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Creating Women's Interests in the Rulemaking Process a Dissertation Implementing Intersectionality: Creating Women’s Interests in the Rulemaking Process A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Ashley Erin English IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Kathryn Pearson July 2016 © Ashley Erin English 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS One of the biggest lessons I’ve learned while writing a dissertation is that the idea that writing a dissertation is a completely lonely, isolating process is actually a myth. Though there were lots of times I was off writing on my own, or banging my head against the wall trying to figure things out, I was also always struck by just how many opportunities dissertation writing actually gave me to connect with others. All in all this project would not have been possible without the help of many people, and many of the connections I made or strengthened while I was working on this project were one of my favorite parts of dissertation writing. So, first and foremost, I’d like to thank my co- advisors, Kathryn Pearson and Dara Strolovitch, for their mentorship and everything they have done for me over the course of the past six years. Throughout graduate school, I always appreciated knowing that Kathryn’s door was always open and she was available to provide anything I needed – from advice on how to make my project marketable, to how to overcome any roadblocks that appeared, to simple reassurances that she believed in me, to being an excellent role model. Similarly, it was always wonderful to bounce ideas off of Dara and to learn from her own experiences conducting research on women’s organizations. I will also always greatly appreciate Dara’s willingness to power through many of the challenges we faced in trying to connect over Google hangouts or during conferences so that we could continue to work together over long distance. I also want to thank Dara and Kathryn for co-teaching their course on Women and Gender in American Politics (which was my favorite course in grad school) and for providing me with the i opportunity to gain hands on experience and learn more from them as a research assistant on their “Who Represents Me?” project. In addition to Dara and Kathryn, I want to thank all of the other members of my dissertation committee – Julie Dolan, Joe Soss, and Scott Abernathy. Since my project fell in between many people’s areas of expertise, I can confidently say that it would not have been the same without the opportunity to learn from all of my advisors and committee members! Julie joined my committee even though she is a faculty member at Macalester College, not the University of Minnesota, and my project benefitted enormously from her expertise on gender and the bureaucracy. Not only did she provide excellent advice on how to contact and interview difficult to locate bureaucratic officials, she also introduced me to other gender and bureaucracy scholars at conferences, provided excellent advice about teaching, and often served as my biggest cheerleader. Methodologically, much of this project would not have been possible without help from Joe Soss. Joe helped me learn a number of qualitative methods for this project and he patiently helped me work through a number of challenging case selection issues. He also ran (along with Dara, while she was at Minnesota), the dissertation group I participated in for the past five years, generously providing many of us with feedback, advice, bagels, and even research funds in the process. Finally, Scott shared excellent feedback and advice on how the project connected to the bureaucracy literature and wonderful guidance on issues related to teaching and pedagogy, which I’m sure I will benefit from greatly during my first year teaching next year (and beyond). ii Moving beyond my committee members, I want to thank the University of Minnesota Graduate School and the Department of Political Science for providing me with the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship (DDF) and other fellowship funding that I used to complete this project. I’d also like to acknowledge a few more members of the political science faculty and staff for their help and support on this project and throughout graduate school. This project simply would not have been possible without the Ben Bagozzi’s generosity and willingness to meet with me individually over the course of the year to teach me how to conduct automated text analyses, such as LDA. Joanne Miller’s feedback and advice during the DDF application process also helped me figure out how to frame my project and give it the interesting hook that it needed. I’d also like to thank Paul Goren, Joan Tronto, and the Political Science department more broadly for all of their support, financial and otherwise, while I wrote my dissertation and participated in the political science job market. Ever since she joined the department, Jessie Eastman has been an unbelievable source of support for me. Jessie always had the answers to my questions and she always made sure I had everything I needed (especially access to software in the computer lab!) to keep making progress. I also always enjoyed chatting with her and loved knowing that she was so interested in the graduate students and our work (she even listened to me give a practice job talk!). I’d also like to thank Kyle Edwards, Alexis Cuttance, and Tia Phan for generally keeping things in the department running, but especially for dealing with the computer lab printer and my questions about things like payroll. iii In addition to the faculty and staff, a number of friends and colleagues (fr- olleagues?) at the University of Minnesota provided me with excellent advice and support throughout this project. Phil Chen was always willing to read materials for me and he gave great advice about how to make my work interesting to people who study American politics more broadly. Emily Baer and Christina Farhart both helped proofread my work multiple times. While I was on the market, Emily Baer, Christina Farhart, and Jen Spindel generously shared their time with me when I needed to practice answers to interview questions or run through my job talk one more time. Additionally, I want to thank many of the members of my dissertation group and a few others, including Azer Binnet, Adam Dahl, David Forrest, Lucas Franco, Elena Gambino, Charles Gregory, Matt Hindman, Chase Hobbes-Morgan, Zein Murib, Adam Olson, Tom Pryor, Aaron Rosenthal, Libby Sharrow, Geoff Sheagley, David Temin, and Magic Wade for reading my work, providing feedback, and/or sharing their advice throughout graduate school. I’d also like to give special shout outs to Phil Chen for five years of being an excellent lunch companion and friend, driving me to Frisbee games, and patiently helping me buy dress shoes that didn’t destroy my feet at APSA; to Amanda Bryan for her friendship and for finding the apartment I’ve been living in for the last six years; and to Adam Olson for taking over the very important job of being my regular lunch companion after Phil left for Macalester. Lastly, I’d be remiss if I didn’t also thank all of the people mentioned above, as well as Tim Callaghan, Brooke Coe, Florenica Montal, Bobby and Maggie Gambrel, Lucas Lockhart and Emily Walz Lockhart, Matt and Karen Luttig, Rachel Mattson, Matt Motta, and Marissa Theys for their friendship and fun times during grad school. iv I have also been lucky enough to benefit from the help of a few people outside of the University of Minnesota political science community. Before I started graduate school, I worked for Heidi Hartmann at the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, who I’d like to thank for her continued mentorship, guidance, and support throughout graduate school; for giving me the opportunity to work in a women’s organization, which provided the practical foundation of my research agenda; for the opportunity to learn more about academic publishing as an Assistant Editor for the Journal of Women, Politics & Policy; and for providing me with access to office space when I was in the DC-area conducting research. Andrew Pendleton at the Sunlight Foundation generously helped me download hundreds of thousands of comments from regulations.gov, saving me literally months of tediously downloading files on my own by hand. Two members of my running group, Anna Lundblad and Jennifer Lueck, also did an excellent (and essential) job of keeping me running and keeping me sane during the my last year of graduate school. Plus, we ran the Twin Cities 10 miler together! Despite being located far away on the two coasts, two of my old friends from Williams College also provided support during my time at Minnesota. Minnesota native David Thome and his family generously introduced me to the area with a trip to the State Fair and they hosted me for Thanksgiving almost every year that I lived in the Twin Cities, so I’d love to thank them for providing a Minnesota home away from home when I needed one. When I hit some roadblocks on some of the computer science/programming issues associated with accessing comments from regulations.gov, Zan Armstrong helped me troubleshoot those issues. Zan also provided a place to stay when I traveled to San Francisco for APSA and was incredibly v understanding when I sadly had to miss her wedding so that I could finish up and defend this project. Finally, I also want to thank my family for all of their love and support throughout graduate school. My mother, Jennifer English, has also always been my most dedicated reader since she has proofread almost every word I’ve ever written.
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