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Van Der Waals Epitaxy of Ultrathin Early Transition Metal (Ti & V)

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Van Der Waals Epitaxy of Ultrathin Early Transition Metal (Ti & V) University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School June 2020 Van der Waals Epitaxy of Ultrathin Early Transition Metal (Ti & V) (di)Selenides: Charge and Magnetic Order in the Ultrathin Limit Manuel Bonilla Lopez University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Physics Commons Scholar Commons Citation Bonilla Lopez, Manuel, "Van der Waals Epitaxy of Ultrathin Early Transition Metal (Ti & V) (di)Selenides: Charge and Magnetic Order in the Ultrathin Limit" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8320 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Van der Waals Epitaxy of Ultrathin Early Transition Metal (Ti & V) (di)Selenides: Charge and Magnetic Order in the Ultrathin Limit by Manuel Bonilla Lopez A dissertation submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physics College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Matthias Batzill, Ph.D. Manh-Huong Phan, Ph.D. Humberto Rodriguez Gutierrez, Ph.D. Garrett Matthews, Ph.D. Michael Cai Wang, Ph.D. Date of Approval: June 23, 2020 Keywords: 2D materials, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, VSe2, TiSe2, Ferromagnetism, Monolayer Copyright © 2020, Manuel Bonilla Lopez Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iv Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ vi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Motivation for 2D materials ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) .............................................................................. 1 1.3 Introduction to VSe2 ................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Introduction to TiSe2 ................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 M5Se8, M2Se3 and M3Se4 (M = V, Ti) self-intercalated compounds ......................................... 9 1.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.7 References ............................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: MBE setup and characterization methods ................................................................................ 17 2.1 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) ............................................................................................. 17 2.2 X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ............................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Selenium protective capping layer .......................................................................... 22 2.3 Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) .................................................................................. 24 2.4 Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) .......................................................... 27 2.5 Physical property measurement system-vibrating sample magnetometer (PPMS-VSM) ......................................................................................................................... 28 2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 30 2.7 References ............................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 3: Synthesis of vanadium selenide (structural and compositional analysis) ................................ 32 3.1 Monolayer VSe2 synthesis via MBE ....................................................................................... 32 3.2 Vanadium selenides post-growth annealing induced transitions to intercalated compounds .......................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Work function of vanadium selenides systems before and after annealing ............................ 44 3.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 46 3.5 References ............................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 4: Properties of vanadium selenides ............................................................................................. 50 4.1 Magnetic properties of vanadium selenides ............................................................................ 51 4.2 CDW in monolayer VSe2 and its relation to ferromagnetism ................................................. 64 4.3 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 70 4.4 References ............................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 5: Synthesis of titanium selenide (structural and compositional analysis) ................................... 74 i 5.1 Monolayer TiSe2 synthesis via MBE ...................................................................................... 74 5.2 Titanium selenides post-growth annealing induced transitions to intercalated compounds .......................................................................................................... 77 5.3 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 82 5.4 References ............................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 6: Properties of monolayer TiSe2: CDW tunability in the excitonic insulator model ................. 84 6.1 Layer-dependence ................................................................................................................... 85 6.2 Substrate-dependence ............................................................................................................. 87 6.3 CDW suppression by electron doping ................................................................................... 94 6.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 96 6.5 References ............................................................................................................................... 96 Chapter 7: Conclusions and outlook ......................................................................................................... 99 Appendix A: Copyright Permissions ....................................................................................................... 103 ii List of Tables Table 2.1: Selenium cracking source temperature for each source region................................................. 20 Table 3.1: Vanadium and selenium vapor pressures .................................................................................. 33 Table 3.2: XPS fitting parameters for V-2p and Se-3d ............................................................................. 35 Table 3.3: XPS Peak ratios and binding energy shifts of VSe2 as a function of annealing temperatures ............................................................................................................................. 37 Table 3.4: Summary of the V-intercalated structures in relation to their composition and superstructure. .......................................................................................................................... 39 Table 3.5: High resolution XPS composition evolution for different annealing steps .............................. 44 Table 5.1: Titanium and selenium vapor pressures. ................................................................................... 75 Table 5.2: XPS fitting parameters for Ti-2p and Se-3d ............................................................................. 76 Table 5.3: XPS Peak ratios and binding energy shifts of TiSe2 as a function of annealing temperatures ............................................................................................................................. 78 Table 5.4: Summary of Ti-intercalated structures in relation to their composition and superstructure ............................................................................................................................ 81 Table 6.1: STS-CDW transition
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