MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 01 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 MAH/MUL/ 03051/2012 ISSN :2319 9318
TMTM
Oct. To Dec. 2018 Issue-25, Vol-04 DateImpact of Factor Publication 3.102 (IIJIF) 30 Oct., 2018 Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap (M.A.Mar.& Pol.Sci.,B.Ed.Ph.D.NET.)
×¾Öªê×¾ÖÖÖ ´Ö×ŸÖ Öê»Öß, ´ÖŸÖß×¾ÖÖÖ Öß×ŸÖ Öê»Öß ÖßןÖ×¾ÖÖÖ Ö×ŸÖ Öê»Öß, ÖןÖ×¾ÖÖÖ ×¾Ö¢Ö Öê»Öê ×¾Ö¢Ö×¾ÖÖÖ ¿Öæ¦ü Ö“Ö»Öê, ‡ŸÖêú †Ö£ÖÔ ‹úÖ †×¾ÖªêÖê êú»Öê -´ÖÆüÖŸ´ÖÖ •µÖÖêŸÖ߸üÖ¾Ö ±ãú»Öê fo|kokrkZ ;k vkarjfo|k’kk[kh; cgwHkkf”kd =Sekfldkr O;Dr >kkysY;k erka’kh ekyd] izdk’kd] eqnzd] laiknd lger vlrhyp vls ukgh- U;k;{ks=%chM
“Printed by: Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd. Published by Ghodke Archana Rajendra & Printed & published at Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd.,At.Post. Limbaganesh Dist,Beed -431122 (Maharashtra) and Editor Dr. Gholap Bapu Ganpat.
[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 DateImpact of Factor® PublicationOct. 3.102 to (IIJIF)Dec., 2018 02 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 30 Oct., 2018
Editorial Board & Advisory Committee 1) Dr. Vikas Sudam Padalkar (Japan) 24) Dr.Sushma Yadav (Delhi) 2) M.Saleem, Sialkot (Pakistan) 25) Dr.Seema Sharma (Indor) 3) Dr. Momin Mujtaba (Saudi Arebia) 26) Dr. Choudhari N.D. (Kada) 4) N.Nagendrakumar (Sri Lanka) 27) Dr. Yallawad Rajkumar (Parli v.) 5) Dr. Wankhede Umakant (Maharashtra) 28) Dr. Yerande V. L.(Nilanga) 6) Dr. Basantani Vinita (Pune) 29) Dr. Awasthi Sudarshan (Parli v.) 7) Dr. Upadhya Bharat (Sangali) 30) Dr. Prema Chopde (Nagpur) 8) Jubraj Khamari (Orissa) 31) Dr Watankar Jayshree 9) Krupa Sophia Livingston (Tamilnadu) 32) Dr. Saini Abhilasha, 10) Dr. Wagh Anand (Aurangabad) 33) Dr. Vidya Gulbhile (M.S.) 11) Dr. Ambhore Shankar (Jalna) 34) Dr. Kewat Ravindra (Chandrapur) 12) Dr. Ashish Kumar (Delhi) 35) Dr. Pandey Piyush (Delhi) 13) Prof.Surwade Yogesh (Satara) 36) Dr. Suresh Babu (Hydarabad) 14) Dr. Patil Deepak (Dhule) 37) Dr. Patel Brijesh (Gujrat) 15) Dr. Singh Rajeshkumar (Lucknow) 38) Dr. Trivedi Sunil (Gujrat) 16) Dr. Ashlesha Mungi (Baramati) 39) Dr. Sarda Priti (Hydarabad) 17) Dr.Patwari Vidya (Jalna) 40) Dr. Nema Deepak (M.P.) 18) Dr. Maske Dayaram (Hingoli) 41) Dr. Shukla Neeraj (U.P.) 19 ) Dr.Padwal Promod (Waranasi) 42) Dr. Namdev Madumati (M.P.) 20) Dr.Lokhande Nilendra (Mumbai) 43) Dr. Kachare S.V. (Parli-v) 21) Dr.Narendra Pathak (Lucknow) 44) Dr. Singh Komal (Lucknow) 22) Dr.Bhairulal Yadav (West Bangal) 45) Dr. Pawar Vijay (Mumbai) 23) Dr.M.M.Joshi, (Nainital) 46) Dr. Chaudhari Ramakant (Jalgaon)
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Editors Message
“The Higher Education is that which does not merely give us information but makes our life in harmony with all existence”- Rabindranath Tagore.
