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4-2003

Review of Schiffman & VanderKam, eds., Encyclopedia of the Scrolls

Sidnie White Crawford University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]

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Crawford, Sidnie White, "Review of Schiffman & VanderKam, eds., Encyclopedia of the " (2003). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 117. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/117

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Religious Studies Review 29:2 (April 2003), pp. 167-170. Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Council of Societies for the Study of Religion. Used by permission. http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0319-485X

b o o k r e v i e w

Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls & James VanderKam, editors (Oxford University Press, 2000), 2 vols., 1152 pp. $340.00

Sidnie White Crawford University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588-0337

Before beginning this review a confession needs the Encyclopedia is more limited in geographical to be made. I am myself a contributor to this ency- and chronological scope than, say, a biblical en- clopedia, being the author of eight articles: “Court cyclopedia, a wider variety of topics is covered Tales,” “Esther, Book of,” “Five Scrolls,” “Pseudo- than would be the case if the editors had chosen Jeremiah,” “Miriam,” “Reworked Pentateuch,” to limit the Encyclopedia to the Scrolls. To “Sarah,” and “Simon (Hasmonean).” Thus I ap- produce the entries on this wider range of topics, proved of this project at its inception, and I still ap- the editors have assembled a group of contribu- prove of it in its final form. The following review, tors who are, as they state, of international repute, therefore, is not so much a critique as it is a descrip- coming not only from the United States, Canada, tion; the reader is left to judge the merit of both the Australia and the United Kingdom (as would be overall project and its individual articles. expected in an English-language encyclopedia), The aim of the Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea but also Germany, , France, the Netherlands, Scrolls, according to its editors, is “to encompass Denmark, Italy, Russia, Spain and Switzerland. all scholarship on the scrolls to date, making use Although many of these contributors are known of the research of many scholars of international as specialists in Qumran studies, others are from reputation” (x). The word “scrolls” is used here unrelated fields such as the morphological- sci in its broad meaning to refer to all the collections ences or ethnobotany. The resulting collection of of ancient manuscripts found in the region of the articles is truly “encyclopedic” in scope, ranging Dead Sea and the Judaean wilderness in the twen- from expected topics such as “,” to the un- tieth century. These collections include the Qum- expected “Flora of Judea.” ran Scrolls, the Samaria Papyri, the Bar Kokhba The articles fall under eight conceptual catego- texts, Masada and Khirbet Mird. Thus, although ries (xii):

167 168 s. w. crawford in religious studies review 29 (2003)

1. places and archaeological sites This weakness is already evident and will be noted 2. material remains in the articles I review in the scant two years since 3. written materials discovered in the Judean its publication. This is the fault of neither the au- Desert thors nor the editors, but the accepted consequence 4. related ancient texts of producing a reference work in a relatively new 5. history area of scholarship, as the editors acknowledge: 6. beliefs, institutions, and practices “The volumes of this encyclopedia are meant to es- 7. figures tablish a reciprocal relationship between the syn- 8. scrolls research thesis of scholarship assembled herein and future study” (vol. 1, xiii). In the case of many of these ar- Category 8 contains an interesting subset: short ar- ticles the future is already with us! ticles on the original scholars (such as Roland de The article on “Archaeological Surveys,” by Ste- Vaux, Eliezer Sukenik, and ) phen J. Pfann, is meant to introduce the reader to and institutions (such as the École Biblique et Ar- the various excavations that have taken place in the chéologique Française) involved in scrolls research. Judaean Desert from the mid-twentieth century to All topics are cross-referenced, and both a “Synop- the present. It would have been useful if Pfann had tic Outline of Contents” and an index appear at the begun his survey even earlier and included some end of volume two. of the nineteenth-century archaeological sound- The intended audience for the Encyclopedia is ings, which still yield important data (for exam- “educated readers, clergy and scholars” (xi). The ple, C. Clermont-Ganneau, in 1873, made a brief articles, therefore, are not highly technical, but are survey of the site of Qumran and excavated one of meant to introduce the reader to the major issues the tombs). Pfann does make a distinction between concerned with the topic. Each article contains a excavations carried out by archaeologists in con- brief, annotated bibliography, which will lead the trolled circumstances and those conducted by the reader into more technical books and articles. bedouin, who were chiefly motivated by a desire to As an illustration of the scope of the entries in find more written material. He includes a helpful this encyclopedia, I will review the articles having table, including the name of the site, whether un- to do with or touching on archaeology. According controlled excavations took place there, the name of to my count there are fifty-three articles that con- the excavation director, the date, and the sponsor- cern archaeology, which can be divided into the ing institutions. Pfann then goes on to summarize following sub-categories: major survey articles the various discoveries by historical periods: First (e.g., “Archaeology” by Joseph Patrich); single site Temple period, Persian-Hellenistic period, Hasmo- articles (e.g., “Daliyeh, Wadi Ed-: Archaeology” by nean-Hellenistic period, the period of the Second Nancy L. Lapp); articles concerning a single type of Revolt, and the Byzantine-Islamic periods. One can material remains or archaeological/architectural discover useful information in these summaries be- feature (e.g., “Leather Goods” by Ann E. Killebrew yond the bare-bones lists of finds; for example, in and “Synagogues” by Lee I. Levine); more general the Hasmonean-Hellenistic period Pfann notes that articles, which use archaeological data (e.g., “Judea: in the excavations of Cave 4, the major scroll cave Economy” by Ze’ev Safrai); and articles concern- from Qumran, one quarter of the manuscript frag- ing contemporary persons or institutions involved ments were discovered under controlled circum- in archaeology or related fields (e.g., “Museums stances, not by the bedouin. The weakness which and Collections” by Weston Fields). I will review was discussed above, i.e., the danger of not being one article from each of these sub-categories. One up-to-date, is evident; in his discussion of the Cave weakness of this reference work, as of any refer- of Letters Pfann does not mention the most recent ence work, is that it becomes outdated as schol- excavations, led by Richard Freund of the Univer- ars continue their work. This will inevitably be the sity of Hartford and Rami Arav of the University of case with the Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Nebraska at Omaha, probably because they had not since the field is a volatile and fast-moving one. taken place when the article was written. review of encyclopedia of the dead sea scrolls 169

