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Late Pleistocene Pronghorn, Antilocapra Americana, from Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming

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Late Pleistocene Pronghorn, Antilocapra Americana, from Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies Nebraska Academy of Sciences 1988 Late Pleistocene Pronghorn, Antilocapra Americana, from Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming John Chorn University of Kansas Main Campus Barbara A. Frase Bradley University Carl D. Frailey Midland College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas Part of the Life Sciences Commons Chorn, John; Frase, Barbara A.; and Frailey, Carl D., "Late Pleistocene Pronghorn, Antilocapra Americana, from Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming" (1988). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 177. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/177 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Academy of Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societiesy b an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1988. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, XVI: 127-139. LATE PLEISTOCENE PRONGHORN, ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA, FROM NATURAL TRAP CAVE, WYOMING John Chorn1, Barbara A. Frase2, and Carl D. Frailey 3 lMuseum of Natural History University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66045 2Department of Biology Bradley University Peoria, Illinois 61625 3Midland College Midland, Texas 79705 Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming, has yielded one of the more reliable records of Because horn cores and postcranial material are rare, it is Antilocapra from the Late Pleistocene of North America. Generic assignment is important to discuss in some detail A. americana in north­ based on horn cores from two individuals, with a minimum of 13 individuals central Wyoming during the Late Pleistocene. represented by other elements. Morphometric analysis of postcranial material indicates that this form is indistinguishable from the living A. americana. Fossils were recovered from a stratum dated at 17,000-20,000 yr BP. Presence of Antilocapra at other sites is probably over-reported. Secure records based on horn cores are known from only two other sites. Antilocapra americana may have been the preferred prey of the American cheetah, Miracinonyx trumani. Teeth, horn cores, and much of the postcranial skeleton of the Natural Trap LIVING PRONGHORN pronghorn are figured. The American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is the t t t only extant member of the genus. It is widely distributed throughout the western United States, and extends into Mexico INTRODUCTION and Canada (O'Gara, 1978). This artiodactyl is not a true ante­ lope, but represents a distinct family, the Antilocapridae, which Natural Trap Cave, on the northwestern flank of the Big Horn is closely allied with the Bovidae (e.g., Simpson, 1945). Males Mountains, north-central Wyoming, has been a deadfall animal may average up to 57 kg, depending on the subspecies (Mit­ trap since the Sangamonian Interglacial. It is located at an chell, 1971; O'Gara, 1978), and have paired horns with an elevation of 1500 + m. General discussions of the site can be anterior prong; females are smaller and may lack horns alto­ found in Gilbert and Martin (1984) and Martin and Gilbert gether. Pronghorns are the fleetest North American mammal (1978). and can attain speeds of about 65 km per hour (Kurten and Anderson, 1980: 325); they are gracile and highly adapted to Natural Trap Cave contains the best-documented Pleistocene their cursorial existence. Cheek teeth are exceptionally high­ record of Antilocapra americana. Although the American crowned and enable these animals to eat grit-covered and sili­ pronghorn was abundant and wide-ranging in historic times, its ceous forage. Grasses, forbs, and shrubs are included in the diet; Pleistocene record is surprisingly meager (Fig. 1, Table I). Much the importance of grazing versus browsing is dependent on of this record is based on isolated teeth, which closely resemble the season and locality (O'Gara, 1978). Their habitat includes those of other antilocaprid genera. At the generic level, horn short-grass prairie, open shrubland, and mountain parks (Arm­ cores are the most useful element for positive identification. strong, 1972). 