on the Plains. Anyone above 21. Invented in 1874 to fence off land. 1862. the age of 21 could register a claim to a homestead plot – a 160 acre plot of land to farm. After five years, and having placed crops 22. Abilene The first cow town. on half the land, you could buy the land for $30. 23. The Reno Gang Four brothers who deserted the US army during the civil war – responsible for the first . Why was the In certain areas, where rainfall was higher then in the West, 160 Timber and acres of land was not sufficient or successful for farming. Culture Act 1873 The Timber Culture Act allowed a homesteader to claim a further 24. The Pinkertons Pinderton’s National Detective Agency – private law enforcement passed. 160 acres if she or he promised to plant trees on a quarter of it. agency. 25. Deserters Soldiers who run away form the army. Deserting was a criminal offence.

Explain the The railroad was important for a vast amount of reasons, firstly it 26. Saloon Places where alcohol was sold and consumed. Often had gambling tables. importance of connected the East with the West. The journey now only took 6 the days rather than 6 months. The railroad made life easier for 27. Buffalo Chips Buffalo dung used by homesteaders for fuel Transcontinental homesteaders , it brought new technology and materials to them. Railroad to the It was easier to travel to the Plains so isolation became less of a 28. Hell on Wheels The name given to towns that sprung up on railroad routes. settlement of the problem. Trains could carry law enforcement officers to towns 29. Homestead 160 acre plot of land West more quickly. . Railroad encouraged the cattle industry and the growth of Cow Towns. Negative impacts were on the lives of the 30. Filing a claim Registering to claim a homestead plot. Plains Indians, railroads crossed their land. Buffalo were killed. Historical 5 a day Topic: 2.1 Development of settlement of the West

Plan your answer Write a narrative account analysing the development of the railroads Homestead in the years 1860-75 Joseph Glidden • The Railroad Act 1862 • The use of Chinese labour Daniel Halladay Reno gang

Place these events in order on the timeline Plan your answer Pacific American Civil Homestead Explain two consequences of the 8 marks Railroad Act War Act

List 3 features of the Homestead Act 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 2.1 Development of settlement of the West

Write a narrative account analysing the development of the railroads in the years 1860-75 8 marks A house and land given to settlers to farm Homestead • The Railroad Act 1862 – government Act to connect the East Joseph Glidden Inventor of barbed wire with the West – Transcontinental Railroad – two companies; Union Pacific and Central Pacific – massive federal support $61 Daniel Halladay Inventor of windmill million in loans. Companies gained land on the side of the track some 45 million acres to sell. Reno gang Civil war deserters, train robbers • The use of Chinese labour – huge use of Chinese labour to build the railroad from California through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. You must also use information of your own. Place these events in Development of railroad impact on: order on the timeline Life for homesteaders, cattle industry and law and order – all positive. First electronic telegraph was set up along side the track. American Civil Homestead Pacific Negative impact on Plains Indians way of life – crossed hunting grounds. War Act Railroad Act Explain two consequences of the American Civil War 8 marks 1861 - 65 1862 1862 600,000 Americans died in the war Southern states withdrew from Congress allowing the Homestead Act to be passed Texan cattlemen returned to find bigger herds Slavery was abolished leading to black Americans settling in the List 3 features of the Homestead Act West Railroads linked agriculture in the West to industrial cities in the 1. 160 acres of land given North and East 2. Cost $10 to file a claim 3. After 5 years of farming could be bought for $30 American West Knowledge Organiser 2.2 Ranching and the cattle industry Key Words 10. Long Drives Herding cattle (or other animals) over long distances. 1 In the 1870s, the West was developing due to the impact of settlers spreading westwards along eh railroad tracks to states and territories west of the Missouri 11. Cattle trails Routes used for driving cattle: these needed to have easy access River,. The growth of the cattle industry also impacted on the development of the to both grass and water. West: spreading up from the South, from Texas. 12. Quarantine Keeping an animal that might be diseased away from other animals to stop the spread of disease. Key Events 13. Meat packing Slaughtering, processing and packing of meat for distribution 2 1861-65 The American Civil War. around the country. 3 1855 Quarantine law in Missouri blocks Texas cattle. 14. A large farm for breeding and keeping cattle, rather than for crops. 4 1861 John Illiff buys a herd of cattle and begins ranching in Colorado Territory 15. A large area of unfenced public land over which livestock roamed 5 1866 Goodnight and Loving drive cattle from Texas to freely. 6 1867 Joseph McCoy establishes the first ‘cow town’, Abilene in Kansas. 16. Rustling Stealing livestock (especially cattle) 17. Homesteaders People who farmed a private plot of land they had claimed/filed Key Questions for.

