DOCSLIB.ORG

Volume 2- User's Manual for the HDM-III Model

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Volume 2- User's Manual for the HDM-III Model LI(43 THE HIGHWAY DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE STANDARDS SERIES - \ ~~~~~~9951 \~~~~ g $u;0 2 Public Disclosure Authorized vL 'rxx1J' Volume 2- User'sManual for the HDM-IIIModel Public Disclosure Authorized ThawaWatnatla, Clell G. Harral, WilliaimD. 0. Paterson, Ashok M. Dhareshwar, Anil Bhandari, and Koji Tsuno Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A World Bank Publication THE HIGHWAY DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE STANDARDS SERIES The Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model Volume 2. User's Manual for the HDM-III Model Thawat Watanatada Clell G. Harral William D. 0. Paterson Ashok M. Dhareshwar Anil Bhandari Koji Tsunokawa in collaboration with Wee-Beng Aw Jonathan Rich Per E. Fossberg Theodora, Underhill Edward Holland Sujiv Vurgese Publishedfor The World Bankc The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London C 1987 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, Maryland, 21211 First printing December 1987 Second printing May 1989 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this study are the results of research supported by the World Bank, but they are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries ihey represent. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Highway design and maintenance standards model. The Highway design and maintenance standards series) Bibliography: p. Contents: v. l. Description of the HDM-III model- v. 2. User's manual for the HDM-III model. 1. Roads-Design-Mathematical models. 2. Roads- Maintenance and repair-Mathematical models. 3. Roads- Deterioration-Mathematical models. 4. Motor vehicles- Cost of operation-Mathematical models. I. Thawat Watanatada. II. World Bank. III. Series. TE175.H54 1987 625.7 87-22733 ISBN 0-8018-3591-7 (v. 1) ISBN 0-8018-3592-5 (v.2) Foreword An effective road transportation network is an important factor in economic and social development. It is also costly. Road construction and maintenance consume a large proportion of the national budget, while the costs borne by the road-using public for vehicle operation and depreciation are even greater. It is therefore vitally important that policies be pursued which, within financial and other constraints, minimize total transport costs for the individual road links and for tlhe road network as a whole. To do this meaningfully, particularly when dealing with large and diverse road networks, alternatives must be compared and the tradeoffs between them carefully assessed. This in turn requires the ability to quantify and predict performance and cost functions for the desired period of analysis. Because of the need for such quantitative functions, the World. Bank initiated a study in 1969 which later became a large-scale program of collaborative research with leading research institutions and road agencies in several countries. This Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Study (HDM) has focused both on the rigorous empirical quantification of the tradeoffs between the costs of road construction, road maintenance, and vehicle operation and on the development of planning models incorporating total life-cycle cost simulation as a basis for highways decisionmaking. This volume is one in a series that document the results of the HDM study. The other volumes are: Vehicle Operating Costs Evidence from Developing Countries Vehicle Speeds and Operating Costs Models for Road Planning and Management Road Deterioration and Maintenance Effects Models for Planning and Management The Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model Volume 1. Description of the HDM-III Model The Highway Design and Maintenance Standards model resudting from the HDM study is now in its third version, HDM-Ill. It incorporates the relationships described in the other volumes of this series as well as a road construction submodel into interacting sets of costs related to construction, maintenance, and road use. These are added together over time in discounted present values, in which costs are determined by first predicting physical quantities of resource consumption and then multiplying these by unit costs or prices. HDM-III is designed to make comparative cost estimates and economic evaluations of different construction and maintenance options, including different time-staging strategies, either for a given road project on a specific alignment or for groups of links on an entire network. The user can search for the alternative with the lowest discounted total cost and can call for rates of return, net present values, or first-year benefits. If the HDM is used in conjunction with the Expenditure Budgeting Model, the set of design and maintenance options that would minimize total discounted transport costs or maximize net present value of an entire highway system under year-to-year budget constraints can be determined. Adequate analysis of the