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Nuevos Sintaxones Del Archipiélago De Los Jardines De La Reina, Cuba

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Nuevos Sintaxones Del Archipiélago De Los Jardines De La Reina, Cuba ActaE. Martínez-Quesada. Botanica Malacitana Vegetación 39. 99-115 Archipiélago Jardines de La Reina Málaga, 201499 NUEVOS SINTAXONES DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO DE LOS JARDINES DE LA REINA, CUBA Eddy MARTÍNEZ-QUESADA Centro de Investigaciones de Medio Ambiente de Camagüey. Cisneros No. 105 (altos) / Pobre y Ángel. Camagüey 1. C.P. 70100. [email protected] Recibido el 20 de agosto de 2014, aceptado para su publicación el 17 de octubre de 2014 RESUMEN. Nuevos sintaxones del Archipiélago de los Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. En este estudio se exponen las asociaciones vegetales estudiadas en tres cayos del archipiélago de los Jardines de la Reina, y nueve se describen por primera vez siendo endémicas de ese archipiélago y, por lo tanto, objetos focales de conservación a tener en cuenta en los futuros planes de manejo del área propuesta como protegida. Todas las asociaciones tienen un porte bajo, están compuestas en su mayor parte por nanofanerófitos y hojas micrófilas, debido a la interacción con factores ecológicos limitantes extremos. Se incluye además un esquema sintaxonómico con las sinonimias más frecuentes, tipificaciones de algunos sintaxones y modificaciones nomenclaturales. Palabras clave. Archipiélago de los Jardines de la Reina, Cuba, fitosociología, sintaxones. ABSTRACT. New syntaxa of the Jardines de la Reina archipelago, Cuba. In this study plant associations studied in three keys of the archipelago Jardines de la Reina are exposed, and nine of them that are considered as endemism for this archipelago are described for the first time. These associations are focal objects to take into consideration for future management plans of conservation. All the phytocenosis have a low height, mainly with nanophanerophytes which present microphyllous leaves, due to an extreme limitative ecological factors interaction. A sintaxonomical scheme with more frequents synonymous, some typifications and nomenclatural changes is also included. Key words. Jardines de la Reina archipelago, Cuba, phytosociology, syntaxa. INTRODUCCIÓN consideran las más importantes los cayos interiores pertenecientes al Golfo de Ana María El Archipiélago Jardines de la Reina, se y los que forman parte del Laberinto de las Doce extiende desde el Golfo de Guacanayabo hasta Leguas (fig. 1). la Bahía de Casilda en la parte meridional de la Diversas condiciones neríticas ideales (poca Isla de Cuba, por la costa sur de las provincias profundidad, transparencia adecuada con alta Sancti Spiritus, Ciego de Ávila y Camagüey incidencia de la luz sobre el fondo y temperatura a lo largo de 360 km. Agrupa 661cayos que y salinidad apropiadas) contribuyeron a la conforman tres cayerías, de las cuales se formación de la barrera coralina que se extiende 100 Acta Botanica Malacitana 39. 2014 al sur del archipiélago, la que posteriormente Prácticos y Miraflores, en Cayo Anclitas. En y debido a la acción de procesos climáticos los sitios donde se desarrollan los manglares, propiciaron la formación geológica de la región. lo que predomina es la turba, sedimento que El clima se caracteriza por el predominio de las ha tenido su origen durante el Holoceno. Por brisas costeras, el buen tiempo bajo el efecto el contrario, en aquellos lugares donde no se del anticiclón del Atlántico y la formación desarrollan los depósitos palustres turbosos, ni de tormentas eléctricas y lluvias en horas las biocalcarenitas de la formación Jaimanitas, de la tarde, principalmente en verano. Estos existen arenas calcáreas eólico-marinas cayos se caracterizan por tener unidades de holocenas de la playa y la duna. paisaje de poco desarrollo evolutivo (jóvenes), El Archipiélago de los Jardines de la de extensión relativamente pequeña y de Reina se ha utilizado históricamente para gran fragilidad natural, al estar sometidos a la pesca de autoconsumo y comercial por condiciones físico-geográficas extremas parte de los pobladores del sur de la Región (fuertes vientos, marejadas, alta evaporación, Central de Cuba. En la década de los años salinización, sequedad estacional e intenso 90 del siglo XX se comienza en la zona una hidromorfismo). Las condiciones físico- operación turística relacionada con la práctica químicas de las aguas de la región son ideales del buceo contemplativo y la pesca deportiva, para el desarrollo de la vida acuática y están fundamentalmente de captura y liberación fuertemente condicionadas por la influencia del (Colectivo de autores, 2006). Mar Caribe adyacente y el intercambio con las Precisamente, el nacimiento de esa aguas del Golfo de Ana María. La precipitación operación turística sirvió de base para que media anual es 800-1000 mm (Izquierdo gran parte del archipiélago fuera declarado Ramos, 1989) y la temperatura media anual desde finales de 1996 como Zona Bajo Régimen del aire es 24-26 °C (Lapinel Pedroso, 1989). Especial de Uso y Protección, según resolución Desde el punto de vista geológico, el del Ministerio de la Industria Pesquera. En archipiélago se caracteriza por