127 128 Pleistocene Pronghorns 29 23 o 300 • ~ I~O" 360 KILOMETERS FIGURE 1. Map showing Wisconsinan (100,000-10,000 BP) localities from which Antilocapra has been at least tentatively reported. Not shown are the Riddell Site, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Jimenez Cave, Chihuahua, Mexico and Tlapacoya, Central Mexico. I-Vulture Cave, 2-Emery Barrow Pit, 3-Maricopa, 4-McKittrick, S-Rancho La Brea, 6-Chimney Rock Animal Trap, 7-Dutton, 8-Lindenmeier, 9-Jaguar Cave, to-Owl Cave (Wasden), ll-Red Willow, 12-Dry Cave, 13-Isleta Caves, 14-Muskox Cave, IS-Council Hall Cave, 16-Mineral Hill Cave, 17-Smith Creek Cave, 18-Fossil Lake, 19-Kyle Quarry, 20-Ben Franklin Local Fauna, 21-Williams Cave, 22-Silver Creek Local Fauna, 23-Agate Basin area, 24-Bell Cave, 2S-Colby Mammoth Kill, 26-Horned Owl Cave, 27-Laramie & North Platte River Gravel Terraces, 28-Little Box Elder Cave, 29-Natural Trap Cave, 30-Prospects Shelter, 31-Medicine Hat Faunas. TABLE I. Published Records of Antilocapra americana from the Wisconsin (100,000-10,000 years BP). Locality Age Taxon Material Vulture Cave, AZ 14,000 BP A. americana 1 metacarpal, lacking distal articular (Mead & Philips, 1981) surface Emery Barrow Pit, CA Rancholabrean A. americana (Kurten & Anderson, 1980) Maricopa, CA Wisconsin A. americana (Kurten & Anderson, 1980) McKittrick, CA Wisconsin: A. cf. americana 2 horn cores, 2 mandibular rami (Furlong, 1932; Schultz, 1938) 38,000 ± 2.500 BP (Furlong, 1932) (1 adult, 1 juvenile) A. americana (Schultz, 1938) Rancho La Brea, CA Wisconsin (some Recent): A. cf. americana partial skull with nearly complete (Furlong, 1932; Reynolds, 1976) 12,650 ± 160-19,300 ± 395 BP (Furlong, 1932) horn core (Pit 3); 25,000-40,000 BP (Pit 91) cf. A. americana 5 specimens from 3 individuals (Reynolds, 1976) TABLE I-{Continued on page 129) Pleistocene Pronghorns 129 TABLE I-{Continuedfrom page 128) Chimney Rock Animal Trap, CO Late Pleistocene & Recent: A. americana ? (Hager, 1972) 11,980 ± 180 BP (at the 48 inch level) Dutton, CO Found below mammoth bone Antilocapra sp. 1 incomplete M, (Graham, 1981) dated 11,710 ± 150 BP Lindenmeier, CO Wisconsin: A. americana 1 vertebra, 1 radius, 1 carpus, (Wilmsen & Roberts, 1978) 11,000 BP 1 phalanx, 3 tarsals & 3 teeth (minimum of 2 individuals) Jaguar Cave, 10 Wisconsin & Recent: A. americana (Kurten & Ao.derson, 1972; 10,370 ± 350 BP (hearth Sadek-Kooras, 1966) 11,580 ± 250 BP (hearth) Owl Cave (Wasden), ID Wisconsin & Recent: A. cf. americana (Guilday, 1969; Miller & Dort, 1978) 8,000 BP (Bison bone); 12,500 BP (Mammoth bone); Red Willow, NE Late Pleistocene & Recent. A. americana distal half of humerus, fragment of (Corner, 1977) lower jaw with P4 , C,-PJ , 1 metatarsal, 1 tibia, distal end of metacarpal Dry Cave, NM Late Wisconsin. cf. Antilocapra (Harris, 1970) 14,4 70-250 BP (part of site) pronghorn? from dated part of site. Minimum of 1 individual from undated parts of site. Isleta Caves, NM Pleistocene & Recent: A. americana (Harris & Findley, 1964) Pleistocene age based on presence of extinct faunal elements that are presumed to have been confined temporally to the Pleistocene (Arctodus, Camelops, Tanupolama). Muskox Cave, NM Sangamon to Recent: cf. A, americana ? (Logan, 1981) 25,000 ± 1,100-18,140 ± 200 BP Council Hall Cave, NV 23,900 ± 970 & 13,040 ± 190 BP A. americana ? (S, I Miller, 1979; Harris, 1985) Mineral Hill Cave, NV Late Pleistocene-Recent Antilocapra ? (McGuire, 1980) Smith Creek Cave, NV Late or Middle Wisconsin: A. americana (Mead, et ai" 1982; ~12,000 BP S. I Miller, 1979) Fossil Lake, OR Wisconsin" A. cf. americana 3 astragali, distal end of humerus, (Elftman, 1931; Allison, 1966) proximal part of ulna, acetabular region of pelvis, I tooth IJ , or C, Kyle Quarry, TN Rancholabrean. A. americana (Kurten & Anderson, 1980) Ben Franklin Local Fauna, TX Late Wisconsin & Recent: ? A. americana 1 incomplete MJ (Slaughter & Hoover, 1963) 9,550 ± 375 BP (hearth); 11,135 ± 450 BP (mussel shell) Williams Cave, TX Pleistocene mixed with Recent: A. a. americana articulated vertebral column, occipital (Ayer, 1936; Harris, 1985) 11,140 ± 320& 12,100 ± 210 region of skull, left innominate, dates on sloth dung. fragment of sacrum, distal metapodial, proximal fragment of right radius, fragmentary right maxilla with PM"] Silver Creek Local Fauna, UT >40,000 BP: A. cf. americana p. (and medial phalanx which is (W E. Miller, 1976) Late Sangamon or Early indistinguishable from cervid) Wisconsin Agate Basin area, WY Latest Wisconsin A. americana (Walker, 1982; Frison, 1982) dates> 10,000 BP; Clovis faunule proximal left metatarsal 10,030 ± 280 BP; Hell Gap faunule 1 astragal us, 3 carpals 10,445 ± 110 BP; 7Folsom faunule numerous elements including 10,780 ± 120BP teeth (horn cores not present) TABLE I-{Continued on page 130) 130 Pleistocene Pronghorns TABLE I-{Continuedjrompage 129) Bell Cave, WY Pleistocene & Recent A. americana (Zeimens & Walker, 1974) same as above - (Martes nobilis, Equus, Camelops) Colby Mammoth Kill, WY Wisconsin: A. americana I ulna lacking proximal & distal ends (Walker & Frison, 1980) 11,200 ± 200 BP Horned Owl Cave, WY Wisconsin & Recent, A. americana I phalanx from ft, #4, I phalanx from (Guilday, Hamilton & Adams, 1967) ft, #5 Laramie & North Platte River Late Pleistocene A. americana Gravel Terraces, WY (Walker, 1982) Little Box Elder Cave, WY Late Pleistocene & Recent A. americana (Anderson, 1968) Natural Trap Cave, WY Wisconsin & Recent (some A. americana dissociated skeletons, partial skulls, (Martin & Gilbert, 1978) older unpublished material): horn cores for minimum of 2 17 ,620-20,170 BP for "Gley" individuals soil leveL Prospects Shelter, WY ca, 17,500 BP Antilocapra sp. (Chomko & Gilbert, 1987) Medicine Hat Faunas, Canada Late mid-Wisconsin & Early ?A. cf. americana (2 sites) mid-Wisconsin: (Harington, 1978) 37,900 ± 1,100BP& 38,700 ± 1,100 BP from above fauna, Riddell Site, Canada Late Rancholabrean, Antilocapra cf.
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