DOCSLIB.ORG

High-Efficiency Passive and Active Phased Arrays and Array Feeds For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
High-Efficiency Passive and Active Phased Arrays and Array Feeds For Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2015-11-01 High-Efficiencyassiv P e and Active Phased Arrays and Array Feeds for Satellite Communications Zhenchao Yang Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Yang, Zhenchao, "High-Efficiencyassiv P e and Active Phased Arrays and Array Feeds for Satellite Communications" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 5741. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5741 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. High-Efficiency Passive and Active Phased Arrays and Array Feeds for Satellite Communications Zhenchao Yang A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Karl F. Warnick, Chair Neal K. Bangerter Brian D. Jeffs Michael A. Jensen David G. Long Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Brigham Young University November 2015 Copyright © 2015 Zhenchao Yang All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT High-Efficiency Passive and Active Phased Arrays and Array Feeds for Satellite Communications Zhenchao Yang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Satellite communication (Satcom) services are used worldwide for voice, data, and video links due to various appealing features. Parabolic reflector antennas are typically used to serve a cost effective scheme for commercial applications. However, mount degradation, roof sag, and orbital decay motivate the need for beam steering. Limited scan range beam steering opens a third option for electronic beam steering with lower cost than full aperture phased arrays and higher tracking speed and accuracy than mechanical-only steering. Multiple high efficiency passive patch array feeds were designed, fabricated, and measured, including a 2 × 2 MSA array, a stacked shorted annular patch antenna, and an SIW-fed hexago- nal array feed based on PTFE material, achieving performance comparable to a horn feed. For multiband dual polarization applications, passive MSA feed solutions are also provided. Multiple MSA array feeds with high isolation were designed for dual band dual polarization applications. More functionality can be realized with multi-layer PCB techniques for complex communication scenarios. Limited scan range electronic beam-steering with a parabolic reflector fed by an active array feed which only needs gain control was demonstrated experimentally, leading to a low cost and effective solution for active beam scanning. A cost-effective flat-panel phased array with limited scan range electronic beam-steering was proposed by tiling high efficiency 4 × 4 passive subarrays and performing beam scanning at the tile level. The sidelobe issue was also investigated to comply with the pattern mask requirement set by FCC. To enable better use of circularly polarized (CP) MSAs for electronically beam-formed an- tenna systems, the impact of mutual coupling on the performance of high-sensitivity dual-polarized receivers for satellite communications applications was analyzed. A new analysis method for in- trinsically dual-CP MSAs based on an equivalent circuit model and Jones matrices was proposed and validated to overcome the port isolation challenge. The model provides accurate estimates of impedances and S-parameters, as well as field parameters such as axial ratio. The feasible re- gion for XPI and impedance mismatch factor is found for dual CP antennas. The circuit model enables multiple useful applications. Effective decoupling and matching schemes were proposed and demonstrated, leading to a high isolation, good match, and wide AR bandwidth dual CP MSA for satellite communications. Keywords: Passive and Active Array Feed, Microstrip Array, Multiband, Dual Polarization, Cir- cular Polarization, Limited Scan Range Beam Steering, Satellite Communications ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Karl Warnick for advising, helping, and encouraging me all the way through my five-year doctorate program. I learn so much from him in both practical knowledge and metaphysical wisdom. Whenever I have difficulties in not only study but also life, he always offers generous help as much as he can. He encourages and supports me to explore open research questions and guides me to think problems critically and comprehensively. I am so grateful and proud I can be one of Dr. Warnick’s PhD students. I would like to thank all my committee members Dr. Neal Bangerter, Dr. Brian Jeffs, Dr. Michael Jensen, and Dr. David Long. Their feedback and comments on my research and dissertation excite me to reflect on what are the core contributions of my work from a big picture and how to achieve and deliver them. In addition, I appreciate Dr. Dah-Jye Lee advising me from study to life as an international student and sharing his wonderful experience with me. I would like to thank all group members of the SatCom project since 2010. I appreciate those valuable discussions, fruitful collaborations, and