Education is the best thing that can happen in one’s life. It not only inculcates social, economic and cultural awareness but is also an important medium for enhanc- ing values among the human beings. It is true that education has a greater role in contributing to our nation’s future in terms of growth, prosperity, social equity and the true realisation of our large talent pool.
The higher education system plays a vital role in the social and economic development of a nation. Higher education has formed a continuum and a basis for the progress of human society. It shapes the individual lives, the economy and the society.
Institutes of higher education have always been created and shaped by the interests of the ruling classes and elites in the societies in which they exited. This means they serve to reinforce the economic, political, ideological and cultural interests of those who create them, fund them, and populate them.
Education is recognized as one of the life of the critical elements of the national development effort and higher education in particular is of vital importance for the nation. Indian higher education landscape is changing rapidly. Demographic bulge, expanding school education and rising aspirations has put considerable pressure for expansion of higher education due to the country´s rapid economic growth, rising incomes outward orientation and growing optimism.
The role of higher education in promoting and facilitating the flow of knowledge and learning to society is universally recognized. Higher education institution through their contact with student volunteers, external organizations acts as valuable repositories of talent, creativity and enthusiasm. It helps in building trust and mutual understanding by engaging public with its activities.
-- Dr. Bapug Gholap
[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 06 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 I n d e x
...... 01) “A STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT SCHOOL STUDENTS OF GWALIOR CITY... MANJU TOMAR & Prof. N.N.G. Mathur, Udaipur (Raj.) ||09 ...... 02) ANJANA APPACHANA AS AN EXISTENTIALIST NAMRATA LODHI & Dr. ANAMIKA SHUKLA, Gwalior (M.P.) ||12 ...... 03) Abu Reihan Al-Beruni: A cultural thread between Perso-Arab world and India SHAMSUDDIN MALLICK ||16 ...... 04) In Service Teacher Education - A Transformation Dr. Nivedita & Anju Rani, Sirsa, Haryana ||19 ...... 05) CHALLENGES TO THE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF BACKWARD CLASS WOMEN: A STUDY... Prof. Shridhar K., Mangalore Taluk, Karnataka ||22 ...... 06) The Garos in Meghalaya: Domestic Life of the Garos Abdul Goni, Gauhati University ||28 ...... 07) A STUDY OF ESIC SCHEMES AND DIRECT EXPENSES ON COST OF TREATMENT OF DIABETIC...
http://www.printingarea.blogspot.com Dr. Yuvraj Kumbhaj, Indore ||38
| ...... 08) “Chalmeri rani kam pee iraqkapaani” A STUDY ON ISSUES IN HIGHWAY FUELIN INDIA Dr. Rupesh Kumbhaj, indore ||41 ...... 09) STUDY OF TRANSPORT, TRANSFER OF SOLID WASTES, ANDSOLID WASTES DISPOSAL IN MEERUT Dr. Vinay Panwar & Mohinder Amaranth, dist - Hapur (U.P.) India ||46 ...... 10) Review of performance of hybrid solar cells for future energy demand S.D. Nimbalkar, Nasik ||51 ...... 11) SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG HINDU-MUSLIM STUDENTS Vikash Kumar, Muzaffarpur, Bihar ||56
www.vidyawarta.com/03 www.vidyawarta.com/03 ...... 12) A Postmodernism Perspective on Public Protest Prof. Gopal Prasad & Surendra Kumar Yadawa, Gorakhpur (UP) ||59 ...... 13) Physical Health Effects from of Yoga Dr. Anushree Mahurkar, Nagpur ||62 [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 07 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04
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27) ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ izf’kf{kr ,oa vizf’kf{kr f’k{kdksa dk ‘kgjh Nk=--- Jqfr pOgk.k] mn;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ ||108 ...... 28) Hkkjr esa lkEiznkf;drk % dkjd] izHkko ,oa lek/kku MkW- txeksgu flag usxh] peksyh ||111 ...... 29) jk”Vªh;&lkaLd`frd psruk ds dfo & MkW0 f’koeaxy flag ^lqeu* MkW0 d`”.k dkUr nqcs] dUukSt] ¼m0iz0½ ||121 ...... 30) ekyok vapy dh fof’k”V yksd ijEijk % latk MkW- euksjek tSu] nsokl ||126 ...... 31) d`f”k Hkwfe mi;ksx ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u] tuin dkW’khjke uxj ¼m0iz0½ ds--- MkW- fuf/k pkSgku & MkW- lrh’k pUnz ||132 ...... 32) fnudj ds dkO; esa jk”Vªh; Hkkouk izk-MkW- jsfork cyHkhe dkoGs] ft- fgaxksyh ||135 ...... 33) e/; ,f’k;kbZ ns’kksa ds LkkFk çkphuHkkjr dk laLÑfrd lEca/k MkW- lgnso nkl] gtkjhckx] >kj[k.M ||139 ......