7. Explain the After the Civil War ended in 1865, beef was in great demand in the 18. Ranchers People who worked on and used the open range (public significance of big industrial cities of the North. The Longhorns (a breed of cattle) land) at their will. the Civil War on in Texas had been left unmanaged because men had gone off to 19 Rivalry Conflict and disagreement between different groups of people. the development war. The number of longhorns had increased enormously during of the cattle this time and men returned to find their cattle had multiplied and 20. Cattle Barons Rich cattle investors who’s wealth and influence dominated the industry. were half-wild. cattle industry. 8. Explain the Abilene, the first cow-town was situated at a railhead, which was 21. Joesph McCoy Founder of Abilene - the first ‘cow town’ significance of a perfect set-up for buyers and sellers to meet. Cattle were held in Joseph McCoy large pens and this prevented cattle rustling. 22. Charles Goodnight Established the ‘Goodnight - Loving Trail’ in 1866 – drove cattle and Oliver Loving from their ranch in Texas to new population centers and and Abilene. Cattle could be loaded onto railroad trucks at the railhead at reservations in the west to sell. Abilene and shipped from there to Chicago and the Eastern states. 23. John Iliff Founder of ranching in Colorado – sold beef to mining towns, reservations and railroad workers. Became ’s first millionaire. 9. Explain the Cowboys on trails: work was seasonal, spring round-up, branding changing role of to long drives (driving cattle hundreds of miles – took several 24. Cowboys Men who drove cattle on the long drives to ‘cow towns’. cowboys from months). Slept in the open, carried guns. Dangers included cowboys on trails stampeding cattle, wild animals, crossing rivers, rustlers, extreme 25. Texas Fever A longhorn Texas cattle disease that killed domestic farm cows. to cowboys on weather and hostile Indians. In their free time they would drink, 26. Round-up Rounding up cattle in the Spring on the open range. ranches. gamble and visit brothels. Cowboys on ranches: worked all year round, but fewer cowboys 27. Branding Burning a symbol on to the cattle to show ownership. were needed. Rounding-up, branding, travelling smaller distances 28. Walking the line Fixing the fences along the boundaries of a ranch to sell cattle, repairing ranch boundaries/fences (walking the line). Slept in bunkhouses, drinking, gambling and guns were banned on 29. Saloon A bar where alcohol was consumed and gambling took place. ranches. A more tame lifestyle. 30. Brothel A place where men could pay prostitutes for sex. Historical 5 a day Topic: 2.2 Ranching and the cattle industry

Plan your answer Explain the importance of cattle trails for the development of the Long drive cattle industry in the 1860s. 8 Marks Ranch John Iliff Charles Goodnight

Place these events in order on the timeline Plan your answer McCoy The ‘beef American Civil Write a narrative account analysing the key stages in the growth of establishes bonanza’ War – cattle cattle ranching in the years 1861-72. - Joseph McCoy and Abilene the first cow numbers - Cattle barons 8 marks town boom

List 3 features that helped the cattle industry to grow 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 2.2 Ranching and the cattle industry

Explain the importance of cattle trails for the development of the Long drive Herding cattle over long distance cattle industry in the 1860s. Cattle Trails: Ranch Large farm for keeping cattle Goodnight and Loving trail – great impact through suppling cattle to John Iliff Built a ranch on the Plains reservations and army forts. Joseph McCoy set up a cow-town at the end of cattle trail (Chisholm Charles Goodnight Created a trail direct to mining Trail) need a railhead - so buyers and sellers could meet in one place towns – safe and easier.