After reading the survey article, the reader who tricia Smith. Smith notes that three sites associated is interested in a specific site should go to the ar- with the Judaean Desert finds have yielded human ticle for that particular site, such as the article on skeletal remains: skeletons from the Hellenistic (sic) “Qumran: Archaeology,” by Magen Broshi. Bro- period were found in the caves at Wadi ed-Daliyeh shi surveys the excavation history of the Qumran and possibly at Ketef ; skeletons of the Hel- area, beginning with the caves, moving on to the lenistic and Roman periods were found at Qumran site itself, the small finds, the cemeteries, and fin- and other cemeteries; and skeletons from the time ishing with . Broshi adheres to what is of the Second Revolt were found in the caves at Na- known as the “consensus” position on Qumran ar- hal Hever and Nahal Se’elim (Wadi Seiyal). The first chaeology, first proposed by : that and third sets of human remains are probably those Qumran, in its major phases of occupation, was a of fugitives, the former from the army of Artaxerxes communal establishment inhabited by the Essenes. III, and the latter from the Romans. While accepting de Vaux’s theory in its main out- Smith relates the burials at the sites of Hiam el- lines, he argues for some revisions to de Vaux’ s Sagha and Ein el-Ghweir to the burials at Qumran, work, especially in stratigraphy and chronology an assessment with which not all scholars agree. (following the work of J. Magness). In stratigraphy, She seems to base her identification on the type of Broshi argues that de Vaux’s Periods la and lb are tomb found at all three sites: cist tombs with north- actually one continuous entity rather than two sep- south orientation. All three sites contain the skel- arate phases. He also revises de Vaux’s chronology etons of men, women and children. On this basis, to claim that Period 1 was not founded until some- Smith concludes, “It seems then that the Qumran time in the first half of the first century BCE and cemetery, like the other Essene cemeteries known was not abandoned after the earthquake in 31 BCE, from the Judean Desert, contained graves of fam- but ended in some kind of violent episode in 4 BCE. ilies rather than members of a monastic commu- Since de Vaux’s excavations (1951-1956) have not nity” (vol. 2, 881). This is another example of how yet been finally published, there are always interest- recent research has outstripped the articles in this ing tidbits of information to discover in de Vaux’s encyclopedia. In 2000, J. Zias challenged the an- published excavation notes, and every archaeologist tiquity of some of the skeletons from the Qumran who uses them reveals something that sheds new cemetery (the “Munich” collection), particularly light on the old debates. Broshi is no exception; he those of the women and children (that is, thirteen mentions that in cave 8 “some one hundred leather out of twenty-two), arguing instead that they were thongs and leather tabs with eyelets to be used for bedouin burials from the modern period. If Zias is the fastening of scrolls” were found (vol. 2, 734). He correct, it would reduce the number of female skel- suggests that Cave 8, which was dug into the marl etons among those excavated from the Qumran terrace adjacent to the settlement, was part of a cemeteries to three. Further, even more recently S. workshop for producing scrolls, thus bolstering the Sheridan has examined all of the extant skeletal re- theory that scrolls were produced at Qumran. mains from Qumran found now in Paris and Jeru- Broshi ends his article by summarizing five theo- salem and concluded that only one (out of eigh- ries concerning the Qumran site that he terms “non- teen) can be certainly identified as female. These consensual.” While it is clear that Broshi is quick to recent investigations certainly change the parame- dismiss these theories, it is also fair to say that they ters of the debate; it is no longer possible to base have found few adherents in the scholarly commu- a case for female habitation or family life at Qum- nity. Since an encyclopedia is meant to convey the ran exclusively, or even primarily, on the evidence scholarly consensus on any given topic, the rather from the cemetery. Therefore, Smith’s conclusion short shrift Broshi gives to these theories is justified. cited above is called into question. Once again, if the reader is interested in a partic- The inclusion of topics that relate to the contem- ular aspect of Broshi’s article, he or she should then porary study of the Dead Sea Scrolls makes this