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A Depositional Model for the Mid-Westphalian a to Late Westphalian B Coal Measures of South Wales

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A Depositional Model for the Mid-Westphalian a to Late Westphalian B Coal Measures of South Wales Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 150, 1993, pp. 1121-1136, 12 figs. Printed in Northern Ireland A depositional model for the Mid-Westphalian A to late Westphalian B Coal Measures of South Wales A. J. HARTLEY Department of Geology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, PO Box 914, Cardiff CF1 3YE, UK Present address, Production Geoscience Unit, Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, Kings College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 2UE, UK Abstract: Mid-Westphalian A to late Westphalian B sediments of the South Wales Coalfield comprise mainly lacustrine, raised mire and flood deposits developed in an upper coastal plain environment. Occasional high sinuosity, fine-grained channel systems drained the subdued topography of the Wales-Brabant Massif to the north and east of the basin. Low sinuosity channels with lithic, coarse-grained fills drained a rising source to the south. Direct marine influence was restricted to a single marine band. Facies distributions were controlled by (1) local scale (102-103 m 2) autocyclic sedimentary proc- esses, (2) regional scale (10km 2) synsedimentary fault activity and differential subsidence and 3) basin-wide scale (102 km2) response to changes in relative sea-level. Base-level changes are recorded by basin-wide bivalve horizons (up-dip or landward extension of marine bands) developed in lacustrine mudstones above basin-wide coal seams. Peat accumulation was terminated by a water table rise related to base-level rise. Following flooding, re-establishment of the clastic supply resulted in the gradual infilling of the basin-wide lake to produce coarsening-upwards cyclothems or parasequences. A eustatic origin for parasequence development is supported by the development of identical facies associations and parasequences in coeval sediments from the Pennine and Midland Valley Coalfields. Silesian sediments in South Wales are exposed in a source resulted in an influx of coarse, immature lithic structurally complex E-W trending synclinorium (Fig. 1). detritus and a change to alluvial braidplain sedimentation Over the last century the commercial exploitation of these (Pennant Measures) with no marine influence (Kelling 1974, coal-bearing sediments has resulted in the development of 1988; Jones 1989b). Alluvial sedimentation persisted until an extensive basin-wide data base (e.g. Robertson 1933; the early Stephanian (Kelling 1974; Cleal 1978; Jones 1989a, Moore & Cox 1943; Moore 1945, 1947; Blundell 1952; b; Hartley 1993) although a change from braidplain to Woodland & Evans 1964; Parry 1966; Thomas 1967, 1974; dominantly floodplain sedimentation took place in the late Archer 1968; Squirrel & Downing 1969; Barclay 1989 and Westphalian D (Hartley 1993). Throughout, the Silesian unpublished British Coal data). In recent years this has been basin depocentre was located in the Swansea area (Fig. 1) as used to help elucidate the Silesian sedimentological and marked by rapid decreases in thickness to the east and to a tectonic development of the area (e.g. Kelling 1974, 1988; lesser extent to the north and west (Woodland & Evans Jones 1989a, b, 1991; Hartley & Warr 1990; Hartley 1993). 1964; Squirrel & Downing 1969; Thomas 1974). The gross These studies have shown that Silesian sediments were changes in thickness and depositional environment have deposited in a foreland basin initiated in the early Namurian been related to synsedimentary tectonic activity associated and developed to the north of the Variscan orogen and with the northward migration of the Variscan orogen south of the cratonic Wales-Brabant Massif (Kelling 1988; (Kelling 1988; Gayer & Jones 1989; Jones 1989b; Hartley Gayer & Jones 1989; Hartley 1993; Fig. 1). Basin initiation 1993). followed an early Namurian inversion event which marked Following deposition, the coalfield was strongly de- the switch from a Dinantian extensional to a Silesian formed in the late Stephanian to early Permian Variscan compressional tectonic regime (Hartley & Warr 1990). Orogeny. The structure of the coalfield has been extensively In general, the 3.2 km thick Silesian basin-fill sequence described (e.g. Trotter 1947; Owen 1953, 1974; Owen & shallows and coarsens upwards. Namurian sediments were Weaver 1983; Gayer & Jones 1989; Jones 1989a, b; 1991; deposited in a shallow marine deltaic/wave-influenced Cole et al. 1991; Frodsham etal. 1992). Deformation took environment (for further details see Oguike 1969; George the form of a major linked thrust system in the incompetent 1970; Jones 1974; Kelling 1974; Hartley 1993). From late Lower and Middle Coal Measures with shortening locally up Namurian to early Westphalian C times