Sudan: the Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement
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Building Legitimate and Accountable Government in South Sudan Re
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online) Vol.5, No.8, 2015 Building Legitimate and Accountable government in South Sudan Re-thinking inclusive governance in the post CPA-2005 Dalmas O. Omia Research fellow, Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya Email: [email protected] Josephine Anyango Obonyo Ph.D Lecturer Institute of Women Gender and Development Studies, Egerton University, Kenya Email: [email protected] Abstract Inclusive governance is significant to the realisation of democracy and peace dividends in states emerging from conflict. In principle, it offers platform for equitable representation of the ethnic majority, minority, marginalised and indigenous groups in public decision making bodies as well as ensuring that these groups benefit equally from development initiatives. In South Sudan, the exercise of inclusivity has been marred with contradictions between constitutional provisions and extant practices, for example, political parties are found to be the foci for rewarding the ‘warlords’ dubbed as freedom fighters at the expense of participatory civilian structures, the nerves of ethnic factionalism over nationalism, exercise of centralised nomination system, all of which breed disaffection and tensions among the citizenry. Moreover, the observed militarisation of public service, perception of ethnic favouritism in public employment and appointments, the ‘felt’ development marginalisation of regions outside Central Equitoria, and unequal share of national resources comprise practices that violate the foundations of inclusive governance. In effect, these malpractices around inclusivity have fermented call for federalism (return to 23 semi-autonomous colonial districts with federal mandates) as a viable inclusive development platform over the current constitutionally mandated decentralisation (where South Sudan is sub- divided into 10 states). -
Evaluation of Usaid/South Sudan's Democracy And
EVALUATION OF USAID/SOUTH SUDAN’S DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE ACTIVITIES UNDER THE IRI PROJECT — 2012-2014 APRIL 2016 This publication was produced at the request of the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared independently by Luis Arturo Sobalvarro and Dr. Raymond Gervais under contract with Management Systems International (MSI). EVALUATION OF USAID/SOUTH SUDAN’S DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE ACTIVITIES UNDER THE IRI PROJECT 2012 – 2014 Management Systems International Corporate Offices 200 12th Street, South Arlington, VA 22202 USA Tel: + 1 703 979 7100 Contracted under Order No. AID-668-I-13-00001 Monitoring and Evaluation Support Project DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. ii CONTENTS ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................................... II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 7 Purpose of Evaluation .............................................................................................................................................. -
Annex 2 USAID South Sudan Gender Based Violence Prevention And
USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP SEPTEMBER 2019 Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 September 26, 2019 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Banyan Global. Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 Submitted to: USAID/South Sudan DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or the United States Government. Recommended Citation: Gardsbane, Diane and Aluel Atem. USAID/South Sudan Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response Roadmap. Prepared by Banyan Global. 2019. Cover photo credit: USAID Back Cover photo credit: USAID USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER- BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP SEPTEMBER 2019 Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 4 USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 ROADMAP OBJECTIVE 9 1.2 STRUCTURE OF ROADMAP 9 2. INTEGRATING GBV IN THE USAID/SOUTH SUDAN OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK 11 2.1 THEORY OF CHANGE 11 2.2 INTEGRATING THE THEORY OF CHANGE INTO THE USAID/SOUTH SUDAN OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK 12 3. GBV PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP PROGRAMMATIC GUIDING PRINCIPLES 19 4. BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER – GBV PREVENTION, MITIGATION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 27 5. GUIDELINES TO ADDRESS GBV IN MONITORING, EVALUATION AND LEARNING 39 6. KEY RESOURCES 41 ANNEX A: GBV PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP LITERATURE REVIEW 57 ANNEX B: PROGRAM AND DONOR REPORT 73 ANNEX C: GBV LITERACY TRAINING 95 ANNEX D: LIST OF KEY DOCUMENTS CONSULTED 99 ANNEX E. -
How to Implement Sudan's New Peace Agreement
The Rebels Come to Khartoum: How to Implement Sudan’s New Peace Agreement Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°168 Khartoum/Nairobi/Brussels, 23 February 2021 What’s new? A peace agreement signed on 3 October 2020 paves the way for armed and unarmed opposition groups in Sudan to join the transitional government, dra- matically expanding representation of the country’s peripheries during the interim period before elections. The two most powerful rebel movements remain outside the accord, however. Why does it matter? Clinching the agreement was necessary for the country’s transition but implementation poses challenges. The agreement risks bloating the military and sets up a prospective political alliance between the rebels and Sudanese security forces, which could further sideline the government’s civilian cabinet and threaten to bury its reform agenda. What should be done? The interim government should negotiate with holdout rebels to bring them into the transition. Sudan’s international partners should press for security sector reform that decreases the size and political dominance of a newly expanded military while funding and supporting the authorities’ spending commit- ments in the peripheries. I. Overview Sudan’s October 2020 peace agreement, involving the interim government and rebel movements in Darfur and the Two Areas, among others, is an important step in the country’s transition after the ouster of former President Omar al-Bashir. The deal allows for representatives from armed groups in the country’s peripheries to take government posts and for significant public money to go to these areas. It is a way to rebalance the Nile Valley elites’ decades-long domination of Sudan’s political system. -
