Index

accountability 86, 219–20, 222, 275, 316, regionalism 489–96, 500–501 365–6, 407, 461 area studies 1, 327, 466 Acharya, A. 314, 484 Argentina 354, 479, 483–4 actor-networks 72, 188 Aristotle 197 Acts of Union 245 Armenia 399 Addie, J.-P. 475 Arnold, P. 222 Advisory Council on Intergovernmental artificial intelligence 142, 146, 148–50 Relations (ACIR) 470 Asheim, B.T. 130 aero-regionalism 14 Asian Development Bank 399, 440 Afghanistan 399, 423 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 396, African Development Bank 460–61 425, 436, 440 African regionalism 457–67 -Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 316, 460, 463, 465 391, 425 African urbanization 358–68 Association of South East Asian Nations Agadir Agreement 391 (ASEAN) 23, 37, 306, 324, 425 Agnew, J. 15, 37, 39, 54, 81, 84 atavistic regionalism 44 agribusiness 341–2 Atkinson, J. 144 agriculture 186, 212, 214, 242, 263, 333, 337–9, Augustine (St) 198 341, 348, 362–3, 376–7, 410, 415, 418–21, austerity 71, 222, 485 424, 444, 464 Australia 95, 214, 227 Airbnb 147 Australasian regionalism 444–54 Airbus 112 Austria 187, 189, 398 al-Assad, B. 388 authoritarianism 390, 392, 458 Albania 202, 397–8 autonomy 8, 11, 126, 199–200, 202, 214, Aldrich, H. 125 216–17, 220, 238, 243, 254, 256–7, 261, Algeria 386–7 288, 293, 324, 347, 365, 380, 400, 402, 410, Allen, J. 3–4, 30–31, 59–60, 84 415, 418, 422–6, 457, 468, 473, 496 Allmendinger, P. 86 in 479–87 Al-Shabaab 462 Azerbaijan 399, 403 Amin, A. 59, 175, 226 Anglophone context 9, 15–16, 57, 458–9, 463 Baden-Württemberg 5, 10, 69, 95, 108, 159 Angola 461 Badinger, H. 188 Antarctic regionalism 489–92, 496–501 Bailey, I. 190 Antarctic Treaty System 489–91, 498–9, 501 Bakic-Hayden, M. 404 anthropology 1, 7, 25, 111, 268, 374 Bakker, K. 474 anti-colonialism 457–8 Balassa, B. 313 anti-globalization populism 256 Baldersheim, H. 221 anti-urbanism 359–61 conflict 40 apartheid 459, 461, 466 Bandura, A. 126 Apple 113 banks 63, 204, 436, 441, 459–60 apps 147–8 Barber, B. 223–4, 238 388, 390, 392 Barents Euro-Arctic Council 489 Arab Spring 206, 388, 391–2 Basque Country 220, 231–2, 234, 236–40, 300 archipelagic regionalism 14 Bavaria 220 architectural regionalism 14 Beal, V. 224 Arctic Council 489–90, 492–6, 501 Becker, B. 328 Arctic Environment Protection Strategy Beer, A. 446, 449 (AEPS) 492 behavioural economic geography 123–4, 127

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Belarus 398, 401 BRICS New Development Bank 425 Belgium 307 British Empire 35, 334, 444 Bell, D.A. 458 Brown, A.J. 446 belonging 39, 41, 235, 257, 304, 386, 482–4 Brown, J. 173 Benner, C. 472 Brundtland Report 182 Berman, H. 199 Bucek, J. 220 Bértola, L. 483 Bulgaria 397 Beugelsdijk, S. 226 Bunnell, T. 327 Big Five traits 124–5 Burnham, P. 64 Bina, O. 185 Butler, J. 491, 500 bioregions 6, 14, 182 Buzan, B. 313, 388 bi-polar regions 14 Black Sea Economic Cooperation 400 Cambridge Cleantech 189 Boeing 112 Cameron, D. 232 Boekma, F. 130 Campbell, A.C. 221 Bohr, N. 500 Canada 40, 111, 227, 304–5, 316, 465, 468–9, Boko Haram 39, 462 473–4, 479, 483–4, 489–90, 493–4, see also Bolivar, S. 480–81 North American regionalism; Quebec Bolivia 482, 484–5 capital accumulation 9–10, 27, 94, 119–20, 186, Boliviarian Alliance of the (ALBA) 285, 287–8, 342, 442 484, 486 capitalism 4–6, 9–10, 14, 28–9, 58, 60, 62, 64–5, Border Economic Cooperation Zones 306 71, 83, 91, 96–7, 106–8, 142, 144–7, 232, borders 9, 24, 37–8, 41, 84, 86, 109, 208–9, 243, 287, 292–3, 295, 327–8, 332, 334–6, 224, 233, 235, 261, 286, 294, 298–302, 311, 338–9, 341–3, 348, 395, 428, 440–41, 458, 316, 385, 396, 398, 401–3, 421–2, 458, 462, 507 469, 472, 474, 508, see also cross-border capitalist form of development 60–61 regionalism; cross-border regions Caprotti, F. 185, 190 France–Germany–Switzerland 303 carbon emissions see greenhouse gas emissions Netherlands–Germany 303 cartography 35, 82, 392, see also mapping rebordering 300, 305, 308 Cascadia 305, 307 US–Canada 474 Casey, E. 48 US–Mexico 298, 300–301, 305 Castellani, L. 224 Bordor, A. 225–7 Castells, M. 60, 294, 335 Borrás-Alomar, S. 381 Catalonia 8, 28, 95, 220, 231–4, 236–40, 256, Boschma, R. 154, 159, 161, 164 264, 374 boundaries 9, 24, 36–7, 40–41, 48, 84, 109, 142, Catholicism 199–200, 373 144–5, 157, 197, 233, 235, 298, 312, 315, Caucasus 396–7, 399–400 325, 333, 373, 379, 386, 469, 472, 489, 501, Central African Economic and Monetary 508 Community (CEMAC) 462–4 bounded rationality 124 Central European Initiative 398 Bourdieu, P. 52 Chapple, K. 190 bourgeois regionalism 14 Charlemagne 199 Bourne, A. 239 Chicago School 335 Bowen, E. 245–7 Chifley, B. 448 Bowman, I. 57–8 Chile 354, 482 BP 496 China 6, 25, 93, 95–6, 99, 107–9, 111, 113, 214, Braudel, F. 25, 27, 505, 508 300, 306, 325, 346–7, 350, 353, 356, 396–7, Brazil 6, 93, 328, 332–3, 336–42, 348, 354, 399, 465, 484, 495–6, 498, 511, see also 465–6, 483–4, 498, see also BRICS BRICS countries countries Chinese regionalism 407–26 Brenner, N. 37, 326 One Belt, One Road 93, 95–6, 346, 353, 355, Bretton Woods agreements 62, 64, 83, 203 396, 425–6, 428–42 Brexit 23, 38, 40, 44, 98, 113, 206, 233–4, 238 regional conflict 422–6 BRICS countries 6, 93, 358, 436, see also system of governance 407–15 individual countries territorial development 415–22

