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Download Nomination of Purnululu National Park By Nomination of Purnululu National Park by the Government of Australia for Inscription on the World Heritage List Environment Australia 2002 i Cover image Jack Britten. Kija people, c. 1921 Jack Britten. Purnululu (Bull Creek Country), 1988. National Gallery of Australia, Canberra. Reproduced courtesy of the Warmun Art Centre. The spectacular sandstone canyons commonly called the Bungle Bungles, in the East Kimberley. This particular area is the site of a meeting between two ancestral devil figures, one of which lives in a cave in the region. © Commonwealth of Australia 2002 Contents Chapter 1 Identification of the property 1 1.1 Country 2 1.2 State 2 1.3 Name of the property 2 1.4 Geographic location of property 2 1.5 Area proposed for inscription 3 Chapter 2 Justification for inscription 5 2.1 Statement of significance 6 2.2 Criteria under which inscription is proposed 7 2.3 Comparative analysis of similar sites 29 2.4 Authenticity and integrity 33 Chapter 3 Description 35 3.1 Description of property 36 3.2 History and development 40 3.3 Recent investigations and records 42 3.4 Present state of conservation 44 3.5 Policies and programs promoting the property 45 Chapter 4 Management 47 4.1 Ownership 48 4.2 Legal status 49 4.3 Protective measures and implementation 50 4.4 Management authority 50 4.5 Local and regional management contacts 51 4.6 Agreed plans for conservation and tourism development 52 4.7 Sources and levels of finance 52 4.8 Sources of expertise and training 53 4.9 Visitor facilities and statistics 53 4.10 Site management plan and objectives 53 4.11 Staffing levels 53 Chapter 5 Factors affecting the site 55 5.1 Development pressures 56 5.2 Environmental pressures 56 5.3 Natural disasters and preparedness 57 5.4 Visitor and tourism pressures 57 5.5 Number of inhabitants within the property 57 5.6 Cultural areas 57 Chapter 6 Monitoring 59 6.1 Key indicators for measuring state of conservation 60 6.2 Administrative arrangements for monitoring property 60 6.3 Results of previous monitoring and reporting 61 Bibliography and Information Sources 63 List of attachments 66 Signature of State Party 67 Chapter 1 Identification of the property Parallel joints and fractures splinter the Bungle Bungles near Piccaninny Creek. Photograph: Steve Strike. 1 1.1 Country Australia 1.2 State Western Australia 1.3 Name of the property Purnululu National Park 1.4 Geographic location of property Purnululu National Park is located in the East Kimberley Region of the State of Western Australia, in north-western Australia, approximately 300 kilometres by road south of the regional town of Kununurra. The geographic centre of the Park is approximately latitude Chapter 1 17°30’ south and longitude 128°30’ east (Figure 1). NORTHERN Elevation TERRITORY Sealed road Watercourse QUEENSLAND (metres) WESTERN AUSTRALIA SOUTH Unsealed road Town or settlement AUSTRALIA 500 NEW SOUTH WALES 200 ACT Vehicle track Saline coastal flats VICTORIA 0 TASMANIA Figure 1: Location of Purnululu National Park. Source: Hoatson and others 1997 (with permission) 2 1.5 Area proposed for inscription Purnululu National Park (239 723 hectares) is the proposed area for inscription on the World Heritage List. The adjacent Purnululu Conservation Reserve (79 602 hectares) has nationally significant natural and cultural values and will be managed as a buffer zone to protect and enhance the outstanding values of the Park. These reserves were created on 27th March 1987 by the Western Australian Government. The Ord River forms the southern and eastern boundary of the Park, draining Bellburn Creek and Piccaninny Creek to the south and Red Rock Creek, Osmond Creek and Buchanan Creek to the north. The spectacular gorges, banded domes and towers of the Bungle Bungle Range (approximately 45 000 hectares), are located wholly within Purnululu National Park (Figure 2). The geographical coordinates of the Property are: 17°15’00”–17°46’00” S 128°15’00”–128°55’00” E Chapter 1 Sealed road Campsite Unsealed road Settlement Vehicle track Homestead National Park and Conservation Reserve boundaries Elevation in metres Parking area Breakaway Lookout Watercourse Figure 2: Purnululu National Park. Source: Hoatson and others 1997 (with permission) 3 Chapter 2 Justification for inscription Beehive clumps are one of the more distinctive aspects of the range. Photograph: Brendan Read. 5 2.1 Statement of significance Purnululu National Park has outstanding universal natural and cultural values. The landscape has exceptional natural values. Twenty million years of weathering has produced the eroded sandstone towers and banded beehive structures of the Bungle Bungle Range. Dark bands, formed by cyanobacteria, winding horizontally around the domes, contrast with the lighter sandstone. The crusts, which help stabilise and protect the ancient and fragile sandstone towers, are present on a massive scale. Purnululu sits between the hot dry deserts of Western Australia’s arid zone to the south and the better watered monsoonal areas to the north. This