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THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA PUBLICATION NO. 75 THE BOOK OF THE GESTS OF ALEXANDER OF MACEDON Sejer Toledot Alexandros ha-Ma^doni THE BOOK OF THE GESTS OF ALEXANDER OF MACEDON Sefer Toledot Alexandros ha-Makdoni A MEDIAEVAL HEBREW VERSION OF THE ALEXANDER ROMANCE BY IMMANUEL BEN JACOB BONFILS Edited and translated with introduction and notes by ISRAEL J. KAZIS, Ph.D. THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Cambridge, Massachusetts 1962 © 1962, by THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 62-13430 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PRESS OF (^f^CuMjtt^AsCUeO&i INC. 224 N. 15TH ST., FHILXDELriilA 2, PENNA. In memory of my beloved father, Jacob, Contents PREFACE ix INTRODUCTION 1 I. Alexander in Jewish sources from antiquity 2 Talmudic literature; material of Hellenistic Jewish writers in Pseudo- Calltsthenes; Josephus. — Comparison of Alexander episodes in these three sources. II. Alexander in mediaeval Jewish sources 26 Six mediaeval Hebrew versions of the Alexander Romance of which five are the following: (1) Yosippon. (2) Paris Manuscript. (3) Lon- don Manuscript. (4) Manuscripts of Modena, Bodleian, and Damascus. (5) Parma Manuscript. — Analysis of these Manuscripts and their relation to the recensions of Historia de Prelits and Pseudo-Callisthenes.— Two additional Hebrew sources related to the life of Alexander. III. A study of the text of the Manuscript published here 40 Its author. — The three constituent parts of the text, namely, the Alexander Romance, the Apothegms and the Chronicle and the sources . thereof. — Analysis of the three pans of the text and the relation of the first part to the Historia de Prelits. — Style. — Differences between the Hebrew and the Latin texts. — Various emendations made in the Hebrew text. — Hebrew transliteration of Latin names and terms. — Guide to the apparatus to the Hebrew text. The Book of the Gests of Alexander of Macedon: English translation of Sefer Toledot Alexandras ha-Makdoni. 59 ABBREVIATIONS 177 NOTES 181 APPENDIX I: Material from other sources. 203 APPENDIX II: Expansions and elaborations in the Hebrew text. 206 APPENDIX III: Differences between the Hebrew and the Latin versions. 211 APPENDIX IV: Names and terms with comments on the translite- ration. 217 BIBLIOGRAPHY 223 HEBREW SECTION Guide to the apparatus to the Hebrew text. t Text of Sefer Toledot Alextmdros ha-Makdoni. ap-o ftl f> ww y ••".' • r- \ • - •.... •*••-.' ' -•jj, a. ,v r-^.j» ^& • u A page of the text of the manuscript in the Bibliothajuc Narionalc, Paris, Ms. Cod, 1kb. 750 (3). Preface This work represents a study of the text of a Hebrew manu- script which is a mediaeval Hebrew version of the Alexander Romance or the legendary history of Alexander the Great. Inas- much as the Hebrew text in its greater part is a translation of the Historia de Preliis Alexandri Magni, a widespread Latin version of the Alexander Romance, and in some parts is based on other Hebrew sources such as Yosippon, Sefer Musere ka-Pilosofim and a short chronicle, the text has been studied here in relation to all these sources. The Latin text was of considerable help in estab- lishing the meaning of those passages in the Hebrew manuscript which are corrupt or which may represent a misreading of the Latin text by the author. On the basis of the Latin it was possible to make a number of emendations in the Hebrew which rendered the text intelligible. In comparing the Hebrew with the Latin, differences between them in the narrative, sequence of events, names, places, numbers and dimensions were studied and noted. A comparison of our text with the other Hebrew sources was of similar help in establishing a correct reading in many instances in which the text was corrupt. The emendations and the differences are indicated in the notes and appendices while the variant read- ings are recorded in the apparatus to the Hebrew text. The edition and the translation of the text is preceded by an introduction which deals among other things with Hellenistic Jewish influence in Pseudo-Callisthenes, the accounts of Alexander in Talmudic literature, the Alexander Romance in mediaeval Hebrew sources and concludes with an analysis of the Hebrew text with reference to its sources, structure, and style. Throughout my work I was fortunate in being able to turn for guidance and advice to my devoted teacher and dear friend, Professor Harry A. Wolfson of Harvard University. It is very difficult to express to him in words the appreciation and gratitude which I feel. He has amply fulfilled the words spoken by an ancient Jewish sage: "Let the honor of thy disciple be as dear to thee as thine own." His counsel in the methods of research, x PREFACE in the organization of the material, and in the art of translation served as a constant source of guidance throughout my work and was of incalculable help to me. For his illuminating instruction so freely given and for his devoted friendship so warmly expressed I am most grateful. It was also my good fortune to be able to consult with Professor Francis P. Magoun, Jr., of Harvard University, who by his vast erudition in the field of the Alexander Romance and his warm interest has been of great help to me in the course of my work. For his valued counsel and instructive observations I am profoundly grateful. To my beloved father, of blessed memory, I owe a debt of deep gratitude for the time he spent with me in reading the manu- script, especially those passages in which the script was not clear or the text was corrupt and where, as a result, two minds proved better than one in trying to establish a correct reading. A product of the East European Jewish intellectual tradition, my father brought with him to this country a substantial knowledge of the Bible, the Talmud, and Modern Hebrew literature. A business man by day and a student in the evening and on weekends, he gave me his intellectual companionship to the end that he, like his forebears, might transmit to his children a love of learning. Whatever words of gratitude I might express to my dear wife, they would still fall short of what I feel. Despite her many duties at home and in the community, she became thoroughly involved in the various tasks necessary to prepare this volume for publication. A woman of valor, she proved most helpful in providing me with many added hours for my work by relieving me of various duties and by keeping the demands upon my time to a minimum. Her devotion served as a constant source of inspiration as well as an encouraging challenge to complete this book after many years of work. Finally, I wish to express my deep appreciation to my secre- tary, Miss Elaine Saxe, who typed the final draft of the manu- script with particular and painstaking care. For her splendid cooperation and devotion I am most grateful. Temple Mishkan Tefila ISRAEL J. KAZIS Newton, Mass. Introduction Among the heroes whose names stand out in the pages of history very few have enjoyed as much world-wide literary fame as has Alexander the Great. The legendary account of Alex- ander's biography, based on sources from antiquity and the Middle Ages and referred to by modern scholars as the Alexander Romance, has found expression in many literatures in the West and in the East.1 According to Tarn, "more than eighty versions of the Alexander Romance, in twenty-four languages have been collected ...; no other story in the world has spread like this."1 The figure of Alexander left its impression in Jewish literature also. Stories about Alexander and accounts of his life are found in Jewish sources from antiquity and the Middle Ages. The Jewish sources from antiquity are as follows: (1) The material ascribed to Hellenistic Jewish writers which is found in the so-called Pseudo-Callisthenes, a Greek romance written by an unknown Alexandrian author some time after 200 B. C. E. and in the opinion of some scholars as late as the year 300 C. E.' This work is the basic source for most of all the legendary accounts of the life of Alexander. (2) Josephus. (3) Talmudic literature. The medi- aeval Jewish sources are represented by six Hebrew versions of the Alexander Romance, including the manuscript which is the subject of our study, and two other Hebrew works, Musere ha-Pilosofim and Sod ha-Sodot, which contain material bearing upon the life of Alexander. We shall survey all these sources in order to offer a background for the manuscript under study which was written in France in the fourteenth century. The introduc- tion will accordingly consist of three parts: (1) Alexander in Jewish sources from antiquity. (2) Alexander in mediaeval Jew- ish sources. (3) An analysis of the text of the manuscript pub- lished in this book. I. ALEXANDER IN JEWISH SOURCES FROM ANTIQUITY* TALMUDIC LITERATURE The greatest number of Alexander episodes is found in that body of writings which we shall refer to by the general term of Talmudic literature. This includes two works of the Tannaitic period, namely Megillat Tttanit and Mekilta; the two Talmudim, Babylonian and Palestinian; the group of Midrashim on the Pentateuch and the five Scrolls known as Rabbot; the Midrash on the Pentateuch known as Tanhuma; individual Midrashic works such as Peseta de-Rab Kahana, Midrash Tehillim, Pirke Rabbi Eli'ezer and Midrash Yonah; Targum Sheni; the scholia to Megillat Ta'anit; one of the minor Midrashim, Midrash lAseret Melakim; two late compilations of Midrashic material, namely Midrash Agadah and Yalfaif Shim'oni.
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