South Sudan: Jonglei – “We Have Always Been at War”
South Sudan: Jonglei – “We Have Always Been at War” Africa Report N°221 | 22 December 2014 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Jonglei’s Conflicts Before the Civil War ........................................................................... 3 A. Perpetual Armed Rebellion ....................................................................................... 3 B. The Politics of Inter-Communal Conflict .................................................................. 4 1. The communal is political .................................................................................... 4 2. Mixed messages: Government response to intercommunal violence ................. 7 3. Ethnically-targeted civilian disarmament ........................................................... 8 C. Region over Ethnicity? Shifting Alliances between the Bahr el Ghazal Dinka, Greater Bor Dinka and Nuer ...................................................................................... 9 III. South Sudan’s Civil War in Jonglei .................................................................................. 12 A. Armed Factions in Jonglei ........................................................................................ -
Envisioning a Stable South Sudan
AFRICA CENTER SPECIAL REPORT Envisioning a Stable South Sudan Africa Center Special Report No. 4 May 2018 Envisioning a Stable South Sudan Special Report No. 4 May 2018 Africa Center for Strategic Studies Washington, D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 THREE TRAJECTORIES FACING SOUTH SUDAN ....................................................3 By Luka Kuol TAMING THE DOMINANT GUN CLASS IN SOUTH SUDAN ....................................9 By Majak D’Agoôt SECURITY SECTOR STABILIZATION: A PREREQUISITE FOR POLITICAL STABILITY IN SOUTH SUDAN ...........................................................17 By Remember Miamingi BLURRING THE LINES: ETHNICITY, GOVERNANCE, AND STABILITY IN SOUTH SUDAN ............................................................................25 By Lauren Hutton DURABLE STABILITY IN SOUTH SUDAN: WHAT ARE THE PREREQUISITES? .........31 By Phillip Kasaija Apuuli CONFRONTING THE CHALLENGES OF SOUTH SUDAN’S SECURITY SECTOR: A PRACTITIONER’S PERSPECTIVE ......................................................................39 By Kuol Deim Kuol THE RULE OF LAW AND THE ROLE OF CUSTOMARY COURTS IN STABILIZING SOUTH SUDAN ............................................................................47 By Godfrey Musila NAVIGATING THE COMPETING INTERESTS OF REGIONAL ACTORS IN SOUTH SUDAN ............................................................................................53 By Luka Kuol CONTEXT AND THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL -
South Sudan Country Report BTI 2018
BTI 2018 Country Report South Sudan This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2018. It covers the period from February 1, 2015 to January 31, 2017. The BTI assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of political management in 129 countries. More on the BTI at http://www.bti-project.org. Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2018 Country Report — South Sudan. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2018. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Contact Bertelsmann Stiftung Carl-Bertelsmann-Strasse 256 33111 Gütersloh Germany Sabine Donner Phone +49 5241 81 81501 [email protected] Hauke Hartmann Phone +49 5241 81 81389 [email protected] Robert Schwarz Phone +49 5241 81 81402 [email protected] Sabine Steinkamp Phone +49 5241 81 81507 [email protected] BTI 2018 | South Sudan 3 Key Indicators Population M 12.2 HDI 0.418 GDP p.c., PPP $ - Pop. growth1 % p.a. 2.9 HDI rank of 188 181 Gini Index 46.3 Life expectancy years 56.3 UN Education Index 0.297 Poverty3 % 64.8 Urban population % 19.0 Gender inequality2 - Aid per capita $ 141.0 Sources (as of October 2017): The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2017 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2016. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $3.20 a day at 2011 international prices. Executive Summary On December 15, 2013, disagreements among the political elites of the ruling Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) escalated and led to violent confrontations between presidential guards loyal to President Salva Kiir and the former Vice President Riek Macher. -
2016 Country Review
Sudan 2016 Country Review http://www.countrywatch.com Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 5 Sudan 6 Africa 7 Chapter 2 9 Political Overview 9 History 10 Political Conditions 11 Political Risk Index 78 Political Stability 93 Freedom Rankings 108 Human Rights 120 Government Functions 123 Government Structure 124 Principal Government Officials 129 Leader Biography 130 Leader Biography 130 Foreign Relations 134 National Security 159 Defense Forces 162 Chapter 3 164 Economic Overview 164 Economic Overview 165 Nominal GDP and Components 167 Population and GDP Per Capita 169 Real GDP and Inflation 170 Government Spending and Taxation 171 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 172 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 173 Data in US Dollars 174 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 175 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 177 World Energy Price Summary 178 CO2 Emissions 179 Agriculture Consumption and Production 180 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 183 Metals Consumption and Production 184 World Metals Pricing Summary 186 Economic Performance Index 187 Chapter 4 199 Investment Overview 199 Foreign Investment Climate 200 Foreign Investment Index 202 Corruption Perceptions Index 215 Competitiveness Ranking 226 Taxation 235 Stock Market 236 Partner Links 236 Chapter 5 237 Social Overview 237 People 238 Human Development Index 240 Life Satisfaction Index 244 Happy Planet Index 255 Status of Women 264 Global Gender Gap Index 267 Culture and Arts 277 Etiquette 278 Travel Information 279 Diseases/Health Data 291 Chapter 6 297 Environmental Overview 297 Environmental Issues 298 Environmental Policy 299 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 300 Global Environmental Snapshot 311 Global Environmental Concepts 322 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 337 Appendices 361 Bibliography 362 Sudan Chapter 1 Country Overview Sudan Review 2016 Page 1 of 374 pages Sudan Country Overview SUDAN Sudan is the largest country in Africa, bordering Egypt and the Red Sea. -