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34) | ‘kadj dqekj esgrk] gtkjhckx ¼>kj[k.M½ ||144 ...... 35) ELQD ; FCGL SL SCFlGIM\ D[\ U¯LALvVDL¯L S[ ; \3QF" jI F; 5|LlTACG ˆR³4 lH³ ; ]¯[gN|GU¯ ||151 ...... 36) Lkekt dh L;kg lPpkbZ % fdUuj vthr dqekj nhf{kr] eqjknkckn ||154 ...... 37) orZeku ljdkj ,oa Hkkjrh; fons’kh uhfr vk’kh”k dqekj ;kno ¼e-iz-½ ||159 ...... 38) www.vidyawarta.com/03 MICRO FINANCE: A STUDY ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA AJAYBHAI ARVINDBHAI TALPADA, VALLABH VIDYANAGAR ||163 ......
[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 09 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 Behavior is something that a person does 01 that can be observed, measured, and repeated. When we clearly define behavior, we specifically “A STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF describe actions. It is the environment or climate of the PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT institution, which effects the achievement of the SCHOOL STUDENTS OF GWALIOR student. A good climate can develop an ordinary CITY TOWARDS TEACHING AIDS” student into an engineer, doctor or any creative person. Educational climate of the schools MANJU TOMAR carries over the qualities of the society and Research Scholar, Education, family to its students for their all round Pacific University, Udaipur (Raj.) development in life and to make him a good citizen of the nation. The total climate of the Prof. N. N. G. Mathur school is also a part of their curriculum which Dean, Faculty of Education, they persue in the school. Pacific University, Udaipur (Raj.) TEACHING AID : To know (learn) is to do, that is learning by doing. Three senses, seeing, touching and ======***********======tasting are most important in learning process. Thousands of years ago, audiovisual The child first learns by seeing the objects and materials were the first source of learning for then tries to touch and taste it. Three senses human beings. The primitive human expressed along with hearing are factors dealing with himself and showed his ambition through learning by doing. The most important organ drawing on the walls of caves. As life developed from those is the eyes. A child learns by the primitive human started to learn from his observing long before he can either speak or surroundings and imitation and trial were his read. About 85 % of our intake of knowledge is tools and means for learning. As text and print through objects. Teaching and learning improves were developed we almost started to lose our if the instruction are given through visual, audios skills with audiovisual materials. Again research or and audio-visual aids. on “how people learn” sheds light on the Definition of teaching aids importance of the use of audiovisual materials Teaching aids are the tools that teachers in teaching and learning. use them in the classroom such as flash cards, Some children have greater problems of maps, cassette and blackboard. social adjustment than others. The social groups Private School : foster acceptance whereas withdrawal and Private schools are also the education hostility encourage rejection. On the basis of institutions where the students obtain education their interpersonal relationships, there are some under the supervision of a teacher. These students in the class, liked by a large number of institutions are fully owned and controlled by students. This popularity among one’s peers is the private management. But these institutions a symbol of good social adjustment and it is in are still subject to the government rules to some turn regarded as a symbol successful scholastic extend, especially in the monetary respects. achievement in school. This popularity sustains Since these institutions are not government the child’s ego and ensures social experience funded they should have limitations in the usage and training in social roles (Rogers, 1977). of financial components. The fee structure for [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 010 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 the students may vary greatly from that of the OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY government institutions. The students will be (i) To study the behaviour of Govt. and admitted here according to some criteria and Private school students towards teaching aids. its’ totally under the control of the private (ii) To study the behaviour of Govt. management. Some schools will conduct school students towards teaching aids. examinations and interview for the admission (iii) To study the behaviour of Private of students. These schools create their own school students towards teaching aids. curriculum and organize examinations for (iv) To Comparative study of the evaluating the student competency. Since there behaviour of Govt. and Private school students are limitations in the intake of students in each towards teaching aids. class, more attention will be given to each HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY student and to help them to improve their 1. There is no significant difference in studies. behaviour of Government school boys and girls GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS towards teaching aids. Government schools are essential or 2. There is no significant difference in auxiliary schools ordered for or offered to all behaviour of Private school boys and girls kids without charge, subsidized and controlled towards teaching aids. by the nearby, state or national government. 