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Methods and Models of the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program, PNNL-MA-860

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Methods and Models of the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program, PNNL-MA-860 PNNL-15614, Rev. 1 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Methods and Models of the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program, PNNL-MA-860 EH Carbaugh DE Bihl JA MacLellan CL Antonio RL Hill September 2009 2 PNNL-15614, Rev. 1 Methods and Models of the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program, PNNL-MA-860 EH Carbaugh DE Bihl JA MacLellan CL Antonio RL Hill September 2009 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 PNNL-MA-860 Radiation and Health Technology Methods and Models of the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Preface This manual provides the scientific and technical foundation of the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program (HIDP) for bioassay program design and interpretation, and for the assessment of occupational intakes and internal doses. The Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program Manual (PNL-MA-552)1 applies this foundation to define the recommended worker bioassay monitoring programs and internal dose assessment efforts at the Hanford Site. According to the U.S. Department of Energy Internal Dosimetry Program Guide (DOE G 441.1C, 05- 19-08), a technical basis document should record the approach to evaluating internal doses from bioassay data, and where appropriate, from workplace monitoring data. The document should also describe the physical and chemical characteristics of radioactive materials encountered in the workplace; methods for calculating internal doses and dose equivalents and the methods for documenting those calculations; dose evaluation quality assurance; recording and reporting practices for internal dosimetry; selection of workers for monitoring; and establishment of the type and frequency of measurements to be used. Furthermore, statistical methods for evaluating bioassay data, identifying bioassay results above environmental background values, using appropriate blanks, and analyzing trends should be described. This manual describes the basic methods and biokinetic models used for bioassay program design, interpretation, and internal dose assessment. These methods and models are combined with good practices and professional judgment to give the operational recommendations for routine and special bioassay monitoring contained in the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program Manual (PNL-MA-552). The actual selection of workers for monitoring and the characterization of the physical, chemical, and radiological properties of contaminants in the many Hanford facilities are the domain of the individual Hanford contractors. The recommendations in this manual are provided as guidance, not requirements, to personnel responsible for designing and operating bioassay monitoring programs and evaluating bioassay results. Commitments by contractors to use these recommendations may be found in the contractor radiation protection plans. This manual is on a 3-year revision schedule; however, individual sections are revised as necessary, and upon revision, commence their own 3-year revision cycle. This manual is maintained by the HIDP, operated by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL’s) Radiation and Health Technology group. The contact person for questions or comments regarding the content of this manual is the HIDP Manager, Eugene H. Carbaugh at 376-6632 or [email protected]. 1 Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program Manual. PNL-MA-552, PNNL-15613, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington. (Internal manual.) A copy of this manual is maintained in the HIDP files and available from the HIDP Manager or online by searching, PNNL-15613 @ http://www.pnl.gov/publications/. Issued for implementation effective 01/01/2010 PNNL-MA-860 Preface Supersedes: January 31, 2003 Page iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ACGIH American Conference on Governmental Industrial Hygienists ALI annual limit on intake AMAD activity median aerodynamic diameter AMTD activity median thermodynamic diameter ANSI American National Standards Institute BEIR Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Bq becquerel(s) µCi microcurie(s) Ci curie(s) Ci/g curie(s) per gram CF commercial fuel CFR Code of Federal Regulations CL contract limit cm2 square centimeter(s) Cpm counts per minute CSU combined standard uncertainty d day(s) DAC derived air concentration DALI deterministic annual limit on intake DCL derived compliance level DCF dose conversion factor D&D decontamination and decommissioning DIL derived investigation level DL decision level DOE U.S. Department of Energy dpm disintegrations per minute DRL dose reporting level DSL derived screening level DTPA diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid DU depleted uranium Issued for implementation effective 01/01/2010 PNNL-MA-860 Acronyms Supersedes: September 31, 2003 Page v E(50) 50-year committed effective dose e(50) 50-year committed effective dose coefficient EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ET extrathoracic f1 fractional absorption in the gastrointestinal tract fCi femtocuries FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFTF Fast Flux Test Facility µg microgram(s) g gram(s) GI gastrointestinal HT(50) 50-year committed organ or tissue equivalent dose hT(50) h hour(s) HEU highly enriched uranium HIDP Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program HPS Health Physics Society HRTM Human Respiratory Tract Model HTO tritiated water vapor or liquid I iodine IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICPMS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection IG intrinsic germanium IL investigation level IMBA Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis (Computer Code) IRF intake retention function or fraction (depending on context) ITP insoluble tritiated particulates IVRRF In Vivo Radioassay and Research Facility keV kilo electron volt(s) kg kilogram(s) PNNL-MA-860 Acronyms Issued for implementation effective 01/01/2010 Page vi Supersedes: September 31, 2003 L liter(s) lb pound(s) Lc critical level of detection Ld detection level LLD lower limit of detection µm micron(s); micrometers m meter(s) MDA minimum detectable activity or amount MDD minimum detectable dose MDI minimum detectable intake MeV million electron volts mg milligram(s) min minute(s) ml milliliter(s) MKIV Mark IV MPBB maximum permissible body burden mrem millirem(s) m(t) measurement expectation value NaI sodium iodide NBS National Bureau of Standards nCi nanocurie(s) NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NU natural uranium NWVP Nuclear Waste Vitrification Project OBT organically bound tritium ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PC personal computer pCi picoCurie(s) PEL permissible exposure limit PFP Plutonium Finishing Plant Issued for implementation effective 01/01/2010 PNNL-MA-860 Acronyms Supersedes: September 31, 2003 Page vii PHS Public Health Services PNL Pacific Northwest Laboratory PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million PUREX Plutonium-Uranium Extraction Plant (or process) RBM red bone marrow REDOX Reduction-Oxidation Plant REX Radiation Exposure System RL (DOE) Richland Operations Office RU recycled uranium s second(s) SALI stochastic annual limit on intake SEE specific effective energy SL screening level SR solubility or reactivity class of deposition SRS Savannah River Site STC special tritium compounds STP soluble tritiated particulates STEL short-term exposure limit Sv sievert(s) TLV threshold limit valve TPU total propagated uncertainty ULI upper large intestine UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation USTUR United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries UO3 Uranium Oxide (Plant) VL verification level WESF Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility WHO World Health Organization PNNL-MA-860 Acronyms Issued for implementation effective 01/01/2010 Page viii Supersedes: September 31, 2003 wt% weight percent y or yr year(s) Issued for implementation effective 01/01/2010 PNNL-MA-860 Acronyms Supersedes: September 31, 2003 Page ix Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................. iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... v 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1.1 2.0 General Methods for Internal Dosimetry .................................................................................... 2.1 3.0 Special Topics ............................................................................................................................. 3.1 4.0 Tritium ......................................................................................................................................... 4.1 5.0 Cesium ......................................................................................................................................... 5.1 6.0 Strontium ..................................................................................................................................... 6.1 7.0 Uranium ....................................................................................................................................... 7.1
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