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China Development Bank 436 Common Agricultural Policy 377 China–Pakistan Economic Corridor 426, 430, Common Market for Eastern and Southern 436, 440 (COMESA) 463 Christaller, W. 15 Commonwealth of Unrecognized States 404 Christianity 197–8, 200, 373 communism 6, 38, 107, 221, 348, 395–6, 398, Christopherson, S. 187 401–2, 404 Cicero 197 Communist Party of China (CPC) 408, 410, citizenship 91, 202, 224, 226, 288, 324, 336, 421, 458 343, 457 Community of Latin American and city-regionalism 14, 67, 70–71, 74–5, 285–95 States (CELAC) 484, 486 and cross-border regionalism 306–7 comparative regionalism 17, 318 as a societal process 288–94 competitive regions 6, 11, 80, 122, 203 city-regions 5, 14–15, 54, 70–71, 80, 82, 85, competitiveness 4, 10, 68–71, 75, 81, 119, 95–6, 184, 186–7, 219, 231–6, 239, 243, 130–32, 134, 137–8, 141, 149, 163, 185, 263, 285–95, 298, 307, 323–6, 346, 353, 226, 232, 234–5, 256, 259, 261, 263, 265, 381–2, 401, 470–72 291, 294–5, 304–5, 353, 375–8, 470, 481, emergence of concept 285–7 505 city-states 27, 199, 205, 373 Comunian, R. 175 civic associationalism 373 concentrated regionalism 14 civic engagement 220–23, 226 Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic civic nationalism 231, 236, 457 489 Clark, J. 379 Confucius 408 Clarke, H. 452 conjoined regionalism 14 Clarke, M. 434 Connery, C. 507–8 class 26, 60–62, 64–5, 85, 323, 333, 340, 379, Connolly, C.K. 240 458 conservation 186, 212, 268–80, 376, 462, Claval, P. 25 490–92, 498–9 climate change 182–5, 188, 223, 358, 361, 363, conservative regionalism 14 494–5 consolidation 16–18 Clinton, H. 44 constellatory regionalism 14 Cloke, P. 504 consumerism 265 clusters 28, 74, 111–13, 118, 123, 125, 130–31, conurbation 14, 322, 332, 340 134, 138, 143, 145, 159, 161, 172–3, 175, Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic 177–8, 186–90, 263, 286, 290, 306, 323–5, Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) 388, 420, 430 498–9 Coates, P. 269 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Cochrane, A. 59–60, 84, 86 Seals (CCAS) 498–9 Coe, N. 350 Convention on the Conservation of Southern Cohen, A. 473 Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) 499 Cohesion Policy 225, 227, 376–7 Conway, M. 449 Colau, A. 233, 238–9 Corijn, E. 238 Cold War 26–7, 302, 313, 347, 386–7, 397, 402, corporatism 81–2 432, 458–9, 466, 490, 492 Correa, R. 485 Cole, I. 222 Coulson, A. 221 collective action 51, 123, 125, 131, 144 Council of Ministries for Infrastructure collective bargaining 148 Planning (COSIPLAN) 354 collective memory 40, 54, 91, 126 Cox, K.R. 60 Collinge, C. 91 creative class concept 118, 174, 292 Collits, P. 446–7, 451 creative economy 169–76, 178–9 Colombia 482, 485 creative regions 6, 169–79 colonialism 2, 27, 35, 40, 92, 107, 202, 210, creativity 70, 135, 169–70, 177–8, 292–4, 326, 215, 248, 269, 271–3, 276, 278, 280, 327, 501 355, 359, 390–91, 393, 425, 444, 458–9, Cresswell, T. 53 462, 464, 480–81, 496, 501, 504, 510 crime 149, 360, 385 Committee of the Regions 262, 376 crises and crisis revolution 94, 97, 99–100, 228,

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257, 292, 483, 485, 495, see also financial 187, 489–90, 493–4 crisis Denters, B. 224 critical regionalism 70, 72–3, 75 deregulation 97, 106–7, 445 Croatia 132–3, 221, 256 desert principle 214–17 cross-border regionalism 14, 299, 302–7, 469, d’Estaing, G. 204 474 deterritorialization 4, 38, 60, 204, 293, 299, cross-border regions 5, 14, 90, 93–7, 205, 294, 324 298–308, 312, 316–17, 346, 469, 472, 474, Deutsch, K. 313 504 developmental regionalism 28 Cuba 484 devolution 5, 10–11, 73, 80, 82, 97, 220–22, cultural regionalism 14, 243–54 231–3, 235–40, 247–8, 318 Cultural Revolution 418 Dewey, J. 46 culture 2, 7, 25, 31, 46–7, 49–50, 54, 73, 76, dictators 337, 482 96, 110, 124–5, 135–6, 145, 157, 187, 203, Dillon, J.F. 472 211, 215, 238, 261, 264, 285, 289, 302, 347, displacement 171, 210, 340, 361, 390, 436, 441 375–6, 385, 389, 391, 396, 402, 424–5, 444, divisions of labour 4, 10, 57, 61, 64, 98–9, 461, 480, 482, 505, 508, 510 141–51, 286, 301, 458 cultural representation 243–54 Dollery, B. 449 psycho-cultural behaviour 125–8 Dosi, G. 156 currency 62, 459 Dunford, M. 353 Curtin, J. 446 Durkheim, E. 26, 125 cybercrime 149 Cyprus 386 Earth Summit 182, 190 Czech Republic 132, 221, 398, 401 (EAC) 459, 463–4 Czechoslovakia 397–8, 400–401, 403 Eco World 189, 191 ecological imperialism 271–2, 278, 280 Dabrowski, M. 227 economic and technological development Dalai Lama 424 zones 409, 414 Dalziel, P. 452 Economic Commission for and Danowsky, D. 342 the Caribbean (ECLAC) 482 Dardel, E. 45 Economic Community of Central African Davies, A.R. 185 States (ECCAS) 462–5 Davies, P. 453 Economic Community of West African States Davis, S. 269, 271, 274, 280 (ECOWAS) 458, 461, 464–5 Dawisha, A. 390 economic geography 5, 9–10, 73, 112, 118–19, de Castro, E. 342 123–4, 127, 141, 143–4, 153–4, 156–7, 174, de Certeau, M. 322 177, 256, 290, 292, 350, 374, 376–7 de facto regionalism 14 economic globalization 105–8, 110–13, 292, de Oliveira, F. 339 322, 483 de Rougemont, D. 373–4 economic policies 182, 203, 256, 259, 262, 325, Deas, I. 380–81 375, 409, 423, 449, 454, 470 decentralization 59, 63–4, 73, 82, 95, 187, 219, economic regionalism 482–4 221–2, 227, 365, 401, 415, 418, 445, 473 economic regionalization 105–14 decentred regions 14 economics 2–3, 7, 68, 118, 123, 131–2, 153, Deciancio, M. 486 289, 319, 459, 482, see also behavioural decolonization 27, 201, 391, 480 economic geography Deep Sea Mining (DSM) 512 economies of scale 27, 58, 226 deindustrialization 10, 324 eco-state restructuring 184 Deliveroo 148 Ecuador 352, 482–4 Delors, J. 204, 374 education 46, 71, 95, 121, 136–8, 141, 170, democracy 93, 197, 201, 232, 234–5, 287, 351, 175–6, 206, 213, 238–9, 243, 247, 338, 392, 395, 401, 458, 484–5 419, 421, 445, 452 and regional governance 219–28 efficiency principle 215–17 Democratic Republic of Congo 461–2 Egypt 348, 385–7, 390–91, 458, 461 Deng, X.P. 426 Elden, S. 7, 35, 37–8, 197, 489