friendships, particularly with Kyle Brown- ing, Matt Morin, and Mahrukh Khan. Thank Greg Mockett for bringing those exciting SatCom projects and supporting the group. I am grateful I can make so many good friends during the five years study in CB 480. Fun discussions and mild arguments on various topics make the lab time colorful. Particularly, thank Junming Diao, Dr. Rashid Mehmood, and James Eck for discussing all kinds of antennas and propagation problems, and thank Richard Black and Jonathon Spencer for their generous help. Thank my parents for their consistent encouragement and support. Thank my wife for taking care of the family, especially those two little cute and naughty boys. I cannot imagine how I can survive through the program without the family’s support. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................... viii Chapter 1 Introduction ................................... 1 1.1 Limited Scan Range Electronic Beam Steering Systems and Passive Array Feeds . 2 1.2 Contributions . 3 Chapter 2 High Efficiency Passive Array Feeds ..................... 6 2.1 Figures of Merit for a Terrestrial Antenna in Satellite Communication Systems . 6 2.2 High Radiation Efficiency Microstrip Antenna . 8 2.2.1 Introduction . 8 2.2.2 Substrate Parameters . 9 2.2.3 Array Designs . 12 2.2.4 Simulation and Measurement . 12 2.2.5 Summary . 13 2.3 High Efficiency Ku Band Stacked Shorted Annular Patch Antenna Feed . 13 2.3.1 Introduction . 13 2.3.2 Antenna Design . 15 2.3.3 Simulation and Measurement Results . 16 2.3.4 Summary . 22 2.4 Radial SIW Fed Hexagonal Array Feed . 24 2.4.1 Introduction . 24 2.4.2 Design Concept and Configuration . 24 2.4.3 Simulated Result . 25 Chapter 3 Multiband Dual Polarized Passive Array Feeds ............... 28 3.1 Tx/Rx Planar Array Feed for Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) . 28 3.1.1 VSAT Array Feed Design . 29 iv 3.1.2 Simulation and Measurement Results . 31 3.1.3 Summary . 31 3.2 Dual Polarized Array Feed . 34 3.2.1 Dual Linearly Polarized Array Feed Integrated with RF Circuits . 34 3.2.2 Dual Circularly Polarized Array Feed . 34 3.3 Multiband Dual Polarization High Efficiency Array Feed for Ku/Reverse Band Satellite Communications . 35 3.3.1 Multiband Array Feed Design . 38 3.3.2 Simulation Results . 46 3.3.3 Summary . 46 Chapter 4 Electronically Steered Array Feed for Limited Scan Range Beam Steering 49 4.1 Introduction . 49 4.2 4×2 Electronically Steered Array Feed System . 50 4.3 4×4 Electronically Steered Array Feed System . 54 4.4 Summary . 55 Chapter 5 Limited Scan Range Steered Beam VSAT System by Tiling 4×4 Microstrip Subarray Tile .................................. 57 5.1 Planar 4×4 Array Tile Design for a Limited Scan Range Steered Beam VSAT System 57 5.1.1 Introduction . 57 5.1.2 Design Concept and Practical Considerations . 58 5.1.3 Summary . 61 5.2 Tile Array Simulation . 62 5.2.1 4×4 Tile Array . 62 5.2.2 Summary . 63 Chapter 6 Polarimetric and Coupling Analysis for a Dual Polarization Communi- cation System .................................. 67 6.1 Effect of Mutual Coupling on the Sensitivity of Dual Polarized Receivers . 68 6.1.1 Introduction . 68 6.1.2 Correlation Coefficient and S-parameters . 68 v 6.1.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling on Sensitivity . 70 6.1.4 Summary . 71 6.2 Analysis of Intrinsically Dual Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas Using an Equivalent Circuit Model and Jones Matrix Formulation . 72 6.2.1 Introduction . 72 6.2.2 Jones Matrix . 74 6.2.3 Equivalent Circuit Model . 76 6.2.4 Fundamental Performance Bounds for Intrinsically Dual CP MSAs . 82 6.2.5 Applications of the Circuit Model . 91 6.2.6 Summary . 100 Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Work ......................... 101 7.1 Conclusion . 101 7.2 Future Work . 103 REFERENCES ......................................... 105 vi LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Impact of 1 dB efficiency change on SNR . 7 2.2 Simulated efficiency and measured SNR results of different antenna feeds at 12 GHz on an f/D = 0.74 dish . 22 2.3 Simulated efficiency and SNR results of different antenna feeds at 12 GHz on an f/D = 0.74 dish . 27 3.1 Simulated array feed efficiencies and system performance . 46 vii LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Impact of radiation, aperture, and spillover efficiencies on SNR for a parabolic reflector based ground terminal with typical parameters and perfect matching be- tween the antenna and the receiver. Radiation efficiency is the biggest player. 8 2.2 The influence of substrate permittivity er on radiation efficiency and bandwidth. Higher er leads to lower radiation efficiency and narrower bandwidth even on 60 mil thick material at 12 GHz.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antenna Tuning for WCDMA RF Front End