3. There is no significant difference in Since they are upheld by the administration, they behaviour of Government school boys and are entirely or incompletely financed by taxation. Private school boys towards teaching aids. Since government schools are controlled by the 4. There is no significant difference in legislature, the educational modules is chosen behaviour of Government school girls and at a state or national levels; all administration Private school girls towards teaching aids. schools take after a similar curriculum. Admissions DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY and testing are likewise overseen by the 1. The research was confined only to 600 administration. Admission to government school Higher Secondary School students studying in is dictated by the location of the understudy. Gwalior city. The schools are obliged to take in the understudies 2. The research was conducted only on who have a place with their particular Govt. & Private High school and Higher topographical zone. Secondary Schools of Gwalior city. BEHAVIOUR 3. The research was conducted on the A response of an individual or group to sample consisted of both boys and girls studying an action, environment, person, or stimulus. at Higher Secondary Schools level. There are times when a student’s SAMPLE behaviour can create barriers to learning and To take the sample of 600 students the inhibit wellbeing for both the student and for researcher has used the lottery method. those around them. Under this the researcher has written all As learning, behaviour, and wellbeing the Govt. & Private High school and Higher are inseparable, this guide examines matching Secondary Schools of Gwalior city (Morar, the learning environment and its design with Lashkar, Gwalior) on the slip and than used student learning needs, interests, and strengths. lottery method to select the school. It also examines student expression, the impact of adult responses, and ways to support student self-advocacy and self-regulation. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 011 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 teaching aids. The standard value of t at 0.01 level of significance is 2.59 and at 0.05 level of significance it is 1.96. The calculated Value of t is 41.21 which is more than these two standard values, and hence significant. Hence There is significant difference in behavior of Private school boys and girls towards teaching aids. Hypothesis is rejected. METHOD Hypothesis 3 : In the present study the investigator has There is no significant difference in behaviour chosen survey method. of Government school boys and Private RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS school boys towards teaching aids. For the proposed study the researcher The standard value of t at 0.01 level of framed and used the following tools : significance is 2.59 and at 0.05 level of 1. Vijaya Lakshmi and Shruti Narain. significance it is 1.96. The calculated Value of t Adolescent’s Habits Scale English (In this scale is 40.88 which is more than these two standard consists 38 items divided into four dimension— values, and hence significant. Hence There is I. Study Habits, II. Extracurricular Habits, III. significant difference in behaviour of Technology Use, IV. Experimentation Behaviour. Government school boys and Private school It was administered on age range 12 to 24 boys towards teaching aids. Hypothesis is years.) rejected. 2. Interview schedule for students Hypothesis 4 : towards teaching aids. There is no significant difference in behaviour STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES of Government school girls and Private school Mean girls towards teaching aids. Standard Deviation The standard value of t at 0.01 level of ‘t’-test significance is 2.59 and at 0.05 level of TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS significance it is 1.96. The calculated Value of t Hypothesis 1 : is 43.84 which is more than these two standard There is no significant difference in behavior values, and hence significant. Hence There is of Government school boys and girls towards significant difference in behaviour of teaching aids. Government school girls and Private school The standard value of t at 0.01 level of girls towards teaching aids. Hypothesis is significance is 2.59 and at 0.05 level of rejected. significance it is 1.96. The calculated Value of t SUGGESTIONS is 43.0 which is more than these two standard (i) Attitudes and behavior are greatly values, and hence significant. Hence There is influenced. significant difference in behavior of (ii) Facts, status and habits are more Government school boys and girls towards rapidly learned. teaching aids. Hypothesis is rejected. (iii) Attention spans are increased, and Hypothesis 2 : thinking ability stimulated. It may be applied to There is no significant difference in behaviour all level and all subjects. of Private school boys and girls towards (iv) Internalities of pupil experience are [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 012 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 more rapidly bridged. (v) More voluntary reading and research 02 results. (vi) Learning is increased at a reasonable ANJANA APPACHANA AS AN cost. (vii) Tryout of visual guides to show EXISTENTIALIST English content in polytechnic schools what’s more, polytechnic school of Gwalior. NAMRATA LODHI (viii) Tryout of visual guides to show Research Scholar, English Literature, English verse in polytechnic school level. Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.)