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elections 44, 46, 49, 53, 157, 202, 221, 233, European Free Alliance 400 237–8, 258, 448, 451, 454, 461 European Fund for Strategic Investment 440 electricity 338, 341, 363, 461 European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation elites 44, 71, 171, 202–4, 221, 243, 307, 314, (EGTC) 304 322–3, 325, 347, 360–61, 379, 382, 396, European integration 204–5, 225, 374, 379, 402–3, 408, 424, 457, 459, 462, 481 391, 467 emerging mega economic regions 14 European Parliament 204, 316 Emilia Romagna 10, 69, 81 European Patent Office (EPO) 158, 161 empire see imperialism European Regional Development Fund 163, England 5, 10, 26, 31, 79–82, 85, 143, 200, 202, 376–7, 509 244–5 European Round Table of Industrialists 204 English School 387–9 European Social Fund 376 Enlightenment 200–202, 397 European Social Model 254 entrepreneurs 117, 120, 122, 125–7, 138–9, 163, 4, 8, 11, 23, 30, 37–8, 40, 44, 223, 236, 261, 408 53, 76, 97–9, 109, 112–13, 131–2, 136, 139, Entrikin, J.N. 8, 15 162–4, 183, 186–7, 190, 204–6, 224–5, 227, environmental issues 2, 6, 71, 73, 173, 182, 232–4, 238–40, 257, 262, 294, 300, 303, 184–91, 223, 265, 271–2, 274–5, 279–80, 311, 324–5, 373–82, 385–6, 389, 391–2, 285, 305, 324, 350, 359, 361–3, 366, 385, 396, 398, 404, 435, 440, 463–5, 467, 479, 410, 420, 469, 474, 485, 491–2, 494–5, 481, 489, 495, 509, 512 500–501, 507, see also military-to-wildlife Brexit 23, 38, 40, 44, 98, 113, 206, 233–4, 238 geographies Cohesion Policy 225, 227, 376–7 radioactive contamination 269, 278–9 Structural Funds 204, 225 Environmental Protection Agency 269, 274–5, Europeanization 5, 234, 239–40, 374, 379–80 279 Euroregions 303–4, 307, 316 Erdogan, R.T. 396 Eurozone 23, 98, 108, 225 ESPON 186–8 Euskadi Ta Asktasuna (ETA) 232, 236–7 Essletzbichler, J. 159 Eversole, R. 445, 447–8, 451–2 estuarial city-regional spaces 14 evolutionary economic geography 156 ethics 49, 173, 269, 440 evolutionary regionalism 70, 73–4 Ethiopia 202, 460 export processing zones 350 ethnic nationalism 231, 234, 245 extended urbanization 14, 332–43 ethnicity 2, 39–40, 199, 211, 231, 243, 360–61, Exxon-Mobil 496 375, 379, 390–91, 400–402, 422–6, 458, 462 Faber, B. 474 Ettlinger, N. 50–51 Faguet, J.P. 221 EU Commission 131–2 failed states 210 12, 93, 95, 99, 432–5 fascism 265 regionalism 395–405, 424 Fawcett, L. 313 (EEU) 396, Fawn, R. 312 399–400 federalism 14, 201, 204–5, 239, 313–14, 337, EuroAmerican theories 12, 16, 327–8 373, 403, 444–5, 448, 458, 468, 470–71, Euro-Mediterranean Partnership 387 473 2020 377 feminist geography 50–51 Europe of the Regions 8, 204, 231–2, 299, 312, Ferrer, A. 479 373–82 feudalism 198–9 European Bank for Reconstruction and financial crisis, East Asian 63 Development 440 financial crisis of 2008 37, 146, 153, 163, European Coal and Steel Community 28 186, 205–6, 235, 353, 381, 392, 428, 430, European Commission 8, 138, 204, 374, 377 441 European Community 387, 391, see also Finland 187, 201, 290, 377, 489–90 European Union Fioramonti, L. 314 European Council 377 First World 27, 107 European Cultural Capital (ECC) 172 First World War 57, 107, 202, 391, 398, 400 European Economic Community 203, 373–7 fisheries 376

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Five-Factor Theory of Personality 124–5 Germany 15, 24–5, 27, 79, 98–9, 108, 187, Flanders 220, 256, 264, 374 199–200, 202, 204, 221, 223, 225, 265, 307, Fleure, H.-J. 2–3 373, 397, 401, 430, 432, 495 flexible firms 144–6 Baden-Württemberg 5, 10, 69, 95, 108, 159 Florida, R. 130, 292–4, 325, 381 Ghana 461 folklore 25 Giaccaria, P. 393 Foray, D. 162–3 Giddens, A. 52, 223, 258 Forcadell, C. 238 gig economy 146–8 Fordism 85, 130, 287, 337, 339 Gilbert, A. 4 foreign investment 111, 142, 306, 350, 415 Gilmore, J.H. 171, 175 forestry 341, 343, 444 Gilroy, P. 505, 508–10 Fornahl, D. 156 global cities 288, 324 Foucault, M. 6, 429 Global Infrastructure Initiative 440 France 15, 24–6, 79, 98, 112, 200–202, 204, Global Mediterranean Policy 387 237, 307, 386, 457, 459, 462 global North 17, 82, 329, 362, see also Francophone countries 457–9, 465–6 individual countries Franke, U. 317 global South 31, 327–9, 346–56, 358, 498, see Fratesi, U. 377–8 also individual countries free trade agreements 113, 316, 354, 391, 398, global suburbanism 14 425, 458, 469, 474, 482 global warming see climate change NAFTA 23, 44, 112, 304, 324, 391, 474, 479, globalization 5–12, 28, 37, 39, 41, 44, 57, 59, 483 61–4, 67–8, 80, 83, 105, 110–14, 132, free trade zones 396 173–4, 178, 203–5, 235, 256, 287, 292–3, freedom of speech 208 299, 322–6, 328, 330, 342, 425–6, 434, 445, French Revolution 24, 201, 205 448, 454, 475, 481, 483, 497 Frenken, K. 161, 164 economic 105–8, 110–13, 292, 322, 483 Friedman, J. 347–9 hyper-globalization 105, 111–12 frozen conflicts 403–4 glocalization 307 functional regionalism 14 Glückler, J. 169 Furtado, C. 337 Go Out 430, 432–3, 441 fuzzy regions 14 Go West 425, 430, 433, 441 gold standard 62, 64 G8 440 Gonzalez-Pelaez, A. 388 G20 440 Goodwin, M. 232 Gaddafi, M. 385, 461 Gorbachev, M. 492, 496 Gadwa, A. 171 Gottmann, J. 35, 325, 470 galactic regions 14 Gove, M. 23 Gardner, A. 222 governance 5–8, 35, 60, 62, 68–71, 75, 81–2, Geddes, P. 286 90–91, 93–4, 99, 120–21, 184–6, 188, 190, gender 85, 142, 322, 360, 379, 491 234, 247, 285, 287, 290–91, 293, 304, Gendron, C. 185 307–8, 311, 316, 318, 350–51, 359, 363, gentrification 143, 171–2 381, 401, 428, 460, 466, 492, 494–5 geoeconomics 16, 95, 232–5, 239, 288–90, in China 407–15, 426, 436–40 428–30, 432–4, 436, 440–41 economic 68–9, 71, 73 geography (human) 1–4, 6, 8, 15–16, 24–5, European Union 97–8 29–30, 34, 45–50, 52–4, 57–9, 64, 79, 82, historical development of 198–202 105, 110–11, 123–4, 141, 153–4, 156–9, multilevel 8, 28, 93–4, 97–9, 231, 234–5, 239, 164, 226, 256, 266, 268, 317, 324, 374–5, 324, 378 393, 421, 504–7, 510–12 multispatial metagovernance 94, 98–9 geography of experience 44–54 network governance 94, 97–9 geopolitics 16, 57–9, 70, 94–5, 232–6, 239, 280, North American 468–74 285, 288–9, 292–5, 306, 338, 358, 379–80, regional governance and democracy 219–28 386, 396–8, 400, 429–30, 432, 434–5, 440, in South America 479–81, 484–5 489–90, 492, 494, 504 territorial 67, 119, 201, 205–6, 407–15, 426 Georgia 39, 396, 399, 403 and territory 197–206