    Antenna tuning for WCDMA RF front end Reema Sidhwani School of Electrical Engineering Thesis submitted for examination for the degree of Master of Science in Technology. Espoo 20.11.2012 Thesis supervisor: Prof. Olav Tirkkonen Thesis instructor: MSc. Janne Peltonen Aalto University School of Electrical A’’ Engineering aalto university abstract of the school of electrical engineering master's thesis Author: Reema Sidhwani Title: Antenna tuning for WCDMA RF front end Date: 20.11.2012 Language: English Number of pages:6+64 Department of Radio Communications Professorship: Communication Theory Code: S-72 Supervisor: Prof. Olav Tirkkonen Instructor: MSc. Janne Peltonen Modern mobile handsets or so called Smart-phones are not just capable of commu- nicating over a wide range of radio frequencies and of supporting various wireless technologies. They also include a range of peripheral devices like camera, key- board, larger display, flashlight etc. The provision to support such a large feature set in a limited size, constraints the designers of RF front ends to make compro- mises in the design and placement of the antenna which deteriorates its perfor- mance. The surroundings of the antenna especially when it comes in contact with human body, adds to the degradation in its performance. The main reason for the degraded performance is the mismatch of impedance between the antenna and the radio transceiver which causes part of the transmitted power to be reflected back. The loss of power reduces the power amplifier efficiency and leads to shorter battery life. Moreover the reflected power increases the noise floor of the receiver and reduces its sensitivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi Application Antenna for Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and Bluetooth for Better Radiation Efficiency
    International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS) - Volume-1, Issue-4, July 2015 ISSN: 2395-3470 ` www.ijseas.com Multi Application Antenna for Wi-Fi, Wi-max and Bluetooth for better radiation efficiency Hina D.Pal, J.Jenifer, Kavitha Balamurugan, M.E,Suntheravel, PG student, PG student, Associate Prof. Assistant Prof. KCG College of technology, KCG College of technology, KCG College of technology, KCG College of technology, Karapakkam, Karapakkam, Karapakkam, Karapakkam, Chennai-600097 Chennai-600097 Chennai-600097 Chennai-600097 ABSTRACT: Microstrip antenna is a printed type antenna This paper presents the radiation performance of rectangular consisting of a dielectric substrate sandwiched in patch antenna having a two slots. The design is used for between a ground plane and a patch. In this project three different frequencies 2.4, 5 and 7GHz . As a substrate Micro strip patch antenna technology is used for material Cu_clad is used. The simulated results for this different application for different frequencies antenna are obtained by varying the length and width of different materials are used for better efficiency. three dipoles.The results indicate that rectangular patch antenna with two slots offers a good antenna efficiency 41.576 at 2.45 GHz,51.958 at 5 GHz,46.810 at 7 GHz with the input feed 50 Ohm. Desired patch antenna design was simulated by ADS simulator program. ADS supports every step of the design process—schematic capture, layout, frequency-domain and time-domain circuit simulation, and electromagnetic field simulation, allowing the engineer to fully characterize and optimize an RF design without changing tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiometry and the Friis Transmission Equation Joseph A
    Radiometry and the Friis transmission equation Joseph A. Shaw Citation: Am. J. Phys. 81, 33 (2013); doi: 10.1119/1.4755780 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4755780 View Table of Contents: http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/AJPIAS/v81/i1 Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers Related Articles The reciprocal relation of mutual inductance in a coupled circuit system Am. J. Phys. 80, 840 (2012) Teaching solar cell I-V characteristics using SPICE Am. J. Phys. 79, 1232 (2011) A digital oscilloscope setup for the measurement of a transistor’s characteristic curves Am. J. Phys. 78, 1425 (2010) A low cost, modular, and physiologically inspired electronic neuron Am. J. Phys. 78, 1297 (2010) Spreadsheet lock-in amplifier Am. J. Phys. 78, 1227 (2010) Additional information on Am. J. Phys. Journal Homepage: http://ajp.aapt.org/ Journal Information: http://ajp.aapt.org/about/about_the_journal Top downloads: http://ajp.aapt.org/most_downloaded Information for Authors: http://ajp.dickinson.edu/Contributors/contGenInfo.html Downloaded 07 Jan 2013 to 153.90.120.11. Redistribution subject to AAPT license or copyright; see http://ajp.aapt.org/authors/copyright_permission Radiometry and the Friis transmission equation Joseph A. Shaw Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 (Received 1 July 2011; accepted 13 September 2012) To more effectively tailor courses involving antennas, wireless communications, optics, and applied electromagnetics to a mixed audience of engineering and physics students, the Friis transmission equation—which quantifies the power received in a free-space communication link—is developed from principles of optical radiometry and scalar diffraction.