Reference : Dr. ANAMIKA SHUKLA Chaiken, S. (2001). Attitude Formation: Prof. English, Function and Structure. In International Govt. V. S. College, Dabra, Gwalior (M.P.) Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Scieneces (Vol. 2). ======***********======Mehta, R.D., (2005), An Investigation Anjana Appachana (b. 1956) lives in into the change in the Attitudes and Values of America, though born and brought up in India. Teachers Trainees with respect to Some of their She has obtained degrees from Delhi University Personality Variables, PhD. Edu., Del. U. and Jawaharlal Nehru University. She learnt Sharma, Dr. Poonam Mr. Naxtra Pal Creative Writing from Pennsylvania State (2012), A study of teaching effectiveness and University. She feels “writer’s life is comparatively teachers attitude. more comfortable in America than in India”. Her Sharma, Dr. S.N. Psychology in Edu. H.P. Listening Now (1997) is about the experience Bhargava Book House, Agra. of the ordinary Indian woman, her dreams and Sharma, Rashmi (2011), Job Satisfaction passions frustrated and realized, through and in Teaching Profession of Higher Secondary in spite of the mundane repetitive and domestic School’s Teachers of Raebareli pattern of life. Shauka, Hussain (2011), Attitude Of Existentialism has been communicated Secondary School Teachers Towards Teaching all the more unsurprisingly in the nineteenth and Profession, Source. twentieth writing, particularly, in the plays and books than in philosophical treatises. Camus and Sartre, the main types having a place with the school of existentialism, are the most celebrated cases of the individuals who helped the existentialist educating through their innovative compositions as La Peste and La Nausee to individuals who might have never perused the rationality treatises. Anjana Appachana’s gem goes under the artistic commitments that are autonomous of any direct philosophical impact from the existentialists yet conveying the ramifications of existentialists, particularly of Sartre’s and Camus’. Like some other [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 013 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 existentialist Anjana has offered inclinations to is a commonplace present day lady continually ¯the recurring topics’ of existentialism.… such feeling a pariah. Despite the fact that she is a subjects as flexibility, choice, and duty; and, radical, unwilling to trade off with the current considerably more, finitude, estrangement, standards and codes of life and aware of her blame, demise; and maybe not slightest, that agreeable position as a speaker, spoiled by her impossible to miss and indefinable power of sister and her companions, she turns unreason feeling that is evident in the majority of the able and furthermore is hesitant to adjust to the existentialists from Kierkegaard on. It is in this circumstance. She starts to live in a dreamland, setting Anjana Appachana can be called an a world that obliges her free development and existentialist author and every one of the ladies convincing her to turn nostalgic. She voluntarily characters in her novel as existential characters sets a trap for herself inside her brain, not willing Anjana has accomplished a place for herself as to have any emotions about her decision or of an existentialist with her single novel Listening her flexibility to carry on an upbeat lady with Now alongside the other two writers of Indian the things she is honored with. English writing – Arun Joshi and Anita Desai. Listening Now, the lady novel of Anjana They have just been acclaimed for the treatment Appachana, portrays the account of Padma who of existential subjects in their books. They experiences existential sufferings on the planet uncover the encounter of present day man with as a solitary lady in the general public. This story his self and the subject of his reality. Joshi’s turns into the principle plot of the novel and as intermittent topic is distance. In his four books sub plots there are six more stories around six Foreigner, The peculiar Case of Mr. Billy Biswas, other ladies living in close relationship with The Apprentice and The last Labyrinth-Joshi Padma as related and companions. Both the manages four features of the subject of primary plot and sub plots are comprehensibly estrangement, in connection to self, the general bury connected. There is no sequential request public around, the general public outside and or time grouping in the sign of Padma’s appalling humankind on the loose. The characters of Joshi story yet there is some rationale sense in it as are distanced and forlorn, in this manner they it gets spread out by the other ladies in the are existentialists, outsiders and outcasts to novel. As Padma’s story, the account of her their own particular land. Anita Desai, with her existential anguish and outraging privileged compositions, demonstrates a takeoff