many possible combinations of alternatives is too large a task for manual calculation. Even when analysts have had access to computers of sufficient capacity, they have been hampered by the lack of two essentials: an efficient simulation program embodying an appropriate model and procedures for using it and an adequate body of empirically established relationships among the relevant variables. The HDM-Ill model fills both of these needs. It is not only a readily usable program for handling the voluminous computations automatically, it is alsc, a repository of the most extensive and consistent set of empirical data on the subject. The information includes the qualitative structure and iii quantitative parameters of relationships among construction standards, maintenance, traffic characteris- tics, road deterioration, and vehicle operating costs. This manual defines input parameters and their ranges, input entry and formating, and error messages and default values; it also provides complete sample runs for typical cases. It describes how to classify the road network, stratify traffic levels, define maintenance options, and select discount rates and analysis periods. The manual is self-instructive, but the user will need some three to four weeks to become conversant with the model. To understand the model completely, however, one should also study the companion volume, Description of the HDM-III Model. ClellG. Harral Per E. Fossberg Principal Transport Economist Highways Adviser iv Contents HDM-III Model Request Pro Forma Chapter 1. Model Installation 1 1.1 Mainframe Implementation of HDM-III and EBM 2 1.1.1 Computer tape specifications 2 1.1.2 Existing file structure 3 1.1.3 File modification for installation 5 1.1.4 Sample overlay structure 6 1.2 MS/DOS Implementation of HDM-III 8 1.3 Xenix Implementation of HDM-III 13 1.3.1 Systemdescription 13 1.3.2 Floppydiskcontents 13 1.3.3 Running HDM-III 14 1.3.4 Creating executable programs from the source code 14 Chapter 2. Input Data Requirements and Formats 18 2.1 Series A. Existing Link Characteristics 19 2.2 Series B. Construction Options and Costs 32 2.3 Series C. Road Maintenance Standards and Unit Costs 52 2.4 Series D. Vehicle Fleet Characteristics and Unit Costs 80 2.5 Series E. Traffic Volumes and Growth Charac:teristics 103 2.6 Series F. Exogenous Benefits and Costs 107 2.7 Series G. Link-alternatives 110 2.8 Series H. Group Alternatives 117 2.9 Series I. Report Requests 120 2.10 Series J. Comparison of Alternatives 128 2.11 Series K. Run Control 133 Chapter 3. Input Error Messages 150 3.1 General Error Messages 151 3.2 Series A. Existing Link Characteristics 1523 3.3 Series B. Construction Options and Costs 154 3.4 Series C. Road Maintenance Standards and Unit Costs 156 3.5 Series D. Vehicle Fleet Characteristics and Unit Costs 158 3.6 Series E. Traffic Volumes and Growth Characteristics 159 3.7 Series F. Exogenous Benefits and Costs 160 3.8 Series G. Link-alternatives 161 3.9 Series H. Group-Alternatives 165 3.10 Series I. Report Requests 166 3.11 Series J. Comparison of Alternatives 167 3.12 SeriesK.RunControlInformation 169 3.13 Simulation Phase Errors 169 Chapter 4. Sample Run: Inputs 170 4.1 Series A. Existing Link Characteristics 172 4.2 Series B. Construction Options and Costs 182 v 4.3 Series C. Road Maintenance Standards and Unit Costs 193 4.4 Series D. Vehicle Fleet Characteristics and Unit Costs 205 4.5 Series E. Traffic Volumes and Growth Characteristics 213 4.6 Series F. Exogenous Benefits and Costs 217 4.7 Series G. Link-alternatives 220 4.8 Series H. Group-Alternatives 225 4.9 SeriesI. ReportRequests 228 4.10 Series J. Comparison of Alternatives 234 4.11 Series K. Run Control 238 Chapter 5. Sample Run: Outputs 244 5.1 Printout of Input Card Images 244 5.2 Diagnostics 244 5.3 Tabulation of Input Data 245 5.4 SeriesIReports 289 5.5 Economic Evaluation Reports 317 Chapter 6. Expenditure Budgeting Model 337 6.1 DataandCommands 338 6.2 General Format of Input Data 346 6.3 Some Practical Suggestions 347 Appendix 6A. Description of the EBM Commands 350 Appendix 6B. EBM Sample Sessions 355 Appendix 6C. EBM Error Messages 382 Appendix 6D. Suggested Names for Project-Alternatives 389 Appendix 6E. Structure of the HDM-III Output File for the EBM 390 Errata 393 vi Acknowledgments This book is the result of a collaborative effort between many individuals and organizations, who have contributed directly or indirectly to the various phases of development of the model, and to the writing of the book. First of all, thanks are due to those who established the first rnodel for rigorous analysisto optimize road policies, and to minimize total transport cost: F. Moavenzadeh and B.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PI Classification Schedule GLRG.Xlsx