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Gray, I. 446 Hofstede, G. 125 Gray, J. 318 Honduras 485 Greasley, S. 223 Hong Kong 306 Great Depression 347, 481 Hooghe, L. 204, 219 Greco-Roman mythology 197–8 Horace 197–8 Greece 1, 98, 132, 201–2, 225, 377, 386 housing 62, 71, 143, 170, 206, 223, 249, 264, green economy 183, 185–91, 377 286, 291, 338, 351, 360–61, 363–4, 367–8 greenhouse gas emissions 182, 184–6, 188, 358, Howard, J. 447, 451 361–2 Hoyler, M. 285, 325 493 Hu, J. 428 Greenpeace 495 Hudson, R. 10 gross domestic product 170, 225, 363, 410, Huggins, R. 125 415–16, 421, 424, 432, 475, 483 Hugo, G. 446 Grove, R. 271–2, 278, 280 human agency 4, 47, 51–2, 70, 75, 116–17, growth theory 116–28 126–8, 178 growth triangles 306 human capital 119–21, 172, 174–8 Gruffudd, P. 247 human rights 210, 213, 217, 361 Grunhut, Z. 225 Human Rights Watch 388 Guggenheim Museum 238 humanism 4, 28, 45–7, 50–54 (GCC) 391 Hungary 132, 187, 221, 397–8 hybridization 205, 301–2, 342, 375 Haas, E. 313 hyper-globalization 105, 111–12, 232 Haggett, P. 3 Hall, P.G. 325 489–90, 495 Halliday, F. 387 identity Hambleton, R. 223 individual 258–9 Harris, L. 473 local 203, 224, 260–62, 264–5 Harrison, J. 73, 92, 285, 291, 325 national 24–5, 40, 200–201, 211, 244, 257, Hartshorne, R. 2–3, 25–6, 45 260, 264–5, 402 Harvey, D. 59, 62–3, 83–4, 97, 145, 236 regional 24–5, 31, 53, 183, 231, 244, 256–66, Hassner, P. 7 302, 308, 378, 382, 403, 484, 509 Haughton, G. 86, 183 identity regionalism 11 Hausmann, R. 157, 161 Declaration 493–4 health care 149, 213, 238, 247, 338, 419, 421–2, imaginative geographies 27 445, 451, 485 imperialism 2, 25–6, 35, 92, 95, 107, 111, Healy, A. 189–90 198–9, 202, 268, 327, 390–91, 395, 397–8, Heaney, S. 49 400, 423, 434, 444, 458, see also ecological heartland 40 imperialism Heartland Thesis 432, 434 Independent Workers Union of Great Britain Heidegger, M. 49 147–8 Heimat 265 India 6, 93, 109, 202, 227, 328, 346, 348, 399, Henderson, A. 222 415, 423–4, 435, 465, 495, 498, 511, see Héraud, G. 373–4 also BRICS countries heritage 7, 171, 254, 262, 264, 271, 376, 408, Indian Ocean Commission 461 440 Indigenous populations 444, 446, 453, 491, Herrigel, G. 27 500–501 Herrschel, T. 398, 401 individual identity 258–9 Hettner, A. 25–6, 28–9, 45 Indonesia 109, 306 Hidalgo, C. 153, 155, 157, 159, 161 industrialization 26–7, 30, 250, 265, 332, 334, high-technology and development zones 409, 337–9, 341, 347, 373, 416, 459, 482 414 inflation 64, 483 Hobbes, T. 316–17 Initiative for the Integration of Regional Hobsbawm, E. 400 Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA) Hodson, M. 191 353–5 Hoffman, S. 314 innovation 10, 15, 26, 67–8, 70, 73–4, 76, 97,

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145, 187–8, 203, 222–3, 237, 256, 263, 290, Jordan 386–7, 391 293, 315, 325–6, 353, 377, 381, 415, 419, Juncker, J.-C. 435 422 and knowledge creation 154–6, 158, 163 Kanai, M. 326, 328 learning regions 6, 80, 130–39, 203, 290, 294 Kant, I. 45 regional innovation and growth theory Kazakhstan 395–6, 399, 423 116–28 Keane, R. 446 institutional theories 119–20 Keating, M. 11, 68, 80–81, 228, 232, 243–4, institutional thickness 135–6, 226 374, 381 institutionalization 4, 69, 95, 259, 298, 307–8, Keil, R. 473, 475 313, 387 Kent, J. 474 insurgent regionalism 14 Kenya 461 integrative regionalism 11, 14 Keskitalo, E.C.H. 492 intergovernmentalism 313–14 Key, J. 453 International Council for Local Environmental Keynesianism 10–11, 82–3, 203–4, 287, 292, Initiatives (ICLEI) 182 453 International Court of Justice 499 Khanna, P. 235 International Criminal Court 39 Kimble, G. 29–30 International Maritime Organization (IMO) Klinger, B. 157, 161 489 Kloka, P.J. 224 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 58, 63, knowledge bases 134–5 440 knowledge capital 119–22 International Relations (IR) 1, 5, 7–8, 12, knowledge creation 121, 134, 153–65 16, 26, 41, 44, 200, 202, 224, 235–6, 299, knowledge space 158–62, 164–5 311–12, 314, 319, 386–7, 403, 425, 466, knowledge-based economy 169, 172, 292 486, 505, 508–9, 511International Whaling Kogler, D.F. 154, 158–9, 164 Commission (IWC) 498–9 Korea 109, 224, 306, 425, 495–6 internationalization 5, 68, 109–10, 294–5, 428, Kosovo 40 480, 496 Krupar, S. 276 Internet 147, 149, 173, 204, 252, 341 Kyrgyzstan 399, 423 INTERREG 303, 307, 509 Kyriacou, A.P. 225 interregionalism 14, 464–6 Iran 399 Lackowska, M. 224 Iraq 39, 390, 423 Laclau, E. 50 Ireland 39–41, 80, 82, 154, 159–62, 165, 201, Lagendijk, A. 9 206, 211, 225, 233–4, 377 Lagos 361, 459 Isard, W. 3 Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia-Transport Islamic State 39, 423 Corridor (LAPSSET) 346, 353, 355 Israel 386–7, 389–91 Lander 4, 315, 378 Italy 25, 27–8, 31, 98, 109, 130, 132, 187, landscape 48–9, 51 198–202, 224–6, 256, 373, 386, 398, 495 language 6, 9, 12–13, 45, 49, 54, 203, 243–5, Iwan, D. 250–51 247, 249–52, 254, 264, 385, 390–91, 395, 402, 430, 457 Jackson, J.B. 45, 50 Latin American Integration Association Jacobi, S. 174 (LAIA) 482 Jacobs, J. 67, 154–5, 286, 288 learning regions 6, 80, 130–39, 203, 290, 294 Japan 63, 95, 109, 202, 204, 306, 399, 425, 495 Lebanon 386, 390 Jeffery, C. 220, 227 Lee, R. 401 Jessop, B. 6, 16, 92, 228 Lefebvre, H. 53, 236, 244, 326, 333, 335–6, Jiang, Z. 430 338–40, 342 Johnston, R. 5 Leo III (Pope) 199 Jonas, A.E.G. 470–71 Leonardi, R. 377 Jones, A. 379 Lesotho 459 Jones, M. 5, 85, 244, 504 Levi-Strauss, C. 504–5 Jones, P. 172 Lewis, B. 389