turn to the appropriate entry in the Encyclopedia, work a true encyclopedia. An example of this is the such as “Skeletal Remains: Human Remains” by Pa- article on the “Palestine Archaeological Museum” 170 s. w. crawford in religious studies review 29 (2003) by Joseph Zias. Zias first gives a brief history of the the reports concerning the Essenes in the classical museum: it was established by a generous grant sources (Josephus, Philo and Pliny) are basically ac- from John D. Rockefeller in 1927; the cornerstone of curate and can be used in their reconstruction. This the building was laid in 1930; and the museum was is, of course, a point of contention among Dead Sea opened to the public in 1938. All this took place un- Scrolls scholars, although it reflects the majority po- der the British Mandate. Since the Museum is lo- sition. Safrai and Eshel likewise assume, with very cated in East Jerusalem, it came under Jordanian little discussion, that Qumran was a communal control in 1948. The Jordanian government nation- center in which property was held in common, and alized the museum in 1966. In 1967, after the Israeli not, e.g., a fortress or a villa; once again this is the conquest of East Jerusalem, the Palestine Archaeo- majority opinion in scrolls scholarship. logical Museum (PAM) was made the headquarters Safrai and Eshel give an overall picture of eco- of the Israel Antiquities Authority and renamed the nomic production in the Dead Sea region, which Rockefeller Museum. they describe as thriving. They also emphasize the This article earns its place in the Encyclopedia by importance of water collection in this arid region, virtue of the PAM’s leading role in the collection, and the salient fact that even much of the spring preservation, and restoration of the majority of the water was brackish. The main products were bal- material remains from the Judaean Desert, includ- sam, salt, and bitumen. While Qumran itself did ing scroll fragments, from 1949 on, regardless of not produce any of these items, the authors claim the governing authority. Zias discusses the collec- that the “economy at Qumran was based on com- tion and storage of the scroll fragments, devoting a mercial relations with the surrounding nonsec- full paragraph to improved methods of conserva- tarian environment” (vol. 1, 230). The main crop tion undertaken since 1991. He neglects to mention, at Qumran was dates, actually grown at its satel- however, the role of the PAM in making the origi- lite settlement of Ein Feshkha, and used to produce nal series of infrared photographs taken by PAM date honey. They also grew barley, raised sheep, photographer N. Albina in the 1950s. These photo- produced pottery, and possibly manufactured graphs have proven to be an invaluable record of the scrolls for copying. Qumran fragments especially and are certainly of in- Eshel and Safrai conclude by discussing the life- terest to anyone who has wondered what the myste- style of the Qumran sectarians, concerning which rious PAM numbers attached to the photographs of they emphasize that community of goods does not the scrolls were. For a brief discussion of these pho- necessitate poverty. In fact, the Qumranites lived a tographs, one must turn to the article on “Photogra- simple life, but with a high standard of communal phy and Computer Imaging” by Bruce and Kenneth living, as demonstrated by the coin hoards, remains Zuckerman. Unfortunately this article is not cross- of meat meals, and the number of pottery vessels. referenced at the end of Zias’ article. This points up This article is an excellent example of “second- a difficulty with the Encyclopedia: the cross-referenc- level” research on the finds from the Judaean Des- ing is often not sufficient, and the index is -not ar ert, which is the future of Dead Sea Scrolls studies. ranged in a transparent way. For an example not re- lated to photography, one might expect the article References on pottery to be listed in the index under the more general heading “archaeology,” but it is not, receiv- Sheridan, S. ing instead only an individual listing. 2002 “Scholars, Soldiers, Craftsmen, Elites? Analy- An example of a more general article which uses sis of the French Collection of Human Remains from archaeological data is the article on “Economic Qumran,” DSD 9:199-248 Life” by Ze’ev Safrai and . Safrai and Zias, J. Eshel concentrate their discussion on the Qumran 2000 “The Cemeteries of Qumran and Celibacy: Con- community. In their article they assume the iden- fusion Laid to Rest?” DSD 7:220-53. tity of the community with the Essenes, and that