    Great Lakes Regional Games Classification Schedule for Athletes with a Physical Impairment Version 1.6 Athletes - Must present to the Classification Centre 15 minutes before the allocated time on the classification schedule. Must bring a passport or some other official form of identification to classification. Will be required to read and sign a classification release form prior to presenting to the classification panel. May be accompanied by one athlete representative and/or an interpreter. Must be appropriately dressed in their sport clothes including shorts under tracksuits and sport shoes. Must bring their track chairs, strapping etc that they will be using in competition, to the classification session. Must ensure their throwing frames are at the stadium for technical assessments if necessary. Classification Day 1 Date: 9 June 2016 Time Panel SDMS NPC Family Name First Name Gender Class In Status In CLASS OUT STATUS OUT 9:00 1 31066 USA Williams Taleah Female T46 New T47 Confirmed 2 31008 USA Croft Philip Male T54 Review T54 CRS 9:45 1 15912 USA Rigo Isaiah Male T53 Review T53 CRS 2 31016 USA Nelson Brian Male F37 New F37 Confirmed 10:30 1 31218 USA Beaudoin Margaret Female T37 New T37/F37 CNS 2 30821 USA Evans Frederick Male T34 Review F34 CRS 11:15 1 11241 USA Weber Amberlynn Female T53 Review T53 CRS 2 31330 USA Langi Siale Male F43 New F43 Confirmed 11:45 1 31098 USA Johnson Shayna Female T44 New T44 Confirmed 2 27200 USA Frederick Emily Female F40 New F40 Confirmed 12:15 1 Technical Assessments 2 13:00 Lunch 14:00 1 20880 USA
    [Show full text]
  • Para Athletics Classification Are You, Or Do You Know Someone Who May Be, Interested in Para Athletics?
    PARA ATHLETICS CLASSIFICATION ARE YOU, OR DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE WHO MAY BE, INTERESTED IN PARA ATHLETICS? Classification determines who is eligible to compete in a Para sport and then groups the eligible athletes into sport classes according to their activity limitation in a certain sport or event. Athletes are classified as “T” (Track and Jump) or “F” (Field) based on which event they are competing in, followed by a number that represents impairment type and level of impairment. For example, T12. First Letter Represents: First Number Represents: Second Number Represents: T/F TRACK OR FIELD 1-6 IMPAIRMENT TYPE 1-8 DESCRIPTION OF IMPAIRMENT Typically T identifies a track 1 = Visual Impairment The number 1 through 8 specifies event and F for a field event. 2 = Intellectual Impairment the description of the impairment as There are certain exceptions 3 = Co-ordination Impairment per the classification rules (i.e. Long Jump is a T event) 4 = Upper Limb Deficiencies; Lower Limb Deficiencies without the use of prosthetic; short stature 5 = Impaired muscle power or range of movement 6 = Limb deficiencies with the use of prosthetic PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT SHORT STATURE F40 F41 IMPAIRED MUSCLE POWER AND/OR PASSIVE RANGE OF MOVEMENT T/F51 T/F52 T/F53 T/F54 F55 F56 F57 Athletes who compete seated LIMB DEFICIENCY T/F42 T/F43 T/F44 T/F62 T/F63 T/F64 T/F45 T/F46 T/47 Lower limb deficiency without Lower limb deficiency with Upper limb deficiency the use of a prosthetic the use of a prosthetic with or without the use of a prosthetic ATHLETES WITH ATHETOSIS, ATAXIA AND/OR
    [Show full text]
  • VMAA-Performance-Sta
    Revised June 18, 2019 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Veteran Monthly Assistance Allowance for Disabled Veterans Training in Paralympic and Olympic Sports Program (VMAA) In partnership with the United States Olympic Committee and other Olympic and Paralympic entities within the United States, VA supports eligible service and non-service-connected military Veterans in their efforts to represent the USA at the Paralympic Games, Olympic Games and other international sport competitions. The VA Office of National Veterans Sports Programs & Special Events provides a monthly assistance allowance for disabled Veterans training in Paralympic sports, as well as certain disabled Veterans selected for or competing with the national Olympic Team, as authorized by 38 U.S.C. 322(d) and Section 703 of the Veterans’ Benefits Improvement Act of 2008. Through the program, VA will pay a monthly allowance to a Veteran with either a service-connected or non-service-connected disability if the Veteran meets the minimum military standards or higher (i.e. Emerging Athlete or National Team) in his or her respective Paralympic sport at a recognized competition. In addition to making the VMAA standard, an athlete must also be nationally or internationally classified by his or her respective Paralympic sport federation as eligible for Paralympic competition. VA will also pay a monthly allowance to a Veteran with a service-connected disability rated 30 percent or greater by VA who is selected for a national Olympic Team for any month in which the Veteran is competing in any event sanctioned by the National Governing Bodies of the Olympic Sport in the United State, in accordance with P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Athletics Classification Rules and Regulations 2