Write a narrative account analysing the key stages in the growth of cattle ranching in the years 1861-72). Place these events in You may use the following in you answer: order on the timeline • Joseph McCoy and Abilene Cow-town Abilene – buyers and sellers in one place made trade much easier. Transported cattle to American Civil McCoy The ‘beef the cities in the north and the east. Prevented cattle rustling and War – cattle establishes the bonanza’ Indian attacks. numbers first cow town 1870s • Cattle barons – Rich, wealthy investors of cattle ranches. 1867 Bought huge areas of land for ranching - Stock Growers boom 1861-65 Association. Involved in local politics. You must also use information of your own. • John Illif: Set up cattle ranches – near Denver, Motanta – sold beef to mining towns. Experimented with cattle to make good beef. He became Denver’s first millionaire. List 3 features that helped the cattle industry to grow 1. Joseph McCoy (Abilene) 2. Goodnight-Loving Trail 3. John Iliff American West Knowledge Organiser 2.3 Changes to Plains Indians way of life. Key Words/Events 1 AS more white Americans moved onto the Plains the government continued its 10. Reservations An area designated for Indian use. policy of moving Plains Indians onto reservations. In return the US government guaranteed that the Plains Indians would ; not lose any more land, be protected 11. Total war War in which everyone is involved – civilians as well as from attack by whites, be given yearly payment (in money but also in food, livestock, combatants clothing and farming equipment). 12. Ely Parker American Indian and the commissioner of Indian Affairs.

Key Events 13. Little Crow Chief of a band of Dakota Sioux from Minnesota.

2 1862 – Little Crow’s War 14. Little Crow’s War Little Crow’s tribe took provisions that was been held from them 1862 – burnt down the agency – attacked the settlers’ towns and army 3 1864 – forts – 600 settlers and US soldiers were slaughtered.

4 1866-68 Red Cloud’s war and Fetterman’s Trap 15. Chief of a tribe.

5 1868 – Second Fort Laramie Treaty 16. Sand Creek Black Kettle’s tribe set up camp at Sand Creek to reach an Massacre 1864 agreement with US officials after 3 years of attacks and raids. US 6 1868 – President Grant’s ‘Peace Policy’ government assigned Colonel Chivington to the job – he and 700 cavalry massacred 130 tribe members at Sand Creek even tho Key Questions they were waving a white flag.

7. What were the Showed no understanding of Plains Indian cultural values. 17. Dog Soldier Young warriors, in brotherhoods who rejected treaties. problems with Reservations were a long way from the tribe’s sacred places. reservations that Enemy tribes were sometimes placed on the same reservation. 18. Red Cloud Red Cloud war chief and warrior of the Lakota Sioux. had a negative Reservations often had very poor farming land – crops failed. 19 Bozeman Trail Crossed important Lakota Sioux hunting grounds – was used as a impact on Plains Agents that ran the reservations were often corrupt and cheated short cut by gold prospectors when gold was discovered in Indians? the tribes in order to make themselves wealthy. . Broke the Fort Laramie Treaty 1851 by crossing Indian territory. 8. Explain the To calm tensions by improving the management of the reservation basis of system. 20. Red Cloud’s War Gold prospectors using the Bozeman Trail which crossed Plains President Grant’s To replace corrupt reservations agents with religious men 1866 - 88 Indian territory caused conflict. Sioux leaders joined forces with ‘Peace Policy’ of (Quakers – know for fairness, justice and peacefulness). Red Cloud around 3,000 Indians fought 700 US troops. 1868 Appointed American Indian, Ely Parker, as the Commissioner of 21. Fetterman’s Trap Part of Red Cloud’s war. Men were sent out to cut wood for a Indian Affairs. 1866 new fort under the protection of Captain William Fetterman and A budget of $2 million to ensure Indians on reservations were a group of 80 cavalrymen. Sioux Indians used a well known tactic properly cared for. and led Fetterman and his troops into an ambush – all were killed.