    [Show full text]
  • ECE 5011: Antennas
    ECE 5011: Antennas Course Description Electromagnetic radiation; fundamental antenna parameters; dipole, loops, patches, broadband and other antennas; array theory; ground plane effects; horn and reflector antennas; pattern synthesis; antenna measurements. Prior Course Number: ECE 711 Transcript Abbreviation: Antennas Grading Plan: Letter Grade Course Deliveries: Classroom Course Levels: Undergrad, Graduate Student Ranks: Junior, Senior, Masters, Doctoral Course Offerings: Spring Flex Scheduled Course: Never Course Frequency: Every Year Course Length: 14 Week Credits: 3.0 Repeatable: No Time Distribution: 3.0 hr Lec Expected out-of-class hours per week: 6.0 Graded Component: Lecture Credit by Examination: No Admission Condition: No Off Campus: Never Campus Locations: Columbus Prerequisites and Co-requisites: Prereq: 3010 (312), or Grad standing in Engineering, Biological Sciences, or Math and Physical Sciences. Exclusions: Not open to students with credit for 711. Cross-Listings: Course Rationale: Existing course. The course is required for this unit's degrees, majors, and/or minors: No The course is a GEC: No The course is an elective (for this or other units) or is a service course for other units: Yes Subject/CIP Code: 14.1001 Subsidy Level: Doctoral Course Programs Abbreviation Description CpE Computer Engineering EE Electrical Engineering Course Goals Teach students basic antenna parameters, including radiation resistance, input impedance, gain and directivity Expose students to antenna radiation properties, propagation (Friis transmission
    [Show full text]
  • 25. Antennas II
    25. Antennas II Radiation patterns Beyond the Hertzian dipole - superposition Directivity and antenna gain More complicated antennas Impedance matching Reminder: Hertzian dipole The Hertzian dipole is a linear d << antenna which is much shorter than the free-space wavelength: V(t) Far field: jk0 r j t 00Id e ˆ Er,, t j sin 4 r Radiation resistance: 2 d 2 RZ rad 3 0 2 where Z 000 377 is the impedance of free space. R Radiation efficiency: rad (typically is small because d << ) RRrad Ohmic Radiation patterns Antennas do not radiate power equally in all directions. For a linear dipole, no power is radiated along the antenna’s axis ( = 0). 222 2 I 00Idsin 0 ˆ 330 30 Sr, 22 32 cr 0 300 60 We’ve seen this picture before… 270 90 Such polar plots of far-field power vs. angle 240 120 210 150 are known as ‘radiation patterns’. 180 Note that this picture is only a 2D slice of a 3D pattern. E-plane pattern: the 2D slice displaying the plane which contains the electric field vectors. H-plane pattern: the 2D slice displaying the plane which contains the magnetic field vectors. Radiation patterns – Hertzian dipole z y E-plane radiation pattern y x 3D cutaway view H-plane radiation pattern Beyond the Hertzian dipole: longer antennas All of the results we’ve derived so far apply only in the situation where the antenna is short, i.e., d << . That assumption allowed us to say that the current in the antenna was independent of position along the antenna, depending only on time: I(t) = I0 cos(t) no z dependence! For longer antennas, this is no longer true.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Earth Station Receiving Antenna and Digital Filter Design Analysis for C-Band VSAT
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014 ISSN 2277-8616 Development of Earth Station Receiving Antenna and Digital Filter Design Analysis for C-Band VSAT Su Mon Aye, Zaw Min Naing, Chaw Myat New, Hla Myo Tun Abstract: This paper describes the performance improvement of C-band VSAT receiving antenna. In this work, the gain and efficiency of C-band VSAT have been evaluated and then the reflector design is developed with the help of ICARA and MATLAB environment. The proposed design meets the good result of antenna gain and efficiency. The typical gain of prime focus parabolic reflector antenna is 30 dB to 40dB. And the efficiency is 60% to 80% with the good antenna design. By comparing with the typical values, the proposed C-band VSAT antenna design is well optimized with gain of 38dB and efficiency of 78%. In this paper, the better design with compromise gain performance of VSAT receiving parabolic antenna using ICARA software tool and the calculation of C-band downlink path loss is also described. The particular prime focus parabolic reflector antenna is applied for this application and gain of antenna, radiation pattern with far field, near field and the optimized antenna efficiency is also developed. The objective of this paper is to design the downlink receiving antenna of VSAT satellite ground segment with excellent gain and overall antenna efficiency. The filter design analysis is base on Kaiser window method and the simulation results are also presented in this paper. Index Terms: prime focus parabolic reflector antenna, satellite, efficiency, gain, path loss, VSAT.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Implementation of T-Shaped Planar Antenna for MIMO Applications