    IPC ATHLETICS International Paralympic Committee Athletics Classifi cation Rules and Regulations January 2016 O cial IPC Athletics Partner www.paralympic.org/athleticswww.ipc-athletics.org @IPCAthletics ParalympicSport.TV /IPCAthletics Recognition Page IPC Athletics.indd 1 11/12/2013 10:12:43 Purpose and Organisation of these Rules ................................................................................. 4 Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 4 Organisation ........................................................................................................................ 4 1 Article One - Scope and Application .................................................................................. 6 International Classification ................................................................................................... 6 Interpretation, Commencement and Amendment ................................................................. 6 2 Article Two – Classification Personnel .............................................................................. 8 Classification Personnel ....................................................................................................... 8 Classifier Competencies, Qualifications and Responsibilities ................................................ 9 3 Article Three - Classification Panels ................................................................................ 11 4 Article Four
    [Show full text]
  • The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Diagnostic Criteria for Research
    The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Diagnostic criteria for research World Health Organization Geneva The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations with primary responsibility for international health matters and public health. Through this organization, which was created in 1948, the health professions of some 180 countries exchange their knowledge and experience with the aim of making possible the attainment by all citizens of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life. By means of direct technical cooperation with its Member States, and by stimulating such cooperation among them, WHO promotes the development of comprehensive health services, the prevention and control of diseases, the improvement of environmental conditions, the development of human resources for health, the coordination and development of biomedical and health services research, and the planning and implementation of health programmes. These broad fields of endeavour encompass a wide variety of activities, such as developing systems of primary health care that reach the whole population of Member countries; promoting the health of mothers and children; combating malnutrition; controlling malaria and other communicable diseases including tuberculosis and leprosy; coordinating the global strategy for the prevention and control of AIDS; having achieved the eradication of smallpox, promoting mass immunization against a number of other
    [Show full text]
  • Ipc Athletics Classification Rules and Regulations
    IPC ATHLETICS IPC Athletics Classification Rules and Regulations September 2011 IPC ATHLETICS CLASSIFICATION RULES AND REGULATIONS The IPC Athletics Classification Rules and Regulations are integral part of the IPC Athletics Rules and Regulations, available at http://ipc- athletics.paralympic.org/. Changes to these Rules and Regulations Please note that these Rules and Regulations may be changed at any time as considered necessary by IPC Athletics. Changes, except otherwise mentioned, will be effective immediately upon release of the revised versions with proper notice of change. Table of Contents IPC Athletics Classification Rules and Regulations 1. Introduction to Classification .............................................................. 3 1.1 Governance...................................................................................... 3 1.2 Purpose of Classification Regulations ............................................... 3 1.3 Structure of Classification Regulations ............................................. 3 1.4 IPC Classification Code .................................................................... 4 1.5 Definitions ........................................................................................ 4 2. Classifiers .......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Classification Personnel .................................................................... 5 2.2 Classifiers – Levels and Duties.......................................................... 6 3. Classification
    [Show full text]
  • (VA) Veteran Monthly Assistance Allowance for Disabled Veterans
