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E´Tudes Et Documents Berbe`Res, 15-16, 1998 : Pp E´ TUDES ET DOCUMENTS BERBE` RES ANNE´ E 1998 Nº 15-16 ME´ LANGES Ouahmi Ould-Braham La grande mission d’enqueˆte scolaire d’E´ mile Masqueray en Kabylie (1881) .. 7 Nora Tigziri Deux notes de phone´tique acoustique berbe`re (kabyle)........................... 73 Djamel Aı¨ssani E´ crits de langue berbe`re de la collection de manuscrits Oulahbib (Be´jaı¨a)......... 81 Ahmed Touderti Une prophe´tie berbe`re en tamazight (Maroc central) ........................... 101 Harry Stroomer Contes bilingues du Sud marocain ...... 115 Hamou Belghazi Tad.a, un pacte sacre´ de ponde´ration tribale ..................................... 141 Ahmed Skounti Usˇˇsen, cet « hors-la-loi ». Versions nomade et se´dentaire d’un conte amazigh marocain........................ 153 Slimane Hachi Une approche anthropologique de l’art figuratif pre´historique d’Afrique du Nord....................................... 163 Sinikka Loikkanen Vocabulaire du roman kabyle (1981- 1995). E´ tude quantitative ................ 185 Rqia Douchaı¨na La morphologie du verbe en tagnawt ... 197 Mohye´dine Benlakhdar Structure argumentale et structure circonstancielle dans les structures Verbe-Nom ............................... 210 Jean Peyrigue`re Poe´sie et danse dans une tribu du Moyen-Atlas .............................. 219 Mohamed El Ayoubi Contes berbe`res du Rif dans le parler des Ayt Weryaghel............................ 249 Federico Corriente Le berbe`re en al-Andalus ................. 269 www.asadlis-amazigh.com E´ TUDES ET DOCUMENTS BERBE` RES Pe´ riodique paraissant une fois par an RE´ DACTION-SECRE´ TARIAT Salem CHAKER (INALCO, Paris) Ouahmi OULD-BRAHAM (INALCO, Paris) COMITE´ DE LECTURE – Mohamed AGHALI (INALCO, Paris). – Ramdane ACHAB (Universite´ de Tizi-Ouzou). – Rachid BELLIL (CNEH, Alger). – Ahmed BOUKOUS (Universite´ de Rabat). –He´ le` ne CLAUDOT-HAWAD (CNRS, Aix-en-Provence). – Hassan JOUAD (EHESS, Paris). – Claude LEFE´ BURE (CNRS, Paris). – Karl-G. PRASSE (Universite´ de Copenhague). – Miloud TAI¨ FI (Universite´ de Fe` s) Cette revue, ouverte a` la communaute´ scientifique berbe´ risante, est une publication conjointe de La Boıˆ te a` Documents et du Centre de Recherche Berbe` re (de l’INALCO). Correspondance et manuscrits : La Boıˆ te a` Documents BP 301 – 75525 Paris cedex 11 Vente et abonnements : E´ disud 3120 route d’Avignon, La Calade – 13090 Aix-en-Provence Te´ l. 04 42 21 61 44 / Fax 04 42 21 56 20 www.edisud.com - e.mail : [email protected] Responsable de publication et Fondateur : Ouahmi OULD-BRAHAM Les opinions exprime´ es dans les articles ou dans les documents reproduits ici n’engagent pas la Re´ daction. Copyright re´serve´ aux auteurs et a` la Re´daction Composition - Mise en pages : Le vent se le` ve... – 16210 Chalais CRE´DIT PHOTOGRAPHIQUE : Michae¨ lPeyron ISSN 0295-5245 Avec les concours du Centre National du Livre, de l’INALCO et du F.A.S. www.asadlis-amazigh.com CHRONIQUE – Le Centre de recherche berbe`re de l’INALCO [p. 297]. – Recherches sur l’Aure`s, bibliographie ordonne´e (par Nordine Boulhaı¨ s) [p. 284]. – Sur l’oasis de Siwa (par Madjid Allaoua) [p. 315]. www.asadlis-amazigh.com ME´ LANGES www.asadlis-amazigh.com E´tudes et Documents Berbe`res, 15-16, 1998 : pp. 7-71 LA GRANDE MISSION D’ENQUEˆ TE SCOLAIRE D’E´ MILE MASQUERAY EN KABYLIE (1881) par Ouahmi Ould-Braham Nous avons montre´ dans un pre´ ce´ dent article 1 dans quelles conditions E´ mile Masqueray a effectue´ sa premie` re mission kabyle. Un voyage d’explora- tion qui s’inscrit parfaitement dans un projet d’e´ tude 2. Ainsi l’exigence qui l’anime est d’instruire un dossier propre a` soutenir, justifier et de´ fendre la mise en place d’e´ coles laı¨ ques franc¸aises en Kabylie. Outre les finalite´ s politiques et scientifiques que reveˆtent sa mission, Masqueray s’investit dans un voyage qui l’inte´ resse personnellement parce qu’il s’agit de la terre kabyle qui constituera plus tard l’un des trois piliers de sa the` se de doctorat 3 et a` laquelle il te´ moigne un profond attachement ; parce qu’il s’agit d’un domaine qui le concerne directement en tant que professeur : l’enseignement ; et enfin, parce qu’il s’agit d’un projet a` haute re´ sonance politique a` travers lequel il peut jouer un roˆle non ne´ gligeable et, par la meˆme occasion, eˆtre reconnu par diffe´ rentes ins- titutions et par la hie´ rarchie. Pour ces raisons, un tel voyage lui permet de concilier son inte´ reˆt particulier a` un inte´ reˆt politico-scientifique. Il s’agit concre` tement de dresser un e´ tat des lieux des formes d’enseignement existantes en Kabylie et de mener une enqueˆte sur la disposition de la population face a` ce projet. En bref, il doit pouvoir 1. Ouahmi Ould-Braham, « E´ mile Masqueray en Kabylie (printemps 1873 et 1874) », E´tudes et Documents Berbe`res, 14, 1996, pp. 5-74. (Les pages 36-74 sont constitue´ es de cinq documents annexes dont l’auteur est Masqueray. Pie` ces de correspondance ine´ dites + un article de journal). 