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Coastal Ecosystem Restoration Based on "Good Governance": Case Study Gresik and Malang Regency, East Java Province

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Coastal Ecosystem Restoration Based on RESEARCH JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCE E-ISSN : 2355-9926 161 DESEMBER -2015 VOLUME 02 NO. 03 http://rjls.ub.ac.id Coastal Ecosystem Restoration Based on "Good Governance": Case Study Gresik and Malang Regency, East Java Province Rudianto 1), Edi susilo 1), Ade Yamindago 1) 1) Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT ecosystems cannot provide optimal service This study is focused on the institutional to the public. Causes of coastal damage is aspects as an essential prerequisite to the caused by natural and anthropogenic factors integration efforts of the coastal ecosystem (Diposaptono, 2011). Damage caused by restoration in Gresik and Malang regency. natural factors is earthquakes, tsunamis, The purpose of this study was to perform hurricanes, floods, el-Nino, heating, coastal restoration with a "good predators, erosion. Damage caused by governance" focus as a means of coastal natural factors can occur naturally or as a restoration. result of human intervention to cause The method to be used is to use natural disasters. Natural disasters such as Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and tsunami often cause many casualties. It Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). ISM is an caused damage in coastal areas due to sea interactive design methodology to develop waves generated by an impulsive structures that describe the relationship disturbance that occurs in the ocean between elements. While AHP is a medium. Erosion problems can also be framework for effective decisions on caused by natural processes, human complex problems. activities, or a combination of both. The The results of this study is to show the cause of the damage is caused by human formulation of the seven (7) priority behavior and it is heavily influenced by the structure. While the master plan drawn up ethics anthropocentrism. This leading to the respective roles of the anthropocentrism is a symbol of human stakeholders at the village level, district greed that is not only individual but can be level, district level and provincial and collective. Exploit human nature and the national levels. While the preparation of the environment to benefit as much as possible action plan was drawn up with reference to without thinking of the impact that the 9 (nine) step restoration management in occurred. Effects due to these activities can an integrated manner. damage natural resources, especially in this Keywords: Integrated Coastal Ecosystem coastal ecosystem. Restoration, the Master Plan, the Action Rudianto (2014) states that in order to Plan, ISM. cope with coastal damage, it is necessary for integrated coastal restoration. Restoration INTRODUCTION efforts require prioritization handling The coastal area is currently estimated proportionate. The first priority that needs at nearly 70% suffered severe damage. to be addressed is the mangrove, the reefs, Mangrove ecosystems, coral reefs, estuaries the third is the estuary and the fourth is the and sea grass beds have been unable to seagrass. Restoration of mangroves, coral function properly, so that the coastal reefs, estuaries and seagrass beds are to RESEARCH JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCE E-ISSN : 2355-9926 162 DESEMBER -2015 VOLUME 02 NO. 03 http://rjls.ub.ac.id receive widespread attention from the concerned with the high attrition rate and public due to the high socio-economic value high sedimentation process. and ecology of this ecosystem. Office marine, fishery and livestock Restoration can raise the value of Gresik stated that coral reefs in Gresik area biological resources such as mangrove and it suffers from damaged with wide of 85.5 ha can prevent damage to the coast, maintaining and it is estimated that almost half of them biodiversity, fisheries production, and provide are already badly damaged. livelihood opportunities to local residents Many of the reefs suffered from coral (Setiawan, 2006). Anwar and Gunawan bleaching. Sea pollution level is high enough. (2006) showed that mangrove thickness of This is because many vessels discard garbage 200 m with a density of 30 trees/100 m2 such as oil and industrial waste into the sea. with a trunk diameter of 15 cm can reduce While the mangrove ecosystems were about 50% of the energy of tsunami waves. damaged, especially in the district of Bunga Based on data in 2002 that as many as 219 and sub-district of Ujung Pangkah. districts/town (68%) had allegedly coastal Mangrove damage occurs approximately areas and 70% of coastal areas were 20.75% with moderate to severe category in damaged. If the beach is damaged Gresik regency. continuously, then there will be pressure on Estuarine conditions in Gresik regency is the carrying capacity of the coast which is shown heavily polluted area, where likely to interfere and it reduces the function chemical and physical processes that occur of the beach. are affected by the multi activities The total area of the coastal district of surrounding waters. One of the activities is a Malang damaged is