9. Explain the Red Cloud was joined by other important Lakota Sioux leaders; 22. Scout An Indian or a soldier sent ahead of the main party to find out significance of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. And was able to been bring Cheyenne the lie of the land. Red Cloud’s War and bands together. Defended Indian territory and 23. Second Fort Laramie US government agreed to close the Bozeman Trail. In return Red 1866 – 68. surrounded Fort Phil Kearny on the Bozeman Trail. Agreements Treaty 1868 Cloud agreed to take his people to a reservation in Dakota. The were finally made. Led to the Second Fort Laramie Treaty and the Treaty recognized that this Great Sioux reservation was to be for closure of the Bozeman Trail. the exclusive use of the Sioux nation. Historical 5 a day Topic: 2.3 Changes in the way of life of the Plains Indians

Plan your answer Explain two consequences of reservations on the Plains Indians way of President Grant life. Prospector Reservation Fort Laramie Treaty 1851

Place these events in order on the timeline Plan your answer Explain the importance of the railroads for changes in the way of life Sandcreek Red Clouds Little Crows of the Plains Indians 8 marks massacre war war

List the outcomes of each of the above conflicts 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 2.3 Changes in the way of life of the Plains Indians

Explain two consequences of reservations on the Plains Indians way of President Grant 1868 Peace policy life. Showed no understanding of Plains Indian cultural values. Prospector Dug for gold Reservations were a long way from the tribe’s sacred places. Enemy tribes were sometimes placed on the same reservation. Reservation Area of land ‘reserved’ for PIs Reservations often had very poor farming land – crops failed. Fort Laramie Treaty 1851 Agreement between PIs & Agents that ran the reservations were often corrupt and cheated the govt tribes in order to make themselves wealthy.

Explain the importance of the railroads for changes in the way of life Place these events in of the Plains Indians 8 marks order on the timeline Railroads and Plains Indians: Negative impacts – cut through Indian territory and hunting Little Crows Sandcreek Red Clouds grounds. Disrupted the buffalo. massacre Brought new settlers – homesteaders onto the Plains. war war Excursions for whites to travel and shoot as many buffalo as 1862 1864 1868 possible, a new sport.

List the outcomes of each of the above conflicts 1. 38 executed, moved to reservation 2. 130 massacred, Black Kettle escaped, govt didn’t keep to payout promise 3. 2nd Fort Laramie Treaty, Bozeman trail closed, Sitting Bull refused to sign American West Knowledge Organiser 3.1; Changes in farming and the cattle industry and settlement Key Words 1 Farming on the plains had made great progress due to technological developments and improvements in farming methods. This gave a big ‘push’ to settlement, which 10. Dry Farming Dry farming prepared the soil so that it trapped rainwater under the surface. Developed by Hardy Wester Campbell. put more pressure on the government to release more reservation land for white Americans to homestead. The cattle industry enjoyed its ‘beef bonanza’ during the 11. Wind Pumps Drew water up from underground, powered by the wind and 1870s and early 1880s, with huge profits being made by the cattle barons of the rotated so it was able to move with the direction of the wind. open range. 12. Barbed wire Wire fencing was first introduced in 1874 by Joseph Glidden. This Key Events enabled homesteaders to fence of land to protect their crops and cattle.

2 1873 The Timber Culture Act 13. Red Turkey Wheat A strong Russian crop that also grew in tough climates – grew well in Kansas. 3 1879 The Exoduster Movement 14. Overstocked The situation when too many livestock animals are relying on the 4 1886-87 Disastrous winter called the ‘The Great Die Up’. same area of pasture: the grass gets eaten up. The soil may start to erode and animals can weaken as a result of hunger. 5 1887 The Dawes Act 15. Sharecropping When a landowner allows a tenant to use some of their land in 6 1893 – The Oklahoma Land Rush return for a share of the crops they grow.