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Lewis, C. 481 marine regionalism 14, see also ocean regions Li, K. 428, 441 Maringanti, A. 327 liberalism 458, 481 maritime regionalism 465–6, 508 Liberia 462 marketing 38, 138, 143, 146, 171–3, 262 Libya 385–6, 461 Markkula, M. 163 life expectancy 362, 418 Marks, G. 204, 219, 378 Lilyestrom, C. 275–7 Markusen, A. 171 Lindberg, L. 313 Marshall, A. 154 linguistics 315–17 Marshall Funds 202 Lippmann, S. 125 Marshall Islands 279 Lisbon Strategy 377 Marston, S. 59 literacy 337, 363, 405, 418 Martin, R. 227 Liu, W. 353 Martins, H. 228 Liu, X. 434 Marx, K. 26 living wage 147 Marxism 4, 9–10, 59, 70, 91, 326, 334–5 lobbying 240, 291 Maskell, P. 157 Lobo-Guerrero, L. 508–9 Massey, D. 10, 29, 48, 52, 59, 83–4 Local Agenda 21 programme 182 Matless, D. 18 local geography 268–9, 271 Mauritania 386 local identities 203, 224, 260–62, 264–5 Maynou, L. 225 localism 10, 14, 82, 469–70 mayors 224, 233, 238, 261, 285 Locke, J. 211–12, 214, 216 McCauley, S.M. 188 Lojkine, J. 334 McKenzie, F. 446 Lombardy 374 McManus, P. 183–4 Lord, A. 380–81 Mediterranean regionalism 385–93 Lorenz, E. 133 megaregions 6, 10, 14, 79–80, 285–6, 291, 294, Lösch, A. 15, 335 298, 306–7, 323, 325, 327, 381, 475 Loughlin, J. 224 MENA region 390–92 Lovering, J. 5, 11, 69–70 mercantilism 373 Lowenthal, D. 45, 50 111, 318, 391, 483–4 Lowndes, V. 222 meritocracy 407–8 Lucas, J. 473 Merleau-Ponty, M. 51 Lundvall, B.-Å. 133–4 meteorology 2 Luoma-Aho, M. 317 metrocentricity 327 Luther, M. 200 Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) Luukkonen, J. 380 471 Luxembourg 307 metropolitan regionalism 70–71, 74–5, 85 metropolitanization 231–6, 239 Macau 306 Metzger, J. 17, 53, 83 Mace, G. 480 Mexico 38, 111, 304, 353, 468, 473–4, 479, 483, Machlis, G. 272 see also North American regionalism Mackinder, H. 9, 57–8, 434 migration 38, 44, 84, 206, 214, 306, 338, 382, MacLaughlin, J. 41 385, 390, 419, 421, 441, 460, 512 MacLeod, G. 5, 244 Mikula, L. 224 Madagascar 459, 461 military 6–7, 27–8, 35, 38, 305, 390, 434, 461–2, Madrid Protocol 491, 497–9 485, 492, 496, 501 Malaysia 306, 446 military-to-wildlife geographies 268–80, Malmberg, A. 157 387 Malpas, J. 48–9 Miller, D. 212 Malta 385–6 Minca, C. 393 manufacturing 69, 105–6, 110, 113, 133, 143, minimum wage 144, 338 145–6, 155, 290, 337, 346, 363 Minshull, R. 3 Maori 444, 453 mobility 90, 92, 143, 252, 300, 324, 509 mapping 2, 35, 40–41, 82, 107, 169, 286, 290, modernization 184–5, 191, 256, 335, 341, 343, 430–31, 463, 506, see also cartography 401, 407–8, 424, 426, 457, 469

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Moisio, S. 380 network governance 94, 97–9 Mokyr, J. 124–5 TPSN framework 89–100 Moldova 39, 396, 398 New Development Bank 436, 440 monarchy 209–10, 261, 373, 391 new mobility paradigm 29 Mongolia 395, 399, 423 new regional geography 3–5, 8, 18, 48, 470 Monroe Doctrine 481 new regionalism 8, 10–11, 14, 67–76, 92, 290, Monte-Mór, R.L. 328 313, 323, 401, 425, 470, 472, 483, 485 Mooney, G. 172 New Urban Agenda (NUA) 326, 346, 352, 354, Moore, M. 216 358–9, 366–8 Moravcsik, A. 314 New Zealand 223 Moreno, L. 234, 239 Australasian regionalism 444–6, 452–4 Morgan, G. 313 Newman, P. 401 Morgan, K. 130, 183, 189–90 Niedt, C. 472–3 Morocco 386–7, 391, 461, 463 Nigeria 39, 348, 461 Mouffe, C. 50 Nijman, J. 328 Mugabe, R. 360 Nischalke, C. 452 multiculturalism 302, 510 Nkrumah, K. 461 multilateralism 314, 425, 483 non-representational theory 52 multilevel governance 8, 28, 93–4, 97–9, 231, 489 234–5, 239, 324, 378 Norman, E.S. 474 multispatial assemblages 90 North American Free Trade Agreement multispatial metagovernance 94, 98–9 (NAFTA) 23, 44, 112, 304, 324, 391, 474, Mumford, L. 286 479, 483 Muro, D. 232, 239 North American regionalism 468–76 Muro, M. 186 North Atlantic Council 387 Myrdal, G. 123, 480–81 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 28, 387, 391–2, 398, 466, 496 naming 4, 49–50, 91, 95, 274 Norway 224, 489–90, 493 Napoleon I 201 Notermans, T. 64 Nasser, G.A. 390 NUTS regions 6, 11, 109 National Health Service 82 Nye, J. 311 national identity 24–5, 40, 200–201, 211, 244, 257, 260, 264–5, 402 Oakley, K. 172 nationalism 31, 38–40, 44, 105, 215, 232–4, Obama, B. 280, 432 236, 245, 265, 288, 389–90, 392, 400–402, Obschonka, M. 124–5 441, 458, 482, 484, 486 Ocampo, J.A. 483 civic nationalism 231, 236, 457 Occupy movement 94 ethnic nationalism 231, 234, 245 ocean regions 504–12, see also marine nativism 44 regionalism natural disaster 50, 358, 360–61 offshoring 143, 145, 149–50 Nazism 39, 265, 432 Ohmae, K. 293–4 Neffke, F. 157, 159 Oil and Gas Producers Association 495 Nelles, J. 473 One Belt, One Road 93, 95–6, 346, 353, 355, neoclassical economics 155, 289, 459 396, 425–6, 428–42 neo-functionalism 313–14 One-Child Policy 423 neoliberalism 8, 14–15, 37–8, 68, 70–71, 82, open regionalism model 98, 483 105, 107, 184–5, 203–4, 256, 276–8, Orfield, M. 472 349–51, 355, 374, 376–8, 380, 382, 434, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 444–5, 448, 453–4, 471, 474, 483 Development 135, 223, 225 NESTA 175–6 Organisation of African Unity (OAU) 458, Netherlands 202, 223, 261–5, 323 460 network capital 118, 120, 122–3 Organization for Security and Co-operation in networks 5, 60, 71, 74, 120, 178, 226, 240, 251, Europe 387, 392 260, 286, 294, 307 Ottawa Declaration 492, 494, 496 global protection 112, 114 outsourcing 143, 145–6, 149–50, 280