estimated 165 hectares. source of pollution of the pond. Value Condition of severely damaged mangrove content of BOD5, DO and nitrate are very area of 47.96%. While the conditions were high which probably derived from the slightly damaged mangrove area of 29.4 process of decomposition of organic hectares or 8.54%. Coastal conditions were material in the form of food remains, the pretty good area of 150.1 ha. Malang rest of the metabolism of fertilizer. Besides regency coastal areas in the south is the waste of households and industry is also identified damage. Damage to mangrove affecting water quality in the estuary forests causes severe abrasion and it is (Supriyadi, 2002) causing coastal damage. Malang district Therefore, if the coastal restoration government through the department of efforts will be made either in Malang Marine and Fisheries stated that the extent regency and district Gresik, then some of damage Sendangbiru beach in the village fundamental issues related to the integrated Tambakrejo suffered considerable damage, restoration efforts that need to be if it is compared with the level of damage to considered are: a) how to formulate the the other shore. Efforts to address coastal institutional model-based "Good Governance"; damage in Malang regency done by planting b) how to prepare master planning planning mangroves of the year 2008 - 2012 covering of coastal restoration for 5 (five) years; and an area of 20.8 hectares. It has been c) how the preparation of an action plan. rehabilitated through 2012. Estuarine Based on these problems, then compiled the conditions in Malang regency are also very following research objectives: a) to formulate institutional model based on RESEARCH JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCE E-ISSN : 2355-9926 163 DESEMBER -2015 VOLUME 02 NO. 03 http://rjls.ub.ac.id "good governance" to apply the strategy of become important. Thereby the capacity of integrated management of ecosystem the community can be formed to encourage restoration; b) draw up a master plan people to be more in line with the law and (master plan) for 5 (five) years; and c) draw regulations. Techniques and data analysis to up an action plan (action plan) institutional establish the institutional model based on model based on "good governance". good governance. It requires a lot of stakeholders to participate restoration. METHODS Broadly speaking, it can be formed three Scope of this research is focussed on groups of stakeholders namely the preparing the model based on "good government, private sector, and local governance". It is applied to a strategy for residents. Therefore it takes several stages the integrated management of the coastal of exploration and analysis processes both ecosystem restoration that has been qualitatively and quantitatively in building compiled in previous studies (Rudianto, the institutional model. The process of 2014). Institutional model leads to an analysis in this study using Interpretive increase people participation, awareness, Structured Modeling (ISM) and Analytical ownership, needs and hope. It is also to Hierarchy Process (AHP). increase the capacity of the community Methods of Interpretive Structural participation, and the decision making Modeling (ISM) is an interactive planning process, as well as to increase the benefits methodology that allows a group of people for individuals and communities. to work as a team to develop a structure that Orientation institutional model leads to describes the relationship between increased participation, awareness, elements (Bolanos, et al., 2005). Technically, ownership. Besides, the institution needs to ISM method is done by changing the be directed also to the following matters: a) hierarchy obscurity to become more visible. needs and expectations; b) the capacity of The model is well defined for better strategic communities to participate; c) the decision- planning. Unlike conventional methods, it making process; d) benefits for individuals requires the respondent to simply assess the and communities to actively participation; e) importance of key issues, Interpretive how the institutional and legal regulations. Structured Modeling (ISM) to force policy Law enforcement to control the violations makers to consider the relationship between need to be done in a sustainable manner. the key issues (Ketkar, et al., 2012). Public awareness program for law-abiding Table 1. Factors hindering the formation of Institutional Models. No Obstacle factor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Overlapping policies 2 Stages in the level of government bureaucracy 3 Not conducive Rules 4 Limitations human resources development 5 Understanding the limitations of society 6 Financial constraints 7 Lack of infrastructure RESEARCH JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCE E-ISSN : 2355-9926 164 DESEMBER -2015 VOLUME 02 NO. 03 http://rjls.ub.ac.id Table 2. Factors Supporting Establishment of Institutional models. No Supporting factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Local law on institutional 2 Parliament Supporting 3 The existence of political will 4 Shared commitment 5 The attitude of mutual cooperation 6 Public awareness to restore coastal area ISM Model Shaping.
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