    Revised May 23, 2019 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Veteran Monthly Assistance Allowance for Disabled Veterans Training in Paralympic and Olympic Sports Program (VMAA) In partnership with the United States Olympic Committee and other Olympic and Paralympic entities within the United States, VA supports eligible service and non-service-connected military Veterans in their efforts to represent the USA at the Paralympic Games, Olympic Games and other international sport competitions. The VA Office of National Veterans Sports Programs & Special Events provides a monthly assistance allowance for disabled Veterans training in Paralympic sports, as well as certain disabled Veterans selected for or competing with the national Olympic Team, as authorized by 38 U.S.C. 322(d) and Section 703 of the Veterans’ Benefits Improvement Act of 2008. Through the program, VA will pay a monthly allowance to a Veteran with either a service-connected or non-service-connected disability if the Veteran meets the minimum military standards or higher (i.e. Emerging Athlete or National Team) in his or her respective Paralympic sport at a recognized competition. In addition to making the VMAA standard, an athlete must also be nationally or internationally classified by his or her respective Paralympic sport federation as eligible for Paralympic competition. VA will also pay a monthly allowance to a Veteran with a service-connected disability rated 30 percent or greater by VA who is selected for a national Olympic Team for any month in which the Veteran is competing in any event sanctioned by the National Governing Bodies of the Olympic Sport in the United State, in accordance with P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Seated Throws
    Information, Equipment and Funding: Seated Throws Seated Throws Seated, or secured, throwing takes place in a throws circle. The events cover shot, javelin, discus and club and are available to those athletes that are unable to stand and/or have balance and stability problems that make throwing from an ambulant position difficult. Athletes in the seated throwing events throw from either their day chairs, or from custom made throwing frames, which are secured to the ground by straps. Classification & Eligibility The impairments and classifications associated with seated throwing events are: u Athletes with cerebral palsy (or similar) - F31, F32, F33, F34 u Athletes with spinal injury - F51, F52, F53, F54, F55, F56 u Athletes with lower limb loss (or similar) - F57 Classification is coordinated nationally by British Athletics. A classification is required to enter all Parallel Success competitions and for results to be recognised on the UK Rankings (www.thepowerof10.info). u For ‘An Introduction to Classification’ video and downloadable factsheet visit: http://ucoach.com/video/an-introduction-to-classification-in-athletics u For more information and changes to eligibility rules see IPC Athletics: www.paralympic.org/Athletics/RulesandRegulations/Classification page 1 Throwing Frames Throwing frames are individually designed assistive devices which are scaffold-like chairs made of metal bars and plates welded together. The main purpose of the throwing frame is to assist in weight bearing. Consequently, it contributes to the performance of an athlete by enabling the optimum throwing action (range of Seated Throws movement, velocity of body segments, final body position at release etc).* A variety of different classes are eligible to compete in seated throws, consequently, there is a range of frames within and between the different classes of athletes.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in the Olympic and Paralympic Games
    WOMEN IN THE OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES An Analysis of Participation and Leadership Opportunities April 2013 RESEARCH REPORT SHARP Center for Women & Girls Sport | Health | Activity | Research | Policy Foreword and Acknowledgments This study is the fourth report in the series that follows the progress of women in the Olympic and Paralympic movement. The first three reports were published by the Women’s Sports Foundation. This report is published by SHARP, the Sport, Health and Activity Research and Policy Center for Women and Girls. The report provides the most accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date examination of the participation trends among female Olympic and Paralympic athletes and the hiring and governance trends of Olympic and Paralympic governing bodies with respect to the number of women who hold leadership positions in these organizations. It is intended to provide governing bodies, athletes and policymakers at the national and international level with new and accurate information with an eye toward making the Olympic and Paralympic movement equitable for all. SHARP, the Sport, Health and Activity Research and Policy Center for Women and Girls, was established in 2010 as a new partnership between the Women’s Sports Foundation and University of Michigan’s School of Kinesiology and Institute for Research on Women & Gender. SHARP’s mission is to lead evidence-based research that enhances the scope, experience and sustainability of participation in sport, play and movement for women and girls. Leveraging the research leadership of the University of Michigan with the policy and programming expertise of the Women’s Sports Foundation, findings from SHARP research will better inform public engagement, advocacy and implementation to enable more women and girls to be active, healthy and successful.