transitional zone possesses unique natural and cultural values. A rich mixture of species, some of them endemic, on the edge of their ranges are found here, as is a remarkably diverse range of spinifex species — the spiny grass genus (Triodia spp) that dominates Australia’s arid zone. The cyanobacterial (single cell photosynthetic organisms) bands crossing the rock surfaces of the Bungle Bungle Range, are adapted to the transitional nature of this area’s environment. In addition to the geomorphic and biological importance of the Park’s natural features, the Chapter 2 myriad sandstone towers of the Bungle Bungle Range are exceptionally beautiful and inspirational. The orange and grey horizontal banding of the cyanobacteria crust on the towers highlights their aesthetic features. Aboriginal people have lived in the East Kimberley Region for at least the last 20 000 years. The Park provides exceptional testimony to this hunter-gatherer cultural tradition, particularly its riverine features. Aboriginal people have adapted to this resource rich environment moving between the uplands in the wet season and along the river in the dry, while using intermediate lands in all seasons. Fire has been, and continues to be, an important tool in Aboriginal management of this environment. Ngarrangkarni is the continuing guiding principle in the living traditions and beliefs of Purnululu’s traditional owners. This outstanding example of the Indigenous Australian religious philosophy (popularly known as the ‘Dreaming’ or the ‘Law’) has been handed down through countless generations and is still in force today. The cultural landscape is also significant because its people and traditions have survived to the present despite the impact of colonisation. The culture of the traditional owners of the Park is outstanding in revealing its resilience at a time when such cultures have everywhere become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change. The Purnululu National Park, when included on the World Heritage List, will enhance the representativeness of the List and also complement other World Heritage properties in Australia, especially Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park and Kakadu National Park. 6 2.2 Criteria under which inscription is proposed Purnululu National Park is nominated for inclusion on the World Heritage List for its outstanding universal value in relation to natural criteria (i), (ii) and (iii) in paragraph 44 (a) of the Operational Guidelines (1999) and cultural criteria (iii), (v) and (vi) in paragraph 24 (a). Under the categories of natural heritage set out in Article 2 of the World Heritage Convention, Purnululu National Park is a site representing: ‘natural features consisting of physical and biological formations, or groups of such formations, that are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view’; and ‘natural sites, or precisely delineated natural areas, of outstanding universal value from the point of view of Chapter 2 science, conservation or natural beauty’. Under the categories of cultural heritage set out in Article 1 of the World Heritage Convention, Purnululu National Park is a cultural landscape representing the combined works of nature and man. Purnululu National Park is an organically evolved landscape and also an associative cultural landscape (paragraph 39 iii of the Operational Guidelines 2000). Natural values of Purnululu National Park Natural criterion (i) outstanding example representing significant geomor phic or physiographic features Purnululu National Park, including the Bungle Bungle Range, demonstrates a long record of geological processes and landscape evolution. The Bungle Bungle Range is a plateau, partly bounded by towering cliffs and cut by numerous steep gorges, which is surrounded by an extensive sand plain. Sandstone towers characterise the north-eastern and south-western parts of the Range. Deep gorges are prominent in a dissected summit area in the north- west. High cliffs of the western escarpment mark the western edge of the Range. The towers and cliffs rise to a maximum height of about 250 metres above the surrounding sand plain (Hoatson and others 1997, p. 46). The Ord River, on the southern and eastern boundaries of the Park, along with several creeks (Bellburn, Piccaninny, Red Rock, Osmond and Buchanan) create a riverine ecosystem that is a vital resource and refuge for people and other species. 7 Chapter 2 Dissected and jointed sandstone in places create deep gorges through the range. Photograph: Tom Keating. 8 The sandstone towers of the Bungle Bungle Range, provide an outstanding example of the geomorphic process of weathering by wind, rain and flowing water. The biological crusts that wind in dark bands across their surface are essential to the formation of the towers. The crusts, formed by cyanobacteria (single cell photosynthetic organisms), are present on a massive scale and serve to stabilise and protect the ancient sandstone formations. The towers have been formed over millions of years from sandstone and conglomerate.
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