Key Questions 16. Benjamin Singleton Former slave who, in 1879, pioneered the move of hundreds of black freed slaves to Kansas from the Southern states. 7. Give three A fall in demand; in the eastern states, beef was so plentiful that reasons for the shops had to lover their prices in to sell it. This meant that the 17. Refrigerated railroad 1875 refrigerated railroad cars developed – Sponsored by John end of the open prices paid for cattle fell. cars Illif, ranched beef now exported to distant markets. range. Soil erosion and loss of pasture; Too many cattle grazing on the 18. Manifest Destiny The belief that white Americans should occupy and settle the open range damaged land. whole of America. It was God’s will to spread Christianity across The ‘Great Die up’; winter of 1886-87 was harsh – cattle already the whole of America. weakened by overstocking could not reach grass – hundreds perished. Small ranches became the model for the cattle industry 19 The ‘Great Die Up’ An extremely harsh winter of 1886-87 causes ‘The Great Die-Up’ in the cattle industry – hundreds of cattle perished. 8. Explain the After the civil war four million slaves were freed across the USA. 20. ‘riding the line’ Cowboys working solely after cattle on ranches. Worked Exoduster Many white people in the Southern States could not accept that repairing the fences along the boundaries of the ranch. Movement 1879 black Americans should be free. In 1879 a former slave called Benjamin Singleton pioneered a mass migration of hundreds of 21. The Dawes Act 1887 In 1887, the Dawes Act meant that instead of the tribe owning all black Americans to Kansas, after having et up a settlement their in its land, individual Plains Indian families each received 160 acres. 1873. All the land that was left over after this was put up for general sale for white Americans. 9. Explain the Land that was left over from the Dawes Act was opened up for 22. Open Range Large area of public open land that was used by ranches for Oklahoma Land white Americans to claim. The land was divided up by the their cattle to roam freely and graze on. Rush 1893 surveyors into 160 acre sections and tit was announced that at 12 noon on 22 April 1889, the areas would be opened for claims. 23. Sulky Plow 1875 A strong easy to operate ride-on steel plough that made ploughing up tough weeds and prairie grass much easier. Thousands of hopeful white settlers waited on the boundary line and once a signal was given, everyone rushed to reach a section 24. Timber Culture Act 1873 Act that allowed a homesteader to claim a further 160 acres and claim it as theirs. This process was called a land rush. – the had to plant trees on a quarter of the land given. 25. Round-up The round-up of cattle on the open –range by ranchers. Historical 5 a day Topic: 3.1 Changes in farming, cattle industry and settlement

Write a narrative account analysing the ways in which settlement in the West developed in the years 1876-1895. Overstocked • Exoduster movement • Oklahoma Land Rush Sharecropping You must use information of your own. Benjamin Singleton Mechanisation

Place these events in order on the timeline Plan your answer Explain two consequences of the winter of 1886-87 for the cattle Great Die-up Oklahoma Dawes Act industry 8 marks Land Rush

List 3 reasons why the Cattle Industry changed 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 3.1 Changes in farming, cattle industry and settlement