lower and upper to 55% (Frodsham et al. 1992). Northward verging delta/coastal plain environments predominated with varying structures extend to the northern margin of the coalfield and amounts of marine influence (Kelling 1974; Jones 1989b). reactivated ENE-WSW Caledonoid basement structures During this period sediment was mainly derived from the (Tawe, Neath and Carreg Cennan Disturbances; Fig. lb). In north and the east and to a lesser extent from the south the south of the coalfield a major southward-verging thrust (Bluck & Kelling 1963; Kelling 1974; Jones 1989b; Hartley system developed as a passive roof duplex beneath the 1993). In early Westphalian C times uplift of a southerly Upper Coal/Pennant Measures (Jones 1989b, 1991). Thrusts 1121 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/150/6/1121/4892414/gsjgs.150.6.1121.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 1122 A.J. HARTLEY • o • .............. o.- ° ....... ° °,.,t,,,,~o , ° • , • ° • • • • " ....... • ....... • • ° °°- ° °. • o • • o. ° • • o. o- -o- -. • °..o. o .°-o •° • °-.. • °....,~,..,,,.~. ..................... • ° ° .... "'"'"" .... ~'~'~" :'"'"'"""'"'"""""""""""" c, " '" ......:./.11 .-i.iiiiiiiiii..ii!iiii.iiiiiiiii ::" :" :" : :'.'.'." :: ~.. ".a "TxX~,: "" ........ ~. .... " " : : • " • ° o ° • ° • ° • i~i~iii!i~ii~i~i~i~i~i~ii~iiiii%~iii~ii~i~ii!!:;ii~iii~i!iiiii%~:i~ii%iiii~i!!~i~.~ii!i!i!ii%~! ~: ~iii!iii!ili!!!iii: " :~!! iiii~iiii iiiiililiiiiiiiiiill iiii~iiiiiii ii i!i!i!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii!i!i iiiiiiii!iiiiii ii!iiiiii!iiiiii!iiiiiiiiiil ili~ SWANSEA • ~ ° ° " . • A • o ...........'~'~'................................................................ '~"~'Ii iii i ~,~ ~'"'~'~~i....... .... i-i. i.ili I • .° .° o • ° ° ° ..... ....... • , • o " . • . • . • . • . ° . • ° "...~ ~c.A:. :. :. :. ~ CARD,FF X ..... Pennant / Upper Coal Measures 0 Anticline . ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ., X Syncline Lower- Middle Coal Measures ~ii i i iiiiiiiiiiii . ! , Normal Fault ~.-..:..._5 Non - Westphalian / Cantabrian strata 0 Km 10 ---v-- Thrust I I (b) Midland f f J Basin o Pennine N Basin f Fig. 1. (a) Map showing currently and previously worked coalfields of Great Britain (dense stipple) together with known Silesian palaeogeographic highs (light stipple), based on Moses (1981) and S0u h l l i Guion & Fielding (1988). (b) Geological map of the South Wales Coalfield showing the main structures. The productive measures L;oaiT~elcl - .-I: --.--... ~.". l'~-& Basin ": -~ ~ ~ interval lies within the Lower and Middle Coal Measures. CCD, Carreg Cennan disturbance; TD, Tawe disturbance; PBF, Pwllau Culm Bach fault; L-DF, Llanwonno-Daren-Ddu fault System; DF, Dinas Basin fault; MGF, Moel Gilau fault; PA, Pontypridd anticline; GS, Gelligaer syncline; CCA, Cardiff-Cowbridge anticline; UA, Usk 0 100 km 1 1 I axis. (a) Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/150/6/1121/4892414/gsjgs.150.6.1121.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 SOUTH WALES COAL MEASURES 1123 are cut by, or terminate against, ubiquitous NW-SE and coalfield respectively. The productive measures contain only N-S dextral strike-slip and/or extensional cross-faults a single marine band (Amman/Vanderbeckei marine band, (Trotter 1947; Jones 1991; R.A. Gayer, pers. comm. 1992). Fig. 2) but are sandwiched between two marine Despite the large data base available for the South Wales band-bearing sequences found in late Namurian to mid Coalfield, only the general synthesis of Kelling (1974) and Westphalian A and late Westphalian B to early Westphalian the work of Jones (1989a, b) in the eastern part of the C sediments respectively (Fig. 2). coalfield have attempted to examine controls on facies distribution during sedimentation. Here, a detailed sedim- Facies analysis entological study of the stratigraphic interval containing the main productive coal seams of the South Wales Coalfield Detailed facies analysis of the productive measures interval (informally termed the productive measures) ranging from based on visits to British Coal opencast sites supplemented mid-Westphalian A to late Westphalian B (Fig. 2) is by fieldwork, published data and British Coal borehole and presented and the controls on sedimentation assessed and deep mines data has revealed the presence of eight distinct compared with other British Silesian coal-bearing basins. Of facies. particular interest and relevance to other coal-bearing sequences are the relative influences of base-level changes, (1) Mire. This facies comprises coal seams ranging from inherited basement topography and active faulting in 0.02 to 6.5 m thick (generally 0.3 to 1.2 m). Beds may merge controlling facies distributions in a delta/coastal plain upwards into carbonaceous (sometimes canneloid) mudst- environment. ones of facies 3 or downwards into rootleted sediments of facies 2. Seams vary in lateral extent; many of the thicker
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