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Paasi, A. 7, 36, 39, 53, 83, 85–6, 243, 304, 311, Porter, M.E. 173, 290 315, 374–5, 380, 382, 385, 504 Portugal 98, 132, 202, 225, 377, 386, 481 Pain, K. 325 Poschl, C. 221 Painter, J. 36 positionality 90 Pakistan 38, 399, 423, 426, 441 postcode lottery 222 Palestine 386, 389–90 postcolonialism 27, 83, 306, 326–9, 393, 458–9, Pan-Africanism 457–62, 465 463, 481 pan-Arabism 386, 389–92, 458 post-Fordism 10, 69, 81, 130, 290 papacy 199–200 post-structuralism 50, 52, 327, 385 Paraguay 483–4 poverty 358–9, 362, 366, 421, 483–5 Paris Accord 358 power container 90, 94 Pastor, M. 472 Pratt, A. 177 patents 119, 134, 155, 158 Pred, A. 123 path dependencies 28, 74, 76, 154, 156–7, presidentialism 461 163–4 Prince, H. 45 patriotism 39 privatization 34, 82, 268–9, 280 Pearse, P. 39 progressive regionalism 14, 44 Peck, J. 16, 222, 329 property rights 119–20, 122, 208, 213–14, pensions 338, 422, 439–41 216–17 personality psychology 116, 124–5 protectionism 105, 112–13, 410, 458–9 Peru 482, 484 Protestantism 200, 373 Peter the Great 397 psycho-cultural behaviour 125–8 phase-space 90 public–private partnerships (PPPs) 436, 440–41 Philippines 222, 425 Puerto Rico 268–80 Pike, A. 12, 73 purchasing power 416, 422 Piketty, T. 149 Purchasing Power Standards 416 Pile, S. 51–2 Putin, V. 396 Pine, B.J. 171 Putnam, R. 226 Pinson, G. 224 Piore, M. 131 Quebec 220, 316, 473 place 44–54 TPSN framework 89–100 Rabin, R. 272–3, 278 Plaid Cymru 40, 245, 247, 250 race 85, 231, 322, 457–8, 508, 510–11, see also Plan Puebla Panama (PPP) 354 ethnicity planetary regionalism 14 radioactive contamination 269, 278–9 planetary urbanization 324, 326–8, 336, 340–41 Raffestin, C. 35 planning 3, 6–9, 11, 16, 53, 68, 71, 79, 81, 85, Ravetz, J. 183 95, 205, 225, 235, 239, 249, 285–8, 291, Reagan, R. 203 293-4, 302, 304–5, 324–5, 335, 337, 346, real existing regionalism 14 349–60, 364, 368, 374–6, 378, 380, 401, realism 4, 387 471–2, 475, 486 rebordering 300, 305, 308 Plato 197 recentralization 232, 238–9, 352 Poland 132–3, 221, 224, 397–8, 400–401, 495 Rediker, M. 510–11 Polar Bear Agreement 490–91 Reformation 199–200 polar regionalism 489–501, 506 regeneration 170–72, 174, 177, 226, 324, 407, political regionalism 11, 14, 231–40, 256 419 political science 1, 7, 27, 111, 220, 226–7, 318, regional concept, evolution of 23–31 379 regional development agencies 60, 82, 131, 244, pollution see environmental issues 449, 473, 6079 polycentric regionalism 14 regional economies 10, 36–7, 67–76, 90, 96, Poot, J. 446 108–14, 117–18, 120, 128, 130, 133, 138, population density 58 141–2, 156–7, 159, 163–5, 169, 183–4, population growth 363, 423, 446 219, 221, 226, 264, 289–90, 305, 313, 335, populist regionalism 14, 256 352, 376, 378, 413, 419–21, 452, 460, 462, Porter, J. 274–5, 278–9 482–3

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regional geography 1, 9, 13–18, 25–6, 48, 504–5 Rhodes 202 new 3–5, 8, 18, 48, 470 Rhône-Alps 10, 95 and relational thinking 79–86 Richards, G. 172 traditional 2–3, 9, 25, 47 Rigby, D. 154, 159 regional governance and democracy 219–28 Riggirozzi, P. 481, 485 regional identities 24–5, 31, 53, 183, 231, 244, right to decide 231–40 256–66, 302, 308, 378, 382, 403, 484, 509 Riker, W.H. 313 regional innovation and growth theory 116–28 Roberts, J. 175 Regional Innovation Scoreboard 131–2 Robinson, J. 326–8 regional innovation strategies 131–2, 139 robotics 148–50 Regional Plan Association 291, 298, 469, 475 Rodríguez, D. 275 regional planning 61, 81, 95, 285, 294, 325, Rodriguez, V.E. 468 346–56, 376, 469–70, 472, 475 Rodriguez-Pose, A. 377–8 regional resurgence 6–12 Rodrik, D. 479 regional science 3, 9, 48, 286, 322, 335, 375 Roeder, P.G. 403 regional worlds 5–6, 13–18 Roman Empire 107, 198–200 regionalism 28, 219–20, 226, 264, 303, 311–14, Romania 133, 377, 397 327, 346, see also individual regionalisms Roos, U. 317 evolution of the regional concept 23–31 Rousseau, J.-J. 217 geography of experience 44–54 Roy, A. 12, 327–8 in the global South 346–56 Rua, J. 341 ‘meaning is usage’ 385–9, 392 Rugman, A. 111 TPSN framework 89–100 rule of law 209–12, 214–16 regionalization 8, 10–11, 14, 27, 31, 69–70, Russia 6, 93, 97, 99, 200, 221, 395–8, 401–4, 97, 118, 202, 219–20, 225, 228, 286, 299, 423, 436, 483, 489, 493–6, see also BRICS 301, 303, 308, 312–14, 318, 323, 330, 373, countries; Soviet Union 375–7, 382, 475, 508 Rutten, R. 130 of Africa 457–60 Ryder, A.C. 220 cross-border 298–303, 308 Rysay, D. 224 economic 14, 105–14 ocean-based 508–9 Sabel, C. 131 regions 1–18, 24–6, 219, 231, 298, 311–12, 401, Sack, R.D. 7, 34–6, 48 see also different types of region (e.g., Sagan, I. 401 creative regions) Said, E. 27, 389 conceptualizing 6–9 Salmond, A. 232 and cultural representation 243–54 Sancino, A. 224 geography of experience 44–54 sanctions 463, 495–6 linguistic perspective on 315–16 Sanes, D. 272 ‘meaning is usage’ 385–9, 392 Santos, M. 328, 337–8, 341, 343 statehood theory on 311–20 Sassen, S. 38, 239 TPSN framework 89–100 Saudi Arabia 209, 388 urbanization see urbanization Sauer, C. 45 relational regions 251 Saunders, P. 81–2, 452 relational thinking 79–86 Sbragia, A. 318 religion 54, 123, 197–201, 245, 261, 333, 373, scale 8, 57–65 385, 390–91, 423–4, 457, 462 TPSN framework 89–100 renewable energy 186–8, 191, 363 Schafran, A. 475 Rentfrow, P.J. 125 Schaik, T.V. 226 rent-seeking 119, 364 Schakel, A.H. 227 rescaling 8, 11, 67, 82, 91, 93, 96, 231–3, 235, Schengen 23 287, 302, 305, 308, 381, 470, 474, 508 Schindler, S. 325–6, 329 research and development (R&D) 132–3, Schmid, C. 326, 336 136–7, 288, 473 Schmidt, H. 204 reterritorialization 8, 38, 96, 204, 299, 460 Schmidtz, D. 215 retrofitting 362 Schmitt, P. 17