Write a narrative account analysing the ways in which settlement in the West developed in the years 1876-1895. The Exoduster movement (1879) Southern States could not accept the idea of Overstocked Too many animals relying on the same pasture freed slaves – forced into sharecropping, working for free on large plantations in the South. Ben ‘pap’ Singleton – Exoduster Movement, encouraged black Sharecropping Landowner allows a tenant to use land in people to move, claim land and settle in Kansas. By 1879 400,000 had made return for a share the journey to Kansas, Missouri and Illinois. Benjamin Singleton Former slave – led ‘Exoduster movement’ The Oklahoma Land Rush (1893) – result of the Dawes Act – Millions of acres of unwanted Indian Territory opened up to white ~Americans. Mechanisation Machines to make farming easier You must also use information of your own. Dawes Act 1887: Indian families could claim 160 acres of land within their territory. Many Plains Indians refused – because they were not farmers – those that did take up the offer often sold the land to whites for a very little Place these events in price. order on the timeline Land that was left over after the Dawes Act was put up for general sale. Many land races formed – thousands of hopeful Americans stood on Dawes Act boundary lines ready to race to claim a plot of land. Great Die-up Oklahoma 22nd April 1889 2 million acres were available Oklahoma Land Race 1886-87 1887 Land Rush 18903 the biggest land race where 8 million acres of land were opened up. 1893 Explain two consequences of the winter of 1886-87 for the cattle industry 8 marks Thousands of cattle perished on the open range in this winter. Devastating consequences for the cattle industry. Many ranches went bankrupt due to loss of cattle – especially small ones. Saw the end of the open range – easier to take of cattle on small enclosed List 3 reasons why the Cattle Industry changed ranches . 1. A fall in demand 2.Soil erosion 3. Great Die up American West Knowledge Organiser 3.2 Conflict and Tension Key Words 1 The develop of the West frequently produced conflicts and tensions between people 10. Notorious outlaw, cattle rustling and horse stealing, he was as they struggled to make a living and settle in the West. There were conflicts over involved in the . Escaped a number of times the use of resources between ranchers and homesteaders and also conflict between from jails. Eventually tracked down and shot by . people of different races who were now living alongside each other. 11. Corral An enclosure for cattle or horses Key Events 12. Lynching The hanging of someone by a group of people who have taken the law into their own hands.

2 1876 – The Battle of Little Big Horn 13. Assimilate To become like someone else; for Plains Indians it meant 3 1886 – and the OK Corral becoming US citizens and rejecting their old culture and ways of life. 4 1890 – The death of Sitting Bull 14. The Ghost Dance A version that if Plains Indians rejected white ways of life and 5 1890 – The danced sacred dance, the Great Spirit would bring back all the dead Plains Indians to life. A great flood would follow and carry 6 1892 – The . away all the white people. 15. Ella Watson and Jim Homesteaders who were both lynched along for the suspicion of Key Questions Averill cattle rusting. This helped to spark the Johnson County War 1892.

7. Explain the This battle marks the ending of the Plains Indians way of life. The 16. Rusting The stealing of livestock, mainly cattle. significance of Plains Indians massively defeated George Custer and 200 men of the Battle of the US 7th Cavalry in the Battle of Little Bighorn, Custer and his 17. Wyatt Earp Became deputy marshal of Dodge City until 1879, then went onto Little Bighorn – men were slaughtered. The government and white Americans Tombstone, Arizona where he was hired to be deputy sheriff. 1876. were outraged, life for Plains Indians was never going to be the 18. Vigilantes A group of ordinary citizens who take the law into their own same again. Assimilate was the main aim for Plains Indians by the hands and punish criminals. US government. 19 US Marshal A police officer in charge of a district. A US marshal was a federal 8. Explain the Conflict between homesteaders and cattle barons over land and law officer appointed to an area importance of rustling. Large ranchers accused homesteaders of rustling. Jim 20. Posse A group of men called together by a sheriff or marshal to help the Johnson Averil and Ella Watson were accused of rustling and lynched by him in enforcing the law. County War ranchers. Cattle Barons from WSGA sent a group of 50 gunmen to 1892. kill 70 other suspected homesteaders. Johnson County sheriff, Red 21. Sheriff An elected law officer with the responsibility of keeping the Angus, gathered 300 men to fight off the gunmen. peace in his area and carrying out orders of a law court. 22. Stock WSGA - A large organization of cattle ranchers funded and ran by 9. Describe The After the death of Sitting Bull many of his remaining tribe went to Growers Association wealthy, powerful cattle barons who also held key positions in Wounded Knee join the band of Big Foot’s tribe in the South. Snow and government. Massacre 1890. pneumonia slowed Big Foot’s tribe down and The US Army caught 23. Commander George US army commander who led an expedition of the 7th Cavalry to up with them. They were taken to Wounded Knee Creek, where Custer force Plains Indians back onto their reservation. He and 200 of his the army began to disarm them. There was some confusion men were slaughtered by Sioux Indians. disarming a deaf Indian and shooting broke out. After ten minutes, 24. Sitting Bull Great Sioux chief 250 Indians (men, women and children) and 25 soldiers were dead. It was the end of Indian resistance. 25. Big Foot A Sioux Indian chief who Sitting Bull’s tribe joined after his death.