    [Show full text]
  • The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders
    The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines World Health Organization -1- Preface In the early 1960s, the Mental Health Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) became actively engaged in a programme aiming to improve the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. At that time, WHO convened a series of meetings to review knowledge, actively involving representatives of different disciplines, various schools of thought in psychiatry, and all parts of the world in the programme. It stimulated and conducted research on criteria for classification and for reliability of diagnosis, and produced and promulgated procedures for joint rating of videotaped interviews and other useful research methods. Numerous proposals to improve the classification of mental disorders resulted from the extensive consultation process, and these were used in drafting the Eighth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-8). A glossary defining each category of mental disorder in ICD-8 was also developed. The programme activities also resulted in the establishment of a network of individuals and centres who continued to work on issues related to the improvement of psychiatric classification (1, 2). The 1970s saw further growth of interest in improving psychiatric classification worldwide. Expansion of international contacts, the undertaking of several international collaborative studies, and the availability of new treatments all contributed to this trend. Several national psychiatric bodies encouraged the development of specific criteria for classification in order to improve diagnostic reliability. In particular, the American Psychiatric Association developed and promulgated its Third Revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which incorporated operational criteria into its classification system.
    [Show full text]
  • Doping Control Guide for Testing Athletes in Para Sport
    DOPING CONTROL GUIDE FOR TESTING ATHLETES IN PARA SPORT JULY 2021 INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE 2 1 INTRODUCTION This guide is intended for athletes, anti-doping organisations and sample collection personnel who are responsible for managing the sample collection process – and other organisations or individuals who have an interest in doping control in Para sport. It provides advice on how to prepare for and manage the sample collection process when testing athletes who compete in Para sport. It also provides information about the Para sport classification system (including the types of impairments) and the types of modifications that may be required to complete the sample collection process. Appendix 1 details the classification system for those sports that are included in the Paralympic programme – and the applicable disciplines that apply within the doping control setting. The International Paralympic Committee’s (IPC’s) doping control guidelines outlined, align with Annex A Modifications for Athletes with Impairments of the World Anti-Doping Agency’s International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI). It is recommended that anti-doping organisations (and sample collection personnel) follow these guidelines when conducting testing in Para sport. 2 DISABILITY & IMPAIRMENT In line with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), ‘disability’ is a preferred word along with the usage of the term ‘impairment’, which refers to the classification system and the ten eligible impairments that are recognised in Para sports. The IPC uses the first-person language, i.e., addressing the athlete first and then their disability. As such, the right term encouraged by the IPC is ‘athlete or person with disability’.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Multi-Class Athletes Competition Handbook
    LAQ Multi-Class Athletes Competition Handbook July 2018 LAQ Multi-Class Athletes - Competition Handbook Introduction In 2013, classified Multi-Class (athletes with disabilities) were endorsed to compete in limited events under their own classification at Little Athletics Queensland conducted competitions up to State-level, as determine by the Competition Committee. The following rules are to be read in conjunction the LAQ Competition Handbook. Where applicable, all LAQ and IAAF rules of competition shall apply unless specified in this document. The Association recognises that events as detailed in this handbook may not be offered at weekly Centre meets. However, wherever feasible and appropriate the conditions and rules detailed in this handbook should be adhered to. Centre Committees may offer additional modified events not detailed in this handbook provided the event / equipment specifications are not greater than those detailed in the LAQ Competition Handbook and the Implement Weights for Para athletics “Open & Underage” athletes with a Disability document. Rules and events pertaining to the Multi-Class athletes at LAQ competitions will be reviewed every two years. July 2018 LAQ Multi-Class Athletes - Competition Handbook 1. CLASSIFICATION 1.1. Classification is a way of grouping athletes of similar function or ability for the purpose of competition. 1.2. Athletes with a disability have to be formerly classified by a recognised organisation, prior to competing in LAQ Carnivals and the Winter, Regional and State Championships i. Intellectual Impairment (T/F 20) - through Sports Inclusion Australia (previously AUSRAPID) or Australian Paralympic Committee ii. Physical Impairment (T/F 31-38, 40-47, 51-57) - through Athletics Australia – Provisional PI is acceptable for Regional and Carnival competitions iii.
    [Show full text]