from insights, is described by customary ladies in an current methods of fiction writing in India and additional conventional way we likewise find out endeavors to break new grounds - a move from about their lives that are not less amazing and the outside world to the inward universe of a interesting than the heroes’. In the expressions person. We discover Desai’s characters are of Anjana their stories, “includes as much love direct inverses like the heroes of Camus as they and enthusiasm with all its going with live like outsiders and not ready to impart. The turbulence, as the unfurling love story.” Both the emergency in her fiction is conceived out of principle plot and sub-plots include a focal clash conjugal dissension. that prompts people battle formed into Anjana gives a practical depiction of existential sufferings. present day Indian ladies particularly white TAnjana adds a component of tension to collar class ladies who experience the strings make a sentiment uneasiness, uncertainity and of sufferings because of their existential an unfortunate sense about the result of reasoning. Padma, the hero is an existential occasions associated with Padma’s story. What’s being choked because of her single status. She more, she gives an unforeseen and a shocking [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 014 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 completion of the tale of aching, want and existential reasoning with the assistance of the enthusiasm by making the hero to trade off with immediate and roundabout inside monologs. her single status and keep living in lack of Perpetually every one of the characters make concern. In the novel Listening Now, a peruser talks that express their disengagement of typical might discover one creator and six storytellers. life, carelessness of their conduct and dreariness The writer composes for the perusers while the of demeanor, maladjustments in the family life of storytellers tends to the perusers as well as the inconsistencies. Rukmani’s character as an aloof individual or people with in the novel. There are and a secluded lady is based upon her nostalgic two sorts of portrayal by and large utilized by reasoning that uncover her attention to her the fiction scholars and Anjana Appachana issues interlinked with her family. She fears she utilizes both the structures. The initial two stories should be denied of the regard she has been described by Mallika is in first individual and accepting from her better half for her hush: In whatever remains of the stories are in third her own case what might have ending her quiet individual. Anjana has inadvertently made been worth? Would anything have changed? utilization of the main individual account. In the Nothing. What’s more, she would have lost that expressions of Miriam Allot, “First individual thing most valuable to her – her pride. She would portrayal gives point of view, assortment and have lost that most valuable thing that He had legitimacy to the narrative.” It is particularly given her – his reverence.(340) valid in the initial two stories of Mallika. In the The writer gifts access to her perusers rest of the stories Anjana utilizes third individual to have nearer perspective of the hero, Padma’s portrayal to follow the mystic advancements of recollections turning around over a significant the characters. She prevails with regards to time span and encourage them to get the invigorating the enthusiasm of the perusers impressions of her four unique identities. Padma bringing out a solid sentiment closeness with goes down her world of fond memories and them. ventures herself first as a young lady, petted Anjana Appachana in the cutting edge and spoiled by her folks, sibling and sister. She age stands eye to eye with a level and gets charmed in pondering her home that she mysterious world. Her sharp understanding of has lost it until the end of time. In such it reinforces her sensibilities to make energizing endeavors, she underlines the incongruity of her extravagant flights into the domain of imagination current condition as a forlorn lady uncared and and prompt the work of imagination, dreams, abandoned by her folks just for the blame of dreams, bad dreams, and figments that can be being heedless: ¯ So effortlessly our Padma has taken as a sort of show of the characters defiance grown up, as though on her own, Padma had to the world that has all the earmarks of being once heard Amma telling Appa. She recognized noxious and ludicrous, to develop universes and what Amma implied, for neither she nor Appa dreams in which they find solace and comfort had needed to educate her exhort her or prompt as Shakespeare’s character Prospero does in The her or denounce her. She could scarcely review Tempest. She utilizes continuous flow, Interior any contentions she had with them – very, truth monologs and blaze back strategies in her books be