depósitos la zona protegida solo se permite la pesca de cobertura del Pleistoceno y Holoceno comercial de la langosta y las operaciones (Iturralde-Vinent, 1989). Luego de la formación de pesca deportiva y buceo contemplativo. de la plataforma insular marina de Cuba, se Esta declaración se considera un paso muy originaron en esta zona condiciones neríticas importante en la conservación de los valores ideales para el crecimiento en el borde de la naturales y en particular de las especies marinas misma de barreras coralinas, dichas condiciones en este ecosistema (Colectivo de autores, 2006). se acentuaron durante la última glaciación A partir del nivel de protección establecido, ocurrida en el Pleistoceno, lo que provocó el a inicios del presente siglo se comienza con afloramiento a la superficie de parte de los el proceso de declaración de los Jardines de puntos más altos de estas barreras arrecifales la Reina como Parque Nacional, ya aprobado como consecuencia de la disminución del oficialmente en el 2010 por el Comité Ejecutivo nivel medio del mar. Posteriormente, durante del Consejo de Ministros, lo cual se ha basado ese mismo período geológico la acción en los conocimientos científicos más actuales directa del Sol y la lluvia dieron lugar a rocas que se tienen de la zona, donde se incluye la biocalcarenitas, con grandes contenidos de flora y la vegetación terrestres (Colectivo de fósiles de corales y moluscos de la formación autores, 2006). Jaimanitas (Brödermann, 1940; IGP, 1992), La vegetación de este archipiélago está lo que ha originado promontorios rocosos conformada fundamentalmente por el bosque que hoy pudieran coincidir con punta Los de mangle que en algunos cayos llega a ser E. Martínez-Quesada. Vegetación Archipiélago Jardines de La Reina 101 Figura 1. Ubicación del Archipiélago de los Jardines de la Reina y sitios donde se realizaron los muestreos en los cayos Anclitas, Cachiboca y Caguamas. Location of the Jardines de la Reina archipelago and sampling sites at cays Anclitas, Cachiboca and Caguamas. la única existente, el matorral xeromorfo MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS costero, el herbazal de ciénaga, los complejos de vegetación de costa rocosa y costa arenosa Los inventarios florísticos se levantaron y la vegetación halófita (Enríquez Salgueiroet según el método fitosociológico de Braun al., 2004; Colectivo de autores, 2006). Blanquet (1964) entre los días 1 y 3 de Aunque en la actualidad se intensifican los diciembre de 2008, en los cayos Anclitas, estudios relacionados con la vegetación para la Cachiboca y Caguamas. Para su confección, actualización de los planes de manejo del área se efectuaron recorridos en sitios puntuales de protegida, estos se han basado principalmente la costa oeste y sur de los dos últimos cayos en su estructura y composición florística. Por citados y por el norte y el sur del cayo más ello el objetivo del trabajo es enfocar el análisis occidental de los tres emergidos que conforman hacia las comunidades vegetales (sintaxones) Cayo Anclitas. En todos los casos se tomaron para dar a conocer las asociaciones presentes las coordenadas geográficas con un GPS y los en determinados cayos estudiados con este fin, sitios de los inventarios se ubicaron en el mapa así como identificar las amenazas potenciales de la figura 1. que puedan tener y proponerlas como objetos Se tuvo en cuenta las características de conservación, a tener en cuenta en los y variaciones florísticas de la vegetación futuros planes de manejo y operativos del área (estructura y composición florística), la protegida. topografía (terrenos llanos o alomados) y los 102 Acta Botanica Malacitana 39. 2014 Tabla 1 Sporobolo virginici-Conocarpodetum erecti Martínez-Quesada ass. nova (Rhizophoretea mangle, Combretalia, Conocarpo-Laguncularion) INVENTARIO N° 12 13 14 15 16 17 Estrato arbustivo E3 (%) 25 25 40 40 25 25 Estrato herbáceo E1 (%) 100 90 25 90 50 100 N° especies 3 3 2 2 3 3 Características de asociación y unidades superiores Conocarpus erectus var. erectus (E3) 2.1 2.1 4.1 3.1 r.1 3.1 Compañeras Sesuvium portulacastrum (E1) +.2 3.2 3.2 5.2 4.2 1.2 Sporobolus virginicus 5.5 4.2 . 4.2 5.5 Localidades: suroeste de Cayo Anclitas. tipos de suelos. Además, se observó la presencia para definir los tipos biológicos. de la pendiente y la exposición. Esta última se Para clasificar los tipos de hojas se determinó con la ayuda de un GPS, mientras recolectaron diez muestras de cada especie que el grado de inclinación es una estimación. presente en las diferentes cenosis, a excepción de El área mínima (menor área con la mayor las gramíneas y ciperáceas. Con posterioridad, cantidad de especies) que se utilizó fue de 16 m² éstas se colocaron en un papel milimetrado para para las cenosis arbustivas y arbóreas; mientras medir su longitud y ancho. Su clasificación que para las herbáceas, de 4 m². se hizo de acuerdo con el criterio de Borhidi En cada inventario se estimó la abundancia- (1976). dominancia de las especies por estratos La identificación de las especies y de los y sinusias, según los valores de la escala endemismos se realizó mediante la revisión de combinada, de acuerdo con Braun Blanquet la “Flora de Cuba” (León, 1946; León & Alain, (1964).
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