    Computers, Materials & Continua Tech Science Press DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018793 Article Design and Implementation of T-Shaped Planar Antenna for MIMO Applications T. Prabhu1,* and S. Chenthur Pandian2 1Department of ECE, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641035, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of EEE, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641035, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding Author: T. Prabhu. Email: [email protected] Received: 21 March 2021; Accepted: 26 April 2021 Abstract: This paper proposes, demonstrates, and describes a basic T-shaped Multi-Input and Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna with a resonant frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Compared with the U-shaped antenna, the mutual coupling is minimized by using a T-shaped patch antenna. The T-shaped patch antenna shapes filter properties are tested to achieve separation over the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz frequency range. The parametric analysis, including width, duration, and spacing, is designed in the MIMO applications for good isolation. On the FR4 substratum, the configuration of MIMO is simulated. The appropriate dielec- tric material εr = 4.4 is introduced using this contribution and application array feature of the MIMO systems. In this paper, FR4 is used due to its high dielectric strength and low cost. For 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and 3SRR, T-shaped patch antennas are used in the field to increase bandwidth. The suggested T- shaped MIMO antenna is calculated according to the HFSS 13.0 program simulation performances. The antenna suggested is, therefore, a successful WLAN candidate. Keywords: Multi-input and multi-output; FR4 substratum; t-shaped patch antennas; ISM band; HFSS 13.0; WLAN 1 Introduction Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) devices can send and receive simultaneous signaling at the same power level and maximize high data rate demands in modern communication systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Resolving Interference Issues at Satellite Ground Stations
    Application Note Resolving Interference Issues at Satellite Ground Stations Introduction RF interference represents the single largest impact to robust satellite operation performance. Interference issues result in significant costs for the satellite operator due to loss of income when the signal is interrupted. Additional costs are also encountered to debug and fix communications problems. These issues also exert a price in terms of reputation for the satellite operator. According to an earlier survey by the Satellite Interference Reduction Group (SIRG), 93% of satellite operator respondents suffer from satellite interference at least once a year. More than half experience interference at least once per month, while 17% see interference continuously in their day-to-day operations. Over 500 satellite operators responded to this survey. Satellite Communications Overview Satellite earth stations form the ground segment of satellite communications. They contain one or more satellite antennas tuned to various frequency bands. Satellites are used for telephony, data, backhaul, broadcast, community antenna television (CATV), internet, and other services. Depending on the application, each satellite system may be receive only or constructed for both transmit and receive operations. A typical earth station is shown in figure 1. Figure 1. Satellite Earth Station Each satellite antenna system is composed of the antenna itself (parabola dish) along with various RF components for signal processing. The RF components comprise the satellite feed system. The feed system receives/transmits the signal from the dish to a horn antenna located on the feed network. The location of the receiver feed system can be seen in figure 2. The satellite signal is reflected from the parabolic surface and concentrated at the focus position.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure to 2.4 Ghz Radiofrequency Radiation
    GMJ.2020;9:e1580 www.gmj.ir Received 2019-04-24 Revised 2019-07-14 Accepted 2019-08-06 Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from Wi-Fi Routers on the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Samad Amani 1, Mohammad Taheri 2, Mohammad Mehdi Movahedi 3, 4, Mohammad Mohebi 5, Fatemeh Nouri 6 , Alireza Mehdizadeh3 1 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 3 Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 4 Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 5 School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 6 Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Abstract Background: Overuse of antibiotics is a cause of bacterial resistance. It is known that electro- magnetic waves emitted from electrical devices can cause changes in biological systems. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted from common Wi-Fi routers on changes in antibiotic sensitivity to opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Standard strains of bacteria were prepared in this study. An- tibiotic susceptibility test, based on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, was carried out in Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Two different antibiotic susceptibility tests for Staphylococcus au- reus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were conducted after exposure to 2.4-GHz radiofrequency radiation. The control group was not exposed to radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • IBUC) Operation Manual
    Intelligent Block Upconverter (IBUC) Operation Manual No part of this manual may be reproduced, transcribed, translated into any language or transmitted in any form whatsoever without the prior written consent of Terrasat Communications, Inc. © Copyright 2006 Terrasat Communications, Inc. O&M – 10770-0001 Revision A 235 Vineyard Court, Morgan Hill, CA 95037 Phone: 408-782-5911 Fax: 408-782-5912 www.terrasatinc.com 24-hour Tech Support: 408-782-2166 Table of Contents ______________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction Overview ………………………………………………………………………1-1 Reference documents ............................................................................ 1-2 Furnished Items...................................................................................... 1-4 Storage Information ................................................................................ 1-6 Warranty Information .............................................................................. 1-6 Warranty Policy ...................................................................................... 1-8 2. IBUC Systems: Description Functional Description ............................................................................ 2-1 System Configurations ........................................................................... 2-2 System Block Diagrams ......................................................................... 2-3 3. IBUC Systems: Component Descriptions Intelligent Block Upconverter (IBUC) .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Compact Integrated Antennas Designs and Applications for the Mc1321x, Mc1322x, and Mc1323x
    Freescale Semiconductor Document Number: AN2731 Application Note Rev. 2, 12/2012 Compact Integrated Antennas Designs and Applications for the MC1321x, MC1322x, and MC1323x 1 Introduction Contents 1 Introduction . 1 With the introduction of many applications into the 2 Antenna Terms . 2 2.4 GHz band for commercial and consumer use, 3 Basic Antenna Theory . 3 Antenna design has become a stumbling point for many 4 Impedance Matching . 5 customers. Moving energy across a substrate by use of an 5 Antennas . 8 RF signal is very different than moving a low frequency 6 Miniaturization Trade-offs . 11 voltage across the same substrate. Therefore, designers 7 Potential Issues . 12 who lack RF expertise can avoid pitfalls by simply 8 Recommended Antenna Designs . 13 following “good” RF practices when doing a board 9 Design Examples . 14 layout for 802.15.4 applications. The design and layout of antennas is an extension of that practice. This application note will provide some of that basic insight on board layout and antenna design to improve our customers’ first pass success. Antenna design is a function of frequency, application, board area, range, and costs. Whether your application requires the absolute minimum costs or minimization of board area or maximum range, it is important to understand the critical parameters so that the proper trade-offs can be chosen. Some of the parameters necessary in selecting the correct antenna are: antenna © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2005, 2006, 2012. All rights reserved. tuning, matching, gain/loss, and required radiation pattern. This note is not an exhaustive inquiry into antenna design. It is instead, focused toward helping our customers understand enough board layout and antenna basics to aid in selecting the correct antenna type for their application as well as avoiding the typical layout mistakes that cause performance issues that lead to delays.
    [Show full text]
  • Agile 3-D Beam-Steering for 60 Ghz Wireless Networks Anfu Zhou∗, Leilei Wu∗, Shaoqing Xu∗, Huadong Ma∗, Teng Wei†, Xinyu Zhang‡ ∗ Beijing Key Lab of Intell
    Following the Shadow: Agile 3-D Beam-Steering for 60 GHz Wireless Networks Anfu Zhou∗, Leilei Wu∗, Shaoqing Xu∗, Huadong Ma∗, Teng Weiy, Xinyu Zhangz ∗ Beijing Key Lab of Intell. Telecomm. Software and Multimedia, Beijing University of Posts and Telecomm. y Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison z Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego Email: fzhouanfu,layla,donggua,[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—60 GHz networks, with multi-Gbps bitrate, are Much effort has been devoted to design agile beam-steering, considered as the enabling technology for emerging applications from the hierarchical beam scanning defined in standards [1], such as wireless Virtual Reality (VR) and 4K/8K real-time [9], to heuristic-based shortcuts [10], [11] or sensing-inspired Miracast. However, user motion, and even orientation change, can cause mis-alignment between 60 GHz transceivers’ directional solutions [12], [13]. However, these methods mainly focus on beams, thus causing severe link outage. Within the practical 3D two dimensional (2D) beam-steering, e.g., assuming a phased- spaces, the combination of location and orientation dynamics array that can steer the main beam among different angles leads to exponential growth of beam searching complexity, which within a 2D plane. In practice, the users and radios move in 3D substantially exacerbates the outage and hinders fast recovery. space; and a 60 GHz array can comprise a planar “matrix” of In this paper, we first conduct an extensive measurement to analyze the impact of 3D motion on 60 GHz link performance, antenna elements, steering the beams towards different angles in the context of VR and Miracast applications.
    [Show full text]