told, the inverse of Shanta and Madhav, who that record the inside, passionate experience were dependably inconsistent with either of the of the characters on any one level or on blends Parents: Shanta with Amma, Madhav with Appa. of a few levels of cognizance. The internal ¯ Padma is a decent tyke,’ Appa had answered voyage of Anjana Appachana catches the inward with liberality, there is no compelling reason to characteristics of ladies’ foolish life, and their reveal to her anything , she knows appropriate [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 015 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 from wrong, powerless from strong. Such a far off time, there lived in my home my forever simple child, Amma had said musingly. Be that stricken mother, my mom’s vivacious, chuckling as it may, Amma wasn’t right. She had not sister, and my truant father, whose nearness in experienced childhood with her own. Shantacca our home was formed by my lamenting mother’s had sustained her, … (232-233) As an understudy terrible hush. Our home resembled a well, she neglects to adjust to society. She is stubborn holding his nonattendance and her hush, and and determined in having premarital sex with inside those waters, my story started. (3) her sweetheart. Her want to love and live with Shanta’s existential tension, communicated and Karan uncovers her identity as an agitator: She unexpressed transparently, is clearly uncovered couldn’t quit going to him. Regardless of whether through applicable analogy and illustration. Be individuals discovered or not, whether Karan that as it may, the outrage never left her. Like the stressed over it or not, she wouldn’t quit setting various things, it simply got gulped somewhere off to his home. It was just in this house, his inside; the every day back and forth movement home, their home, that he knew how to love her. washed to the surface-shell-like - the humbler It was just in these rooms that he instinctually things, which was she could discuss, these reacted to what she needed, notwithstanding seemingly insignificant details day by day when she didn’t know what it was that she winding up more unmanageable and more needed… And for that she would soften every clumsy, and underneath, the heavier things, one of the standards up her lodging, for that unuttered, inconspicuous, sunk profound. (202 ) she would not release him, ever.(314) She turns The passing theme is overwhelming in into a mother to an ill-conceived kid and meets Anjana’s novel. Death is the most unyielding ¯ the brutal substances of life. However she is given of the human condition.1 This is dreaded unwilling to overlook Karan or his recollections: and feared by Anjana’s ladies. They regard both ¯ Close your eyes Padma, turn your face. Feel; birth and demise as huge and ghastly, prepared his mouth over your stomach. No pause. The time to expend the lives of the precious ones. For which took after that first day in his home – that Padma the development of an infant resembles first. Those two years together. Like her two the development of a beast, insatiable and dreams. A similar sense, first and foremost, of predator jump at the chance to ingest her suspicion, of guarantee, of delight and protection and flexibility. To Madhu, demise is happiness. She would begin from the earliest an animal with limbs to choke her kids. To Shanta starting point, knowing the joy that was to come birth resembles passing or an occasion of in its living again. (310) She ends up being a resurrection and demise is the crumple of the fragmented and a wasteful mother influencing family. Anuradha envisions that passing of her the mind of her girl, Mallika. Mallika is angel in the womb is a method for educating a awestricken and feels surprised seeing her mom lesson to her better half who is harsh to her getting broke down and crumbled into a good critical needs and without a rash reaction to her for nothing shadow of murkiness and hush: distresses and stresses. The characters’ Anjana has received new articulations, observation and trepidation of birth and demise highlighted beat, correlated pictures, images, propose their awareness of void and their analogy and representations conveying insufficiency to manage life’s circumstances existential subjects to help her account systems. through mental exertion. With the fuse of She portrays the inward emergency of the hero flexible topics and splendid story procedures utilizing solid images and theoretical pictures Anjana has accomplished a shrewd blend of her in the accompanying entry: In that profound and discernment, creative energy and articulation. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 016 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 Her central intrigue is to express her conviction that ladies are in charge of the catastrophes of 03 their lives and that men or others can’t be completely faulted. Abