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The Evaluation of the Possibility to Use the Water from Quarry Lakes for Irrigation

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The Evaluation of the Possibility to Use the Water from Quarry Lakes for Irrigation Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2019.08.20 Revised: 2019.09.12 Volume 20, Issue 9, October 2019, pages 188–201 Accepted: 2019.09.21 Available online: 2019.09.28 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/112490 The Evaluation of the Possibility to Use the Water from Quarry Lakes for Irrigation Bartosz Jawecki1*, Tomasz Kowalczyk2, Ye Feng3 1 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Landscape Architecture, ul. Grunwaldzka 55, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland 2 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Institute of Environmental Protection and Development, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland 3 Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, Horticulture & Landscape College, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, P.R. China 410128 * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The paper presents the evaluation of the possibility to use the water from five quarry lakes located in County Strzelin for the purposes of agricultural irrigation. The evaluation was based on the guidelines provided by FAO and in PN-84/C-04635. The average values of water quality indicators were as follows: electrical conductivity – × -1 × -3 0.365 mS cm ; Sodium Adsorption Ratio – 0.75; Total Dissolved Solids – 233.9 mg dm ; water pH – 7.8; BOD5 × -3 × -3 – 1.6 mgO2 dm , while the average ion concentrations were: nitrates – 1.6 mgN-NO3 dm ; sulphates – 188.5 mg × -3 × -3 × -3 × -3 SO4 dm ; chlorides – 30.95 mg Cl dm ; sodium 22.6, mg Na dm ; manganese – 0.05 mg Mn dm ; and iron – 0.04 mg Fe×dm-3. The values of the analysed indicators were similar to the concentrations noted in natural lakes and unloaded water reservoirs. The water from the analysed quarry lakes met (with some minor limitations) the requirements that enable its use for agricultural irrigation, in particular sprinkler irrigation. Keywords: quarry lake, water reservoir, quarry, Strzelin quarry lakes, water quality, irrigation, SAR, TDS, EC, INTRODUCTION water for irrigation, requires solving a number of auxiliary issues, and among other things, the use The deficit of fresh water in the world, includ- of irrigation water from different sources, to en- ing the water for agricultural and industrial needs, hance the efficient utilization of aquatic resources was estimated at 230 billion m3/year in 2000 and to reduce the environmental impact (Tarjuelo (Domashenko and Vasilyev, 2018). The water re- et al., 2010; Lykhovyd et al., 2019). sources are relatively abundant in Europe with a Such other water sources may be quarry lakes total amount of freshwater of approx. 2270 km3/ or pit (mine) lakes that emerge in excavation pits, year (EEA Report No 2/2009). According to esti- including quarries, after their operation has been mations, the European water resources amount, on discontinued (Axler et al., 1998; Klapper, Geller, average, to approx. 4750 m3/year per person. How- 2001; Ramstedt et al., 2003; Doupé and Lymbery, ever, Poland is one of the countries that have poor 2005; Kleeberg and Grüneberg, 2005; Nixdorf et water resources, with a mean annual discharge of al., 2005; McCullough, 2008; Schultze et al., 2010; surface waters of approx. 61.2 km3. The average Czerniawska-Kusza and Brożonowicz, 2014; water resource index is 1590 m3/year per person Jawecki, 2017; Jawecki et al., 2018; Jawecki and (Walczykiewicz, 2014; GUS, 2015; Łabędzki; Mirski, 2018). Quarry (pit, mine) lakes may differ 2016). In many cases, the water is characterised in depth, surface area, and capacity, depending on as low quality (Patro and Zubala, 2012). The de- the type of mined resources and mining technolo- ficiency and low quality of water, including the gy, and they may retain even hundreds of millions 188 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 20(9), 2019 cubic meters of water (Doyle and Runnells, 1997; magmatic rocks (granitoids – granite, granodio- Axler et al., 1998; Ramstedt et al., 2003; Denimal rite, tonalite), as well as basalt, partly covered et al., 2005; Kleeberg, Grüneberg, 2005; Nixdorf by sedimentary rocks: silt, clay, and loess. This et al., 2005; Molenda, 2006; McCullough and fostered the exploitation of rock material, and, as Lund, 2006; Kołodziejczyk, 2009; Schultze et a result, led to the presence of over 80 active or al., 2010; Chudzik, 2012; Singleton et al., 2013; closed quarries of various sizes (Jawecki, 2017; Tokarczyk-Dorociak et al., 2015; Kumar et al., Jawecki and Mirski, 2018). 