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Schmoch, U. 161 80–81, 83–5, 89, 91, 99, 172, 201, 226, 326, Schollmann, A. 452 332, 343, 382 Schultz, M. 312 social reproduction 285, 287, 333, 335, 339 Schumpeter, J. 155 social science 7, 23–4, 28, 31, 47, 105–6, 108, Scotland 8, 23, 28, 38, 40, 80, 82, 220, 231–4, 110, 112, 114, 124, 178, 227–8, 295, 312, 236–40, 256–7, 264, 288, 374 319, 324, 381, 393, 397, 467 Scott, A.J. 12, 71, 287, 294, 324–5, 474 social security 335, 338, 419, 422, 446 Searle, J. 315 socialism 82, 250, 407–8, 420, 424, 458 secessionist ideologies 38–9 sociology 2, 25–7, 111, 124, 335, 344, 374 Second World 27, 82, 107 sociospatial culture 91–5, 98–9, 116, 124–5, Second World War 3, 15, 24, 26–8, 106–7, 332–3, 339–40, 342, 374–5, 379–80, 441–2 201–2, 204–5, 210, 265, 313, 390–91, 398, Söderbaum, F. 312, 318 401, 470, 496 soil 39–40, 265 security 35, 38, 49, 93, 197, 216, 285, 311, Soja, E. 322–3, 326, 333, 336 313–14, 338, 360, 387, 432, 460–61, 463, Soldatos, P. 205 474, 485, 491, 496 Sotarauta, M. 449 self-determination 34, 209–11, 217, 231–2, 234, South Africa 6, 223, 325, 459–61, 464–6, see 236, 240, 243, 400, 457–8, 480 also BRICS countries self-employment 144, 146–8, see also gig South American regionalism 479–87 economy South Ossetia 39 self-government 232, 234, 237, 401, 468 Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Sendai Agreement 358 459–60 separatism 11, 232, 240, 403, 423, 462 Southern African Development Community Serbia 40 (SADC) 318, 459, 461–5 Serrano, I. 239 Southern African Power Pool 461 service economy 145–6, 448 sovereignty 37–9, 41, 90, 95, 98, 199, 205, Shanghai Cooperation Organization 396, 425 224, 231–2, 234, 287, 293, 299–300, 313, sharing economy 146–7 315–16, 388, 390, 392, 424, 458, 461, 466, Shaw, T. 312 474, 479, 482, 484, 486, 491, 494, 500–501 Shear, B.W. 185 in Eurasia 395–405 Siberia 399 Soviet Union 27, 83, 95, 97, 107, 314, 347–8, Sidaway, J. 34 351, 395, 397, 399, 401–3, 490, 496 Sierra Leone 210–11 Spain 8, 109, 132–3, 187, 202, 225, 232–4, Silicon Valley 5, 10, 28, 69, 81, 159, 163, 256, 236–9, 377, 386 263 Sparke, M. 305 Silk Road Fund 425, 436 spatial disparities 225–7 Simon, H.A. 124 spatial enclaving 34 Singapore 224, 306, 495 spatial Keynesianism 10–11, 82–3 Single European Act 376 spatial planning 9, 71, 235, 291, 294, 350, Single Market Programme 377 374–6, 378, 380 slavery 25, 202, 210, 424, 457, 508, 510–11 Special Administrative Regions 306 Slovakia 132, 398, 401 special economic zones 324, 350, 409, 418–20 Slovenia 221 Speer, J. 221 slums 327, 360–62, 364 Spinelli, A. 373–4 small and medium-sized enterprises 130, 132, Spruyt, H. 199 142–4 statehood 24–5, 90, 228, 235, 311–20, 403, 508 smart cities 293 state-owned banks 436, 440 smart specialization 76, 138–9, 162–5 state-owned enterprises 409, 419, 424, 430, 432, smartphones 149 436–8, 440–41 Smith, N. 26, 79 statism 203, 366, 481 social capital 118, 130–31, 145, 226 Steinberg, P. 489, 506–7, 509–10, 512 social exclusion 359–61 Stephens, J.C. 188 social insurance 122 Stivachtis, Y.A. 388 social media 252 Stoker, G. 223 social relations 36, 46, 48, 59–60, 62, 71–2, 74, Storey, D. 13