26. Red Angus The Sheriff of Johnson County. Historical 5 a day Topic: 3.2 Conflict and tension

Plan your answer Billy the kid Explain the importance of the Johnson County War (1892) for law and order in the West. 8 Marks Wyatt Earp Ella Watson & Jim Averill General Custer

Place these events in order on the timeline

Explain the importance of the Battle of Little Bighorn for government Johnson Gunfight at OK Battle of attitudes towards the Plains Indians 8 marks County war Corral Little Bighorn

List 3 features of the Johnson County War 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 3.2 Conflict and tension

Explain the importance of the Johnson County War (1892) for law and Billy the kid Lawbreaker order in the West. 8 Marks Johnson County War 1892 Wyatt Earp Law enforcer between Homesteaders/small ranches and big ranchers Ella Watson & Jim Averill Homesteaders killed in JCW /Cattle Barons. Wyoming Stock Growers Association – Rich powerful men – local politics and government. Fought over cattle rusting and General Custer Leader of US Army in BoLB land (open range – public land) Government and US army involvement. Saw the end of the open range system – less tension when both farms and ranches fenced off land and when ranches were based on the same property rights as homesteaders. Cattle Place these events in Barons were not allowed to get so powerful. order on the timeline Explain the importance of the Battle of Little Bighorn for government Battle of Gunfight at OK Johnson attitudes towards the Plains Indians 8 marks Little Corral County war Battle of Little Bighorn: 1881 General George Custer and 200 US 7th Cavalry – were outnumbered Bighorn 1892 by the joined tribes of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, over 1,000. 1876 Plains Indians victory – massacred Custer and his soldiers. Huge swing in public opinion, no more agreements or negotiations. Enormous pressure on government to punish Plains Indians – assimilate or exterminate. Plains Indians forced onto reservations or die, no more treaties and existing treaties would be ignored – List 3 features of the Johnson County War military control of Plains Indians and reservations 1.Tensions between ranchers and homesteaders 2.Ella and Jim killed by vigilantes 3.Fewer tensions once land was fenced American West Knowledge Organiser 3.3 The Destruction of the Plains Indians way of life Key Words

1 By 1883, the once-vast herds of buffalo (25 million or more) had gone. There were 10 Reservations Land set aside for Plains Indians, ran by the US government. opportunities for the government to stop buffalo hinting, but they chose to encourage the slaughter of buffalo instead. Plains Indians were forced onto 11. Boarding School An institution were children board to be educated. smaller reservations, boys and girls were sent to schools that were off reservations 12. Extermination To kill. to be educated in the American way. 13. Assimilate To become like something else; for Plains Indians to reject their Key Events culture and traditions and become US citizens. 2 1872 – 74 professional buffalo hunters killed around four and half million animals. 14. The Dawes Act 1887 Divides tribal lands into family and individual plots. 3 1879 – the Carlisle Indian School founded in Pennsylvania. 15. Hide Buffalo skin

4 1883 – Buffalo hunters find there are no more buffalo left to kill. 16. Economic Issues regarding money.

5 1885 – All Plains Indians are resettled onto small reservations. 17. Northern herd Buffalo that roamed on the Northern Plains.

6 1887 – The Dawes Act divides tribal lands into family and individual plots. 18. Southern herd Buffalo that roamed on the southern Plains.

Key Questions 19 Extinction The coming to an end – or dying out.