2016; Jawecki et al., 2018). The tests were conducted in 5 flooded quar- The water retained in quarry lakes may be ries (3 closed, 2 active, and 1 periodically active), used as a source of potable or industrial water, the basic characteristics of which are presented in for the purposes of animal or fish breeding, agri- Table 1. The Q1-G, Q2-TDG, Q3-G, and Q4-QS cultural or horticultural irrigations etc. (Axler et quarries are non-runoff reservoirs. However, part al., 1998; Klapper and Geller, 2001; Galas, 2003; of the water from the Q1-G and Q4-QS quarries Castendyk et al., 2005; Doupé and Lymbery, is periodically pumped outside the pit area, while 2005; McCullough and Lund, 2006; McCullough, part of the water from the Q5-M quarry is dis- 2008; Kumar et al., 2009; Schultze et al., 2010; charged by gravitation to the nearby melioration Ravazzani et al., 2011; Singleton et al., 2013). ditch. The water surface area was determined with Using the water from flooded pits is particularly use of ArcGIS software based on an orthophoto- important in the areas with scarce water resources map (License No. DIO.7211.195.2017_PL_N). (Doupé and Lymbery, 2005; McCullough and The maximum depth of the reservoirs was mea- Lund, 2006; Kumar et al., 2009; Ravazzani et al., sured by diving, with use of a gas-switching hand- 2011), to which Poland may be included (Patro, held SUUNTO VYTEC diving computer. Zubala, 2012; Walczykiewicz, 2014). However, The water for analyses was collected at the the use of water retained in mining pits depends, depth of 0.5 m (Brysiewicz et al., 2013), ap- to a large extent, on its quantity and quality (Doyle proximately 5–7 m from the reservoir coast, at and Runnells, 1997; Axler et al., 1998; Grünewald, 8–10 hours, one a quarter (spring, summer, autumn, 2001; Klapper and Geller, 2001; Castendyk et al., winter – with and without ice cover), in the period 2005; Denimal et al., 2005; Doupé and Lymbery, from December 2016 to March 2018 (Jawecki and 2005; McCullough and Lund, 2006; McCullough, Mirski, 2018). The water was analysed at the Fac- 2008; Schultze et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2016; ulty Environmental Research Laboratory, pursuant Jawecki et al., 2018, Jawecki and Mirski, 2018). to the reference test methodologies and/or Polish The aim of the conducted research was to Reference Standards. The authors determined the evaluate the usability of water from quarry lakes content of nitrates (NO3), sulphates (SO4), chlo- located in the flooded quarries of granitoids, rides, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, as well as the values of quartzite schist and marble in the Strzelin area, BOD5, pH, ECw (electrical conductivity of water), for the purposes of agricultural irrigation. the SAR index (Sodium Adsorption Ratio – po- tential sodium hazard from irrigation water), and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids). SAR and TDS were MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY calculated with use of formula 1, 2 (Fig. 2). The mean pH reaction was calculated from the average The analyses were conducted in the quarries value of the concentration of [H+] ions obtained located in Strzelin County, in the south-eastern from the conversion of the initial pH value. The part of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Po- obtained results were classified according to the land (Fig. 1). The country is mainly agricultural FAO guidelines (Ayers and Westcott, 1985) and (523.34 km2 arable land, 59.8 km2 forest areas, to the Polish Reference Standard PN-84/C-04635 wooded, and bushy areas in 622.06 km2 of the (Kaniszewski and Treder, 2018). The evaluation county area), with a supplementary function of was based on the average values from the mea- mining rock material (Jawecki 2017; Jawecki surement period, while the value adopted for the and Mirski, 2018). The Strzelin County is char- overall evaluation was the worst of the analysed acterised by the presence of metamorphic rocks indicators. Standard deviation of the average value (gneiss, mica slates, biotite-amphibolite slate, for n<10, with the t-Student distribution critical quartzite, quartzite schist, amphibolites, and value at the degrees of discretion n-1, and level of marble), crossed by numerous veins of acidic confidence p=0.95 were calculated. 189 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 20(9), 2019 Fig. 1. Location and views of selected Strzelin quarry lakes (topographic background: license No. MGW.I.7522.524.2016_02_N) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in the eutrophic (Jawecki, Mirski, 2018) granite quarry Q3-G. These were noted in spring and The pH of the water from flooded quarries summer, which is probably connected with the fell into the range 7.1–9.0 (Table 2). The aver- intensive photosynthesis in the summer season, age pH values were in the range of 7.45–8.06 when the strong development of phytoplanctone (Fig. 2), where the most often noted pH value was and increased photosynthesis may lead to alka- 8.4. The highest pH values (pH 9.0) were found lization and increased pH of water (Puczyńska Table 1. Basic characteristics of the researched selected Strzelin quarry lakes Code on the Resources Water Maximum Quarry Comments map mined surface area depth Górka Sobocka Q1-G Granite ~3.60 ha ~40 m Active Closed for Biały Kościół/Dębniki Q2-G Granite ~1.25 ha ~25 m >40 years Tonalite, Diorite, Closed for Gęsiniec – Gliczyny Q3-TDG ~2.83 ha ~10 m Granite <10 years Periodically Jegłowa Q4-QS Quartzite schist ~1.10 ha ~16m active Active Closed for Przeworno Q5-M Marble ~0.89 ha ~10m >40 years 190 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol.
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