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Research Trends in Biomimetic Medical Materials for Tissue Engineering: Commentary Park et al. Biomaterials Research (2016) 20:8 DOI 10.1186/s40824-016-0053-7 COMMENTARY Open Access Research trends in biomimetic medical materials for tissue engineering: commentary Ki Dong Park1†, Xiumei Wang2†, Jae Young Lee3, Kyung Min Park4, ShengMin Zhang5* and Insup Noh6,7* Abstract We introduce our active experts’ communications and reviews (Part II) of 2015 Korea-China Joint Symposium on Biomimetic Medical Materials in Republic of Korea, which reflect their perspectives on current research trends of biomimetic medical materials for tissue regeneration in both Korea and China. The communications covered three topics of biomimetics, i.e., 1) hydrogel for therapeutics and extracellular matrix environments, 2) design of electrical polymers for communications between electrical sources and biological systems and 3) design of biomaterials for nerve tissue engineering. The reviews in the Part II will cover biomimetics of 3D bioprinting materials, surface modifications, nano/micro-technology as well as clinical aspects of biomaterials for cartilage. Introduction particularly bone, cartilage and nerve, and provided a An invitation-based, bilateral symposium on biomimetic platform for the academic cooperation between Korea medical materials was held from October 22 to 26 in and China. Seoul, Korea, towards building strong relationships During the discussion session about two countries’ sci- among established leaders and emerging young scientists entific collaboration led by key scientists, diverse issues in Korea and China. Numerous breakthrough achieve- were mainly discussed on how to upgrade our scientific ments in biomedical materials and nano-biotechnology relationship of this new research area. Other topics also research on regenerative medicine have been made in raised how to contribute to improve the relationships the two countries throughout successful series of the among the National Research Foundation (NRF) of previous Korea-China Joint Symposium on Biomaterials Korea and the National Natural Science Foundation of and Nano-biotechnology pioneered by professors Inseop China (NSFC), Korean Society for Biomaterials (KSBM) Lee in Yonsei University of Korea and Fu-Zhai Cui in and Chinese Society for Biomaterials (CSBM) and how Tsinghua University of China over more than 10 years. to improve partnerships in research and industrial Biomaterials science and technology have recently aspects. evolved into a new stage of tissue engineering research The key members of both Korean and Chinese Soci- through the modeling of characteristics of the extracellu- eties for Biomaterials agreed on holding a biannual ex- lar matrix (ECM) of defect tissues as well as the ad- change forum of young scientists during each society’s vancement of new fabrication methods of 3D bio- annual meeting. The first forum was held on November printings of functional biomaterials. The symposium fo- 20, 2015 in Hainan, China, and the second one is sched- cused on recent scientific progress on biomimetics and uled to be held in Korea in 2016. regenerative medical materials for tissue engineering, Herein, we introduce our active experts’ communica- tions and reviews, which reflect their perspectives on current research trends of biomimetic medical materials * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] †Equal contributors for tissue regeneration. The communications covered 5Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University three topics of biomimetics, i.e., 1) hydrogel for thera- of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China peutics and extracellular matrix environments, 2) design 6Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea of electrical polymers for communications between Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2016 Park et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Park et al. Biomaterials Research (2016) 20:8 Page 2 of 6 electrical sources and biological systems and 3) design of Artificial extracellular microenvironments biomaterials for nerve tissue engineering. The reviews Recently, many researchers are interested in utilizing the will cover biomimetics of 3D bioprinting materials, sur- artificial extracellular microenvironment using bio- face modifications, nano/micro-technology as well as mimetic hydrogel materials to support cell growth. These clinical aspects of biomaterials for cartilage. engineered cellular microenvironments are created by tai- loring the polymeric backbone with cellular response mol- Biomimetic medical materials trends: polymeric ecules (e.g., cell adhesion peptides or proteolytic-cleavable hydrogels peptides), which are critical for supporting 3D cell growth Polymeric hydrogels have received substantial attentions [7]. In addition, it is well known that the native cellular in various biomedical applications due to their structural microenvironment contains spatial-gradients in various similarities to the native extracellular matrix (ECM) as physicochemical properties, including matrix proteins, well as multi-tunable properties. Up to date, various oxygen gradients, mechanical strength, and microstruc- kinds of polymeric hydrogels have been developed ture properties [8, 9]. Combining these parameters, the through physical- or chemical-cross linking mechanisms, synthetic microenvironments have been utilized either to which can be applied as either therapeutic implants or create three dimensional tissue constructs for tissue re- therapeutic vehicles for controlled drug delivery and tissue generation or to generate engineered disease models (e.g., regeneration [1]. Specifically, the engineered polymeric engineered tumor, vascular, skin, and liver models) for a hydrogels have been widely used either as therapeutic de- better understanding of basic cellular/molecular biology livery carriers that facilitate tissue regeneration and repair and clinical outcomes. More recently, the engineered tis- or as an artificial extracellular microenvironment that sup- sue constructs have been designed by a combination of port 3D cells or organs growth [2, 3]. Here, we briefly dis- polymeric hydrogels with micro-/nano-fabrication tech- cuss the emerging trends in polymeric hydrogel materials niques (e.g., microfluidics and 3D printing) to more accur- for biomedical research fields. ately recapitulate the complexity of the native cellular environments [10–12]. Therapeutic vehicles In the past decade, polymeric hydrogels have been used Biomimetic medical materials trends: design of as a carrier to deliver therapeutic agents (e.g., growth electrical polymers for biomimetics factors, cells or other bioactive molecules) for tissue re- Tissues and cells in our body are strongly affected by generation [4]. Recently, researchers have focused on de- electrical signals, such as electrical field and current, and veloping advanced hydrogel materials that allow much at the same time utilize electrical signals as important finer control over the spatial and temporal delivery of factors that control physiological conditions [13]. For ex- the therapeutic agents to improve the therapeutic effi- ample, embryonic body development and tissue regener- cacy. These engineered hydrogel materials can play a ation are known to involve electrical signals [14]. The role not only as delivery vesicles for the therapeutic simple examples include electrically excitable cells, such agents, but also to direct stimulate tissue regeneration as neurons, cardiomyocytes, myoblasts, utilize electrical and repair through physicochemical interactions be- signals for the inherent functions [15]. Surprisingly, re- tween the materials and the host tissues. Park and his cent studies have revealed that other types of cells, such colleagues have developed a micro/nanogel composed of as stem cells, also respond to electrical stimulation and in situ crosslinkable gelatin-based microgel and self- exhibit various cell behaviors [16]. Accordingly, there assembled heparin-based nanogels, which can serve as have been growing attentions to an effective way to de- an injectable growth factor delivery carrier for the urethral liver or record electrical signals to or from biological muscle regeneration [5]. Interestingly, they noticed that systems. To effectively mediate electrical signals between incorporating a growth factor -encapsulated heparin- electrical sources (e.g., electrodes) and biological sys- nanogels into a gelatin matrix allowed the hydrogel com- tems, materials that possess good electrical conductivity posites to release the therapeutic agent continuously up to are required. Various conductive materials, including 4 weeks, resulting in enhanced urethral muscle regener- metals, metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials, and con- ation and recovery of their biological function. More ductive polymers, have been extensively utilized to con- recently, Park and Gerecht have developed hypoxia- struct
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