Sudan: Major Reform Or More War
SUDAN: MAJOR REFORM OR MORE WAR Africa Report N°194 – 29 November 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. THE QUEST FOR NATIONAL CONSENSUS ............................................................. 2 A. THE BEGINNINGS: THE 1947 JUBA CONFERENCE ......................................................................... 2 B. THE 1965 ROUND-TABLE CONFERENCE ....................................................................................... 3 C. THE KOKA DAM DECLARATION, 1986 ......................................................................................... 4 D. THE 1995 ASMARA DECLARATION AND NCP PEACE AGREEMENTS ............................................. 5 III. MULTIPLE CHALLENGES ........................................................................................... 6 A. A COLLAPSING ECONOMY ........................................................................................................... 6 B. DISCORD IN THE NCP .................................................................................................................. 9 1. Growing calls for reform ............................................................................................................. 9 2. Divisions on how to deal with revolts and South Sudan ............................................................ 12 3. Maintaining the status -
Forgotten Darfur: Old Tactics and New Players
28 Forgotten Darfur: Old Tactics and New Players By Claudio Gramizzi and Jérôme Tubiana Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2012 First published in July 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Series editor: Emile LeBrun Copy-edited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan ([email protected]) Cartography by Jillian Luff (www.mapgrafix.com) Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones ([email protected]) Printed by nbmedia in Geneva, Switzerland ISBN 978-2-9700816-0-9 2 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 28 Contents List of boxes and maps ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Sudan: the Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement
Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement Ted Dagne Specialist in African Affairs June 15, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33574 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement Summary Sudan, geographically the largest country in Africa, has been ravaged by civil war intermittently for four decades. More than 2 million people have died in Southern Sudan over the past two decades due to war-related causes and famine, and millions have been displaced from their homes. In July 2002, the Sudan government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) signed a peace framework agreement in Kenya. On January 9, 2005, the government of Sudan and the SPLM signed the final peace agreement at a ceremony held in Nairobi, Kenya. In April 2010, Sudan held national and regional elections. In January 2011, South Sudan held a referendum to decide on unity or independence. Abyei was also expected to hold a referendum in January 2011 to decide whether to retain the current special administrative status or to be part of South Sudan. The Abyei referendum did not take place. In the Southern referendum, 98.8% voted for independence and 1.17% for unity. In late May 2011, Sudan government forces dissolved the joint Abyei Administration and invaded the town, displacing more than 100,000 people in the Abyei area. The crisis in Darfur began in February 2003, when two rebel groups emerged to challenge the National Congress Party (NCP) government in Darfur. -
Monitoring the Coverage of Sudan 2010 Elections – Interim Report 4
MEDIA AND ELECTIONS IN SUDAN MONITORING THE COVERAGE OF SUDAN 2010 ELECTIONS PRELIMINARY REPORT Period 13 February – 10 April 2010 Issued on 18 April 2010 PRELIMINARY REPORT, period 13 February – 10 April 2010 | 2 Table of contents Page I) Executive Summary 3 II) Foreword 4 III) Media monitoring of election coverage: findings and conclusions on election campaign and silence period A. Quantitative analysis of Radio and Television: coverage of the election campaign 5 B. Quantitative analysis of the Print Press: coverage of the election campaign 9 C. Quantitative coverage of Coverage of Female Candidates and Women’s Issues 12 D. Qualitative analysis of the media coverage of the election campaign 14 E. Analysis of the silence period after campaign period (10 April) 16 F. Coverage of Hate Speech 18 IV) Background on SMEC’s media monitoring in Sudan 21 Annex 1 – List of abbreviations for political parties 25 Sudan Media and Elections Consortium PRELIMINARY REPORT, period 13 February – 10 April 2010 | 3 I. Executive summary The campaign period (13 February – 9 April) for the multi-party elections in Sudan was extensively covered by mass media in Sudan. The coverage of electoral candidates and parties increased substantially as the campaign period neared its end. This was partly due to developments related to the elections: the withdrawal of a number of presidential candidates and the boycott or threats to boycott the elections by various parties. But also voter education programs and articles increased as the elections neared. The elections were the major and sometimes only news item in the media over the last two months.