2. Masqueray effectue ce voyage dans la Kabylie du Djurdjura au printemps 1873 et 1874. Deux textes en te´ moignent : l’extrait d’un rapport remis au ge´ ne´ ral Chanzy sur l’e´ tat de l’enseignement primaire en Grande Kabylie apre` s 1871 et des impressions de voyage parues dans la Revue politique et litte´raire (1876). L’itine´ raire part de Fort-National, emprunte la route de Aı¨ t-Bou-Chaı¨ b en passant par la tribu des Aı¨ t Yahia, la route de Aı¨ t Menguellat pour revenir au chef-lieu de Djurdjura : Fort-National. Cette premie` re excursion a pour vocation d’eˆtre un voyage de reconnaissance. Une seconde est axe´ e sur le travail d’enqueˆte ayant en vue le projet de mettre en place un enseignement public en Kabylie. 3. Formation des cite´s chez les populations se´dentaires de l’Alge´rie (Kabyles du Djurdjura, Chaouı¨a de l’Aouraˆs, Beni-Mezaˆb), the` se pre´ sente´ ea` la Faculte´ des Lettres de Paris, Paris, E. Leroux, 1886, XVLIII – 326 p. 7 www.asadlis-amazigh.com re´ pondre a` deux questions : qu’en est-il de l’enseignement en Kabylie ? et, les populations sont-elles dispose´ es a` accueillir sur leur territoire l’e´ tablissement d’e´ coles franc¸aises et a` y inscrire leurs enfants ? Or, en re´ pondant a` ces deux questions il sait qu’il devra aussi convaincre tous ceux qui pourraient s’opposer a` un tel projet. Cela signifie clairement que Masqueray soutient personnellement une telle action, et qu’en prenant une position favorable, il doit donc justifier et de´ fendre e´ nergiquement l’inte´ reˆ tet la ne´ cessite´ de re´ aliser ce programme. C’est selon ces exigences implicites que Masqueray entreprend son voyage et oriente son enqueˆte 4. I. LA PHASE PRE´ PARATOIRE DE LA MISSION Nous sommes en 1880. Apre` s la Kabylie (1873), E´ mile Masqueray vient d’accomplir deux importantes missions scientifiques (Aure` s, 1875-1878 : tra- vaux arche´ ologiques, ethnographiques et linguistiques ; Mzab 5, printemps 1878 : le´ gislation et manuscrits). Alors qu’il s’attelait a` un gigantesque travail d’e´ tudes historiques et de copies de manuscrits ibaˆdites, le 20 de´ cembre 1879 on vote une loi qui va doter l’Alge´ rie d’un enseignement supe´ rieur. Masqueray rec¸oit sa nomination comme professeur d’histoire et d’antiquite´ s d’Afrique et 4. L’enqueˆ te est autant descriptive : elle dresse un e´ tat des lieux comparatifs, qu’analytique : elle met l’accent sur la disposition d’esprit des Kabyles face au projet. Malgre´ la force de la tradition qui re´ glemente la vie quotidienne des Kabyles, il existe bien un de´ sir d’apprendre la langue franc¸aise, pour communiquer avec l’e´ tranger et la connaissance d’une langue qui s’ave´ rera, eˆtre un instrument e´ conomique, politique, commercial ne´ cessaire pour le peuple. Le projet jouit donc, d’apre` s Masqueray, d’un e´ tat d’esprit tre` s favorable, il est e´ galement renforce´ par l’absence (et donc le besoin) de structure scolaire forte. Depuis le bouleversement de 1871 aux re´ percussions visibles dans l’e´ tat de l’enseignement, une pe´ riode opportune politiquement devrait motiver toutes les entreprises franc¸aises de scolarisation en Kabylie. Les e´ coles ou` l’on dispensait encore un enseignement religieux en langue arabe avaient tendance a` disparaıˆtre. Les e´ coles secondaires, divise´ es en mamerat du droit et en mamerat du Coran demeurent des e´ tablissements privile´ gie´ sou` seuls y ont acce` s un petit nombre d’e´ le` ves. Outre l’enseignement des je´ suites qui affirme le succe` s d’un enseignement classique et pratique adapte´ , aucune autre forme d’enseignement n’entrerait en concurrence avec l’e´ cole publique. De surcroıˆt, la pre´ sence forte de l’enseignement des je´ suites s’ave` re eˆtre un argument de motivation supple´ mentaire en faveur du projet au sein duquel s’ouvre le de´ bat re´ active´ entre les tenant d’un enseignement laı¨ c et ceux d’un enseignement religieux. Au terme de son enqueˆte, Masqueray a re´ uni tous les arguments en faveur de l’e´ cole publique dans le pays. Et cela, tant qu’il s’agit d’un apport re´ el pour la population kabyle et d’une ne´ cessite´ strate´ gique pour la France. Dans le contexte colonial de l’apre` s 1871, il apparaıˆt ne´ cessaire de jouer politiquement la carte de l’enseignement. Le terrain y est propice : les foyers insurrectionnels contre la France que furent les mamerats pourraient, selon Masqueray, eˆtre remplace´ s par de ve´ ritables lieux de la Re´ publique. 5. Ouahmi Ould-Braham, « E´ mile Masqueray au Mzab.
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