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Storper, M. 12–13, 68, 71, 130, 289 and scale 57–65 Structural Funds 204, 225 TPSN framework 89–100 sub-national regions 28, 30–31, 44, 80, 86, 95, terrorism 474 108–9, 112, 204, 256 Thailand 63 subsidiarity 97, 204, 220, 234, 365, 374, 376, Thatcher, M. 31, 79, 203 378, 389 Theodore, N. 222 subsidies 143, 203, 350, 367, 413–15, 421, 432, think tanks 380, 430, 432, 434–5, 440 441, 451, 453, 482 Third Italy 130 Superfund 271, 273–6 Third World 27, 31, 82, 107, 347, 459, 466 supply chains 108–9, 112–13, 190 Thomas, G. 251 supranational institutions 313–14 Thompson, P. 125 supranational regionalism 311–20, 474 Thrift, N. 2, 51, 226 supranational regions 6, 109, 111–12, 311–20 Tibet 421, 423–4, 441 Sustainable Development Goals 182, 358 Tilly, C. 27 sustainable regions 6, 182–91 Toadvine, T. 51 Svara, J. 223 Tobler, W.R. 153 Sweden 187, 223, 377, 489–90 Topalov, C. 334 Switzerland 27, 224, 307 topology 90 Syria 39, 385–6, 388–90, 392, 423, 458, 495 Torrisi, G. 226 tourism 138, 171–2, 261, 271, 274, 305, 382, Taiwan 423, 435 498 Tajikistan 399, 403, 423 Towse, R. 177 Tanzania 347–8, 353 TPSN framework 6, 89–100 tariffs 316, 464, 482 trade 44, 57, 107, 111–12, 122, 304–5, 312, 316, taxation 38, 71, 122, 141, 144, 209, 234, 341, 356, 381, 410, 425, 434, 459–60, 462, 480, 350, 361, 364, 367, 410, 413, 415, 419, 432, 483–4, see also free trade agreements 472 trade unions 147–8, 350, 482 Taylor, P. 58–9, 298 traditional regional geography 2–3, 9, 25, 47 Taylorism 135, 138, 337, 462 Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) 486 technological relatedness 156–8 transnational corporations 38, 60, 109–13, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 347–8, 143–4 351 transnationalism 8 territorial governance 67, 119, 201, 205–6, Transnistria 39 407–15, 426 transparency 116, 120, 221, 327, 353, 364–6 territorial identity 5, 40–41, 220, 304, 374–5, Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia 380, 382 (TRACECA) 396 territorial justice 208–18, 254 transportation 15, 149–50, 183, 291, 305, 324, territorial rights 208–18 334, 337–8, 348, 353–4, 362, 364, 419, 436, territorialism 92, 208–18 452, 469, 471 territoriality 7–8, 34–41, 57, 75, 84, 92, 235, Treaty Establishing the EU 204 291, 295, 299–300, 465, 467 Trente Glorieuses 202, 204 territorialization 90, 93–5, 97, 304, 381 Trump, D. 38, 44, 479, 492 deterritorialization 4, 38, 60, 204, 293, 299, Tuan, Y.-F. 45, 48–9 324 Tunisia 385–7, 391 reterritorialization 8, 38, 96, 204, 299 Turkey 40–41, 386, 395–6, 399 territory 1–18, 27, 34–41, 48–9, 69, 72, 79, 81, 396 83–5, 119, 153, 231, 233, 235, 243–4, 261, Turkmenistan 399 285, 287–8, 291–3, 298, 301, 304, 315, Tussie, D. 481, 483 324–5, 346, 350, 352–3, 373–5, 380–81, Twitter 252 386, 392, 458, 461, 508 in China 407–22 Uber 147–8 concept of 35–6 Uganda 353 conceptualizing 6–9 Ukraine 396, 398, 401, 495–6 and governance 197–206, see also territorial UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 490, governance 494, 501

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unemployment 148, 151, 174, 203, 376, 392, Vance, J. 470 428, 484 Vargas, G. 337 Union of South African Nations (UNASUR) Varró, K. 9 354, 484–6 Venezuela 348, 354, 484–5 unitary centralism 201, 205, 444–5 Vidal de la Blache, P. 25, 28–9, 45 United Kingdom 15, 23–4, 38–41, 44, 63, 72, Vieques 268–80 79–82, 85, 98, 109, 143–4, 146, 154–5, Vietnam 416, 425, 496 169–70, 173–7, 189, 201, 205–6, 222–3, Viner, J. 313 225, 227, 232–4, 236–9, 245, 247, 257, Vlaskamp, M.C. 232, 239 286, 325, 377, 390–91, 424, 444, 457, 465, 479–80, 495, see also British Empire; Wachsmuth, D. 470 Ireland; Scotland; Wales Wales 40, 80, 82, 220, 225, 234, 244–54 Brexit 23, 38, 40, 44, 98, 113, 206, 233–4, 238 Walker, R. 145–6, 326 United Nations 182–3, 185, 286, 306, 311, 348, Wallerstein, I. 58–9 358, 360–61, 366, 388–9, 397–8, 425, 440, Wang, J. 432 458, 489, 497–8 Wang, Y. 432 Commission on the Limits of the war 2, 25, 37, 40, 50, 200–201, 203, 210, 373, Continental Shelf 494 385, 388–91, 404, 426, 435, 459, 461, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous 482 Peoples 501 First World War 57, 107, 202, 391, 398, Environment Programme 512 400 UN Habitat 346, 349, 351–2, 358–9, 367 Second World War 3, 15, 24, 26–8, 106–7, UNCLOS 490, 494, 501 201–2, 204–5, 210, 265, 313, 390–91, United States 15, 27, 38, 44, 46, 64–5, 80, 95, 398, 401, 470, 496 99, 109, 111–12, 125, 155, 158–9, 164, 183, Ward, K. 84, 470 186–7, 190, 200–202, 204, 206, 209, 215, warlords 462 223–4, 226, 269, 271, 286, 291, 294, 298, Wars of Religion 200–201 304–5, 316, 323, 325, 347–8, 354, 356, 399, Warsaw Pact 28 416, 425, 429, 432, 435, 457, 465, 468, Washington Consensus 350, 355 473–4, 479–85, 489–90, 492–4, 496, 500, water infrastructure 26, 421, 469, 473–4, see also North American regionalism 507 Silicon Valley 5, 10, 28, 69, 81, 159, 163, 256, Watson, A. 389 263 Weaver, C. 349 US regionalism 469–73 Weber, M. 125 United States Patent and Trademark Office Weir, M. 472–3 (USPTO) 158 welfare regionalism 11 urbanism 322, 326–9, 343, 359, 361 welfare states 82, 202–5, 256 anti-urbanism 359–61 Welsh Language Society 245, 250–51 urbanization 15, 26–7, 30, 233, 235, 250, 263, Wen, J. 428 265, 285–8, 294, 306, 353, 356, 373, 422, Wendt, A. 317 473 West African Economic and Monetary Union African 358–68 463 emerging approaches and debates 322–30 West Nordic Council 489 and environmental hazards 361–3 Westphalia 200, 203, 234, 318, 373, 407, extended urbanization 14, 332–43 458 planetary 324, 326–8, 336, 340–41 Whalsay 257 Uruguay 354, 483–4 While, A. 184 US Fish and Wildlife Service 269, 271–3, Whitlam, G. 447 275–80 wildlife 268–80 US Navy 268–80 Wilks-Heeg, S. 172 USSR see Soviet Union Williams, R. 334 Uzbekistan 399 Willington, D.E. 9 Wilson, W. 400 value chains 350, 352 Witkowska, J. 474 Van Langenhove, L. 313, 316 Wittgenstein, L. 385–6, 388, 392

Anssi Paasi, John Harrison and Martin Jones - 9781785365805 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 02:03:43PM via free access

M4530-PAASI_9781785365799_t.indd 529 25/06/2018 14:44 530 Handbook on the geographies of regions and territories

Wolfe, D.A. 473 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Wolff, L. 397 423 Woodward, R. 271 Xu, S. 432 World Bank 348–50, 436, 440 world cities 288, 324 y Fro Gymraeg 247–50 World Commission on Environment and Yemen 390 Development 182 Yu, N.G. 222 world economy 58, 106–8, 110, 285, 325–6 Yugoslavia 387, 397–8, 400–401, 403 World Parliament of Mayors 224 World Pensions Council 434 Zambia 347 World Trade Organization 425, 464, 483 Zelaya, M. 485 world-systems theories 27, 31, 58–9 Zimbabwe 360–61, 459, 461 Wright, J.K. 45 Zimmerbauer, K. 7, 85 zombie regional organizations 318 xenophobia 40, 400 Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Xi, J. 425, 428–9, 441 Atlantic (ZOPACAS) 466 Xinhua Agency 430–31, 436 Zukauskaite, E. 135

Anssi Paasi, John Harrison and Martin Jones - 9781785365805 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 02:03:43PM via free access

M4530-PAASI_9781785365799_t.indd 530 25/06/2018 14:44