Research Progress of Chitosan-Based Biomimetic Materials
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marine drugs Review Research Progress of Chitosan-Based Biomimetic Materials Zhaoyu Zhang, Lingyu Zhang, Chengpeng Li, Xiangyu Xie, Guangfa Li, Zhang Hu * and Sidong Li Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhan Jiang 524088, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (X.X.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (S.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide produced by deacetylation of natural biopolymer chitin. Owing to its good biocompatibility and biodegradability, non-toxicity, and easy processing, it has been widely used in many fields. After billions of years of survival of the fittest, many organisms have already evolved a nearly perfect structure. This paper reviews the research status of biomimetic functional materials that use chitosan as a matrix material to mimic the biological characteristics of bivalves, biological cell matrices, desert beetles, and honeycomb structure of bees. In addition, the application of biomimetic materials in wound healing, hemostasis, drug delivery, and smart materials is briefly overviewed according to their characteristics of adhesion, hemostasis, release, and adsorption. It also discusses prospects for their application and provides a reference for further research and development. Keywords: chitosan; biomimetic materials; mussels; cell matrix 1. Introduction Citation: Zhang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Li, C.; Chitin (CT), the second most abundant natural polysaccharide on earth, after cellulose, Xie, X.; Li, G.; Hu, Z.; Li, S. Research Progress of Chitosan-Based is a major structural component in the exoskeletons of a variety of organisms, including Biomimetic Materials. Mar. Drugs protists, diatoms, sponges, arthropods, molluscs, insects, and arachnids, especially seafood, 2021, 19, 372. https://doi.org/ such as shrimp and crab [1–5]. Traditionally, CT was isolated on a large scale from the 10.3390/md19070372 exoskeletons of fungal organisms and crustaceans. Its extraction includes the chemical method, microbial fermentation, and bioenzymatic hydrolysis [1,6,7]. Chitosan (CS), a Academic Editor: Hitoshi Sashiwa deacetylated derivative of chitin, has net cationicity and a variety of functional groups, which can form electrostatic complexes or multilayer structures with other negatively Received: 30 May 2021 charged substances or natural polymers. In recent years, it has been widely used in many Accepted: 24 June 2021 fields, such as tissue engineering, wound healing, drug transportation, adhesives, and Published: 27 June 2021 adsorption materials, due to its good biocompatibility and biodegradability, safety and non-toxicity, broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, and hemostasis. Additionally, it is Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral easy to process it into gels, membranes, nanofibers, stents, and other forms [8–14]. with regard to jurisdictional claims in Bionics is an emerging discipline that studies the structure, function, and optimization published maps and institutional affil- of biomaterial systems through the intersection of biology, chemistry, and physics. It uses iations. active substances derived from nature to design various structural and functional materials through the principle of bionics. In recent years, it has become a rapidly developing research field [15–17]. In most cases, bionics does not mean directly copying the structure of biological materials; instead, guiding principles are extracted from biological systems Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. for the artificial synthesis of functional materials with relevant characteristics [18–20]. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This review focuses on the imitation of unique structures and functions of some natural This article is an open access article organisms, such as bivalves, biological cell substrates, desert beetles, and honeycomb distributed under the terms and structures of bees, and the preparation of functional materials with related properties conditions of the Creative Commons and their derivatives, using CS as the matrix material (Figure1). The applications of Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// biomimetic materials in wound healing, hemostasis, drug delivery, and smart materials creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ were reviewed according to their unique characteristics of adhesion, hemostasis, release, 4.0/). Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19070372 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Mar. Drugs 2021, 19Mar., 372 Drugs 2021, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 2 of 21 and adsorption.adsorption. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, to better to understand better understand the role th ofe CSrole in of biomedicine, CS in biomedicine, tissue tissue engi- engineering, adsorptionneering, adsorption materials, materials, and other and fields, other the fiel preparedds, the prepared CS-based CS-based biomimetic biomimetic mate- materials wererials briefly were summarized briefly summarized according according to theirforms, to their including forms, including scaffold, scaffold, hydrogel, hydrogel, film, film, and compositeand composite material (Tablematerial1). (Table 1). FigureFigure 1. The 1. chitosan-based The chitosan-based biomimetic biomimetic materials material ands theand forms the forms of material of material prepared. prepared. Table 1. ProposedTable applications 1. Proposed of chitosan-basedapplications of materialschitosan-based based materials on forms. based on forms. Forms Composites Applications Ref. Forms Composites Applications Ref. CS, porous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), bioactive glass (BG) polydo- CS, porous poly("-caprolactone) (PCL), bioactive glass (BG) bone tissue engineering [21] pamine (PDA) bone tissue engineering [21] polydopamineCS, (PDA) graphene oxide (GO) bone tissue engineering [22] CS,CS, graphene poly ( L-lactic oxide acid) (GO) aligned microfibrous bundle bone tissue engineeringbioengineering [ 22] [23] Scaffold CS, poly (methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (P[MMA-co- Scaffold CS, poly (L-lactic acid) aligned microfibrous bundle bioengineeringbone tissue engineering [23] [24] MAA]), carbodiimide-crosslinker CS, poly (methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) CS, honeycomb porous carbon (HPC), nano-sized hydroxyapatitebone tissue engineering [24] (P[MMA-co-MAA]), carbodiimide-crosslinker bioengineering [25] (nHA), CS, honeycomb porous carbon (HPC), nano-sized hydroxyapatite CS, catechol bioengineeringbiomedical fields [25 ] [26] (nHA), CS, CS-methacrylate (CS-MA), dopamine (DA), N-methylol acryla- wound healing [27] CS, catecholmide (NMA) biomedical fields [26] CS, CS-methacrylate (CS-MA), dopamineCS, HBC, (DA), DOPA N-methylol wound dressing [28] wound healing [27] acrylamide (NMA)CS, DA chloride wound healing [29] CS, HBC, DOPACS, catechol wound dressingbiomedical fields [28 ] [30] CS, DA chlorideCS, catechol wound healingbiomedical fields [29 ] [31] tetra-succinimidyl carbonate polyethylene glycol (PEG-4S), thiol- CS, catechol biomedical fieldswound healing [ 30] [32] grafted mussel inspired catechol conjugated chitosan (CSDS) Hydrogel Hydrogel CS,CS, catechol methacrylate modified CS, gelatin biomedical fieldswound healing [ 31] [33] tetra-succinimidyl carbonate polyethyleneCS-c, thiolated glycol pluronic (PEG-4S), F-127 tissue engineering [34] wound healing [32] thiol-grafted mussel3, 4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic inspired catechol conjugated acid glycol chitosan chitosan(g-CS), (CSDS) CS catechol biomedical fields [35] CS, methacrylate modified CS,(CS-c) gelatin wound healing [33] CS, catechol, diatom biomedical fields [36] CS-c, thiolated pluronic F-127 tissue engineering [34] chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HTCC), oxidized dextran-do- 3, 4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid glycol chitosan(g-CS), CS catechol wound healing [37] pamine (OD-DA) biomedical fields [35] (CS-c) glycol chitosan (GC), ciprofloxacin (Cip), PDA nanoparticles (NPs) wound healing [38] hydroxybutylCS, catechol, chitosan diatom(HBC), L-dopamine (L-DOPA), ε-poly-L-lysine biomedical fields [36] wound healing [39] (EPL) Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 372 3 of 21 Table 1. Cont. Forms Composites Applications Ref. chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HTCC), oxidized wound healing [37] dextran-dopamine (OD-DA) glycol chitosan (GC), ciprofloxacin (Cip), PDA nanoparticles (NPs) wound healing [38] hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC),L-dopamine (L-DOPA), "-poly-L-lysine wound healing [39] (EPL) Hydrogel CS-C, β glycerol phosphate (β-GP), oyster peptides (OP) wound dressing [40] hydrocaffeic acid (HCA)-CS, iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3) MNPs biomedical fields [41] CS, oxidized hyaluronic acid (HAox) catechol terpolymer, Fe wound dressing [42] CS, collagen biomedical fields [43] CS, gelatin, compounded calcium phosphate (CCP) bone tissue engineering [44] combiningcarboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh), amorphous calcium bone tissue engineering [45] phosphate (ACP) CS, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), materials design [46] CS, CaCO3, Al2O3 alumina platelets hybrid materials [47] CS, PDA, silk fibroin nanofibers (SF) biomedical fields [48] CS, delignificated nano-cellulose (DNLC), MoS2 materials [49] CS, HCA, BGNP, catechol biomedical fields [50] CS, alumina sheets bionanocomposite [51] CS, montmorillonite (MTM) bionanocomposite [52] Film O-carboxymethyl CS (CCS), MMT fireproof materials [53] CS, MMT fireproof materials [54] CS, poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc), tetracycline (TC) biomedical fields [55] CCS, 2-methylacrylloxyethyl phosphorycholine (MPC), PDA, biomedical fields [56] GRGDY peptide CS, MTM, metal ions bionanocomposite