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All One Needs to Know About Fog Computing and Related Edge Computing ☆,☆☆ Paradigms: a Complete Survey

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All One Needs to Know About Fog Computing and Related Edge Computing ☆,☆☆ Paradigms: a Complete Survey Journal of Systems Architecture 98 (2019) 289–330 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Systems Architecture journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sysarc All one needs to know about fog computing and related edge computing ☆,☆☆ paradigms: A complete survey Ashkan Yousefpour a,∗, Caleb Fung b, Tam Nguyen c, Krishna Kadiyala b, Fatemeh Jalali d, Amirreza Niakanlahiji e, Jian Kong b, Jason P. Jue b a University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA b University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA c Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA d IBM Research, Melbourne, Australia e University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords: With the Internet of Things (IoT) becoming part of our daily life and our environment, we expect rapid growth in Fog computing the number of connected devices. IoT is expected to connect billions of devices and humans to bring promising Edge computing advantages for us. With this growth, fog computing, along with its related edge computing paradigms, such as Cloud computing multi-access edge computing (MEC) and cloudlet, are seen as promising solutions for handling the large volume Internet of things (IoT) of security-critical and time-sensitive data that is being produced by the IoT. In this paper, we first provide a Cloudlet Mobile edge computing tutorial on fog computing and its related computing paradigms, including their similarities and differences. Next, Multi-access edge computing we provide a taxonomy of research topics in fog computing, and through a comprehensive survey, we summarize Mist computing and categorize the efforts on fog computing and its related computing paradigms. Finally, we provide challenges and future directions for research in fog computing. 1. Introduction as time-sensitive and location-aware applications emerge (such as pa- tient monitoring, real-time manufacturing, self-driving cars, flocks of In today’s information technology age, data is the main commodity, drones, or cognitive assistance), the distant cloud will not be able to and possessing more data typically generates more value in data-driven satisfy the ultra-low latency requirements of these applications, pro- businesses. According to the International Data Corporation (IDC), the vide location-aware services, or scale to the magnitude of the data that amount of digital data generated surpassed 1 zettabyte in 2010 [1] . Fur- these applications produce [5] . Moreover, in some applications, send- thermore, 2.5 exabytes of new data is generated each day since 2012 [2] . ing the data to the cloud may not be a feasible solution due to privacy Cisco estimates that there will be around 50 billion connected devices concerns. by 2020 [3] . These connected devices constitute the Internet of Things In order to address the issues of high-bandwidth, geographically- (IoT) and possibly generate a massive amount of data. With this astro- dispersed, ultra-low latency, and privacy-sensitive applications, there is nomical amount of data, the current mobile network architectures will a quintessential need for a computing paradigm that takes place closer to have trouble managing the momentum and magnitude of data. In cur- connected devices. Fog computing has been proposed by both industry rent implementations of cloud-based applications, most data that needs and academia [6,7] to address the above issues and to quench the need storage, analysis, and decision making is sent to the data centers in the for computing paradigm closer to connected devices. Fog computing cloud [4] . bridges the gap between the cloud and IoT devices by enabling comput- As the data velocity and volume increases, moving the big data from ing, storage, networking, and data management on the network nodes IoT devices to the cloud might not be efficient, or might be even infea- within the close vicinity of IoT devices. Therefore, computation, stor- sible in some cases due to bandwidth constraints. On the other hand, age, networking, decision making, and data management occur along ☆ A complete list of conferences, journals, and magazines that publish state-of-the-art research papers on fog computing and its related edge computing paradigms is available at https://anrlutdallas.github.io/resource/projects/fog-computing-conferences.html. We have included papers from the above list in this survey. ☆☆ The data (categories and features/objectives of the papers) of this survey are available at https://github.com/ashkan-software/fog-survey-data . ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Yousefpour). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2019.02.009 Received 6 December 2018; Accepted 7 February 2019 Available online 12 February 2019 1383-7621/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) A. Yousefpour, C. Fung and T. Nguyen et al. Journal of Systems Architecture 98 (2019) 289–330 computing can benefit from Software Defined Networking (SDN). They note the technical challenges in edge computing and propose using SDN as a solution for implementing edge computing infrastructure. The au- thors survey publications primarily on edge computing and SDN to sup- port their argument and give future directions for SDN developments. The authors in [10] compile a comprehensive survey of recent efforts in fog-enabled network architectures, and provide various network appli- cations of fog computing. The recent survey in [11] focuses on connectivity and device configu- ration aspects of the fog computing and identifies major features that fog computing platforms need to build infrastructure for smart city applica- tions. They further review existing approaches that have been proposed to tackle the challenges in fog computing for building such smart city infrastructure. Comparably, the authors of [12] focus on architecture de- sign and system management of edge computing to provide a detailed and focused survey in the edge computing field. They also characterize fog and edge computing by comparing a list of related computing con- cepts, including peer-to-peer computing, mobile grid computing, and mobile crowd computing. The authors in [13] take a closer look at fog- assisted IoT applications, discuss security and privacy challenges in fog computing, and review and analyze promising techniques to resolve se- curity and privacy issues in fog-assisted IoT applications. There are a number of surveys in the area of MEC that also discuss similar concepts to fog computing and summarize papers applicable to fog computing research. The survey in [14] introduces a survey on MEC and focuses on the fundamental key enabling technologies in MEC. The paper also analyzes the MEC reference architecture, overviews the cur- rent standardization activities, and introduces main deployment scenar- ios. Similarly, the survey in [15] provides a survey of the recent state of MEC research with a focus on joint radio and computation resource Fig. 1. The structure of the survey. management. the path between IoT devices and the cloud, as data moves to the cloud 2.1. Contribution from the IoT devices. Other similar computing paradigms to fog com- puting such as edge computing, mist computing, cloud of things, and Different from the mentioned surveys, the contribution of this paper cloudlets, have been proposed by the research community to address is three-fold: (1) We provide a detailed tutorial on fog computing, how the mentioned issues. In this survey, we compare fog computing with it is defined, and how it is related to or different from other similar com- other related computing paradigms, and argue that fog computing is a puting paradigms, such as cloud computing, cloudlets, edge computing, more general form of computing, mainly due to its comprehensive def- and MEC (2) We propose an exhaustive taxonomy of research topics inition scope and flexibility. in the area of fog computing, and present a comprehensive survey on In this article, we present a comprehensive survey on fog comput- fog computing. 1 (3) We have compiled a list of challenges and future ing, and discuss how fog computing can meet the growing demand of directions for research in fog computing. applications with strict latency, privacy, and bandwidth requirements. A comparison of the related survey papers in the area of fog computing 3. A comparison of fog computing and related computing is included in Section 2. To gain a thorough understanding of fog com- paradigms puting, in Section 3 , we will first look at cloud computing, then discuss how fog computing extends cloud computing to address the above issues This section focuses on the comparison of fog computing and re- of cloud, and finally, compare fog computing to other similar computing lated computing paradigms to demonstrate the value of fog computing paradigms. Next, in Section 4, we describe our taxonomy of research top- in a variety of use cases. Moreover, this section provides a better un- ics in fog computing. Later, in a comprehensive survey, we summarize derstanding of how these computing paradigms can benefit the current and categorize the efforts on fog computing and its related computing and future landscape of connected devices. We compare fog computing paradigms. In Section 5, we present the challenges and limitations in the with cloud computing as well as other related computing paradigms and fog computing area and provide future directions and potential starting summarize this information in Tables 2 and 3 . points for those challenges. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper. Fig. 1 shows the structure of the survey and a reading map for the reader. 3.1. Cloud computing 2. Related surveys Cloud computing has been instrumental in expanding the reach and There are are some existing related studies in the area of fog comput- capabilities of computing, storage, and networking infrastructure to ing that have attempted to provide a survey of the papers in the field of the applications.
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