7. Describe three Plains Indians used every part of the buffalo for their survival, 20. Nomadic Moving from place to place, never to settle in one place. difference apart from the heart which they would bury. They worshipped the 21. Carlisle Indian School A school in Pennsylvania founded in 1877 to educate and between the way buffalo and believed it was a gift from Waka Tanka. The buffalo indoctrinate Plains Indians on white American culture and Plains Indians allowed them to live a nomadic lifestyle. Christianity. and whites used White Americans killed the buffalo for economic reasons, in 1871 the buffalo. a process made it easy to turn buffalo hide into the right sort of 22. Indoctrinate To instruct or teach to a biased point of view. To brainwash. leather, people rushed to kill the buffalo for money. 23. The Dawes Act 1887 Indian tribal lands and territory broke up into plots of 160 acres 8. Describe two One consequence of the extermination of the buffalo was that for Plains Indians to settle and farm. consequences of Plains Indians would not be able to live a nomadic lifestyle, they the could not survive on the Plains without the buffalo. 24. Land Rush White Americans rushing to buy the land that Plains Indians didn’t take up in the Dawes Act. extermination of Another consequence of the extermination of the buffalo seemed the buffalo for to fit in well with the US government’s policy of moving Plains 25. Waka Tanka Plains Indians God. the Plains Indians Indians onto reservations and encourage them to learn to farm. 26. Federal The USA is a union of states. Each state has its own state government and then there is Federal government: a government 9. List factors • The destruction of buffalo over all the states. that led to the • The building of railroads end of Plains • Government reservation policies 27. Missionaries Someone who travels to a place in order to convert its people to Indians way of • US Army actions their faith. life. • Cultural differences with white Americans. 28. Manifest Destiny The belief that it was God’s will for white people to take • Discovery of gold. possession of the whole of the USA. • Cattle trails and ranching • Homesteaders on the Plains. 29. Mass migration When very large numbers of people migrate 30. Tipis Plains Indians home. Historical 5 a day Topic: 3.3 The destruction of the PI way of life

Plan your answer Extermination Explain the importance of the Dawes Act of 1887 for the way of life of the Plans Indians. 8 Marks Nomadic Dawes Act Indian Frontier

Place these events in order on the timeline

The Dawes Carlisle Indian Buffalo hunters Plan your answer Act School set up find there are no Write a narrative account analysing how the way of life for the Plains more buffalo to Indians was destroyed hunt - Extermination of the buffalo - Government policy 8 marks

List 3 features of the Carlisle Indian School 1. 2. 3. Historical 5 a day Topic: 3.3 The destruction of the PI way of life

Explain the importance of the Dawes Act of 1887 for the way of life of the Plans Indians. Extermination Killing of buffalo Dawes Act 1887 • Indian families could claim 160 acres of land within their territory. Nomadic PI culture of following food by hunting • Many Plains Indians refused – because they were not farmers – Dawes Act Law giving PI land and citizenship those that did take up the offer often sold the land to whites for a very little price. Indian Frontier Boundary between Indian and settler land • Land that was left over after the Dawes Act was put up for general sale. • Led to the Oklahoma Land Race and many others. • Millions of acres of land was settled by white Americans Place these events in order on the PI = Plains Indians Write a narrative account analysing how the way of life for the Plains timeline Indians was destroyed - Extermination of the buffalo Carlisle Buffalo hunters find The Dawes - Government policy 8 marks Indian School there are no more Act Due to mass hunting of buffalo they wiped out of the northern and set up buffalo to hunt southern Plains, this made it impossible for PI to survive on the 1887 Plains and therefore they became reliant on reservations and the 1869 1883 government in order to survive. Government policies which enforced PI to stay on reservations destroyed their way of life, children were taken away to boarding schools to be education in a fashion. Reservations shrunk in size over time and were managed by corrupt government agents. List 3 features of the Carlisle Indian School In 1890 the US govt declared the Indian Frontier closed. 1. Children were educated in the American way. 2. Children were given new names and could only speak English. 3. Indian traditions and beliefs were forbidden.

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