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Modeling of Dust Emission in Dimension Stone Quarry Suzanne Oudwater European Mining Course, EMC

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Modeling of Dust Emission in Dimension Stone Quarry Suzanne Oudwater European Mining Course, EMC Modeling of dust emission in dimension stone quarry Suzanne Oudwater European Mining Course, EMC Master’s Thesis Espoo 30.09.2017 Supervisor: Prof. Mikael Rinne Advisor: MSc Marjo Sairanen Author Suzanne Antonia Oudwater Title of thesis Modeling of dust emission in dimension stone quarry Degree programme European Mining, Minerals and Environmental Programme Major/minor European Mining Course Code R3008 Thesis supervisor Prof. Mikael Rinne Thesis advisor MSc Marjo Sairanen Date 30/09/2017 Number of pages 77 + 11 Language English Abstract Dust dispersion is a subject that has a large amount of research activity. Most of these researches are focusing on the regions outside the mine or quarry. The dust dispersion model in this research is constructed for industrial purposes, specific for the dust drilling source with closely located receptor points in the quarry. The report has a focus on mining operations in a dimension stone quarry. This research consists of a literature study about dust behavior, an introduction to the dust dispersion models, regulations and air quality. The research goes more detailed into the mathematical concept of the Gaussian model for the dispersion modeling. Which is widely applied in dust dispersion models, for example AERMOD Breeze and ADMS. The research about the modeling the dust concentrations in a certain quarry. The quarry Taivassalo is located in the South-West of Finland. The main dust source is from a drilling machine. The observed data from the receptor points are used to compare the modelled results with the measured concentrations and to evaluate the performance of the chosen modeling program. The receptor points were located in the quarry with a distance of 5 m to 60 m from the main dust source. The research is to indicate the hourly average concentration of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns). The different case studies are chosen to provide scenarios with site specific emission rates. The impact of the different case studies is calculated at the receptor points in the quarry. The behavior of the predicted data is analyzed by performance modeling, sensitivity analyses and validation curves. This is done to assess the accuracy of the model with the observed data. The drilling emission factor was considered to investigate the observed and predicted PM10 concentration. The results showed that the case studies overpredicted the PM10 concentration for all the receptor points. A lower emission factor of the drilling source in the sensitivity analyses gives a better fit compared to the observed data. The sensitivity analyses and decay curve show a stabilization of dust concentration from receptor point of 20 meter onwards. Keywords Dust dispersion model, Dimension stone, Drilling source, Particle Matter (PM10), Quarry II Acknowledgement First of all, I want to thank my supervisor, Professor Mikael Rinne and advisor, MSc Marjo Sairanen to make this thesis subject possible and for all their reviews and helpful comments. Marjo was really valuable for me due to her unlimited enthusiasm for providing the input during my research. My sincere gratitude to Aalto University for funding my research and purchasing the software I needed. Furthermore, I could not imagine the days at office without my office colleagues and all coffee breaks, but most of all their input. Special thanks to my Mexican friends during my stay in Helsinki. Many thanks to Professor Olavi Selonen and Marjo Sairanen to give a tour in the Quarry and sharing your knowledge. Furthermore, thanks to the team of Breeze Company for answering my questions. Thanks to Dr. Mike Buxton from TU Delft, for the motivation words on the research. Above all, I want to thank my family and friends for their unlimited support from the beginning until the end of my studies. Many thanks and Glück Auf ! III Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ II Acknowledgement....................................................................................................... III Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ IV List of Figures ............................................................................................................. VI List of Tables............................................................................................................... IX Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. XI List of Symbols ........................................................................................................... XI Part I: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Outline of the report ................................................................................................ 4 Part II: Literature study ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Dust behavior .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Introduction to the dispersion modeling ................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Pollution in the atmosphere .............................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Classification by atmospheric stability ............................................................ 8 2.2.3 Wind roses ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2.4 Previous open pit models ............................................................................... 11 2.3 Dust propagation models and mathematical algorithms ....................................... 12 2.3.1 Gaussian model algorithm ............................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Eulerian model algorithm ............................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Model performance assessment ..................................................................... 14 2.4 Federal regulations and quality standards for PM10 .............................................. 15 2.4.1 Air quality standards for PM10 ....................................................................... 15 Part III: Modeling ............................................................................................................ 17 3.1 Introduction AERMOD ......................................................................................... 17 3.2 Observed study ...................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Quarry Taivassalo .......................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Production ...................................................................................................... 20 3.2.3 Climate ........................................................................................................... 22 3.2.4 Measurements ................................................................................................ 24 3.2.5 Field monitoring ............................................................................................. 25 IV 3.3 Case study models ................................................................................................. 30 3.4 Emission estimation .............................................................................................. 31 3.4.1 Drilling source ................................................................................................ 31 3.4.2 Haul roads and waste dump ........................................................................... 32 3.4.3 Open pit .......................................................................................................... 33 3.4.4 Surface Roughness ......................................................................................... 34 Part IV: Results ............................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Emission rates ....................................................................................................... 35 4.2 Meteorological summary ...................................................................................... 35 4.3 Performance measurements .................................................................................. 36 4.3.1 Model performance ........................................................................................ 36 4.3.2 Sensitivity analyses ........................................................................................ 40 4.3.3 Validation curve ............................................................................................. 42 4.3.4 Decay curve .................................................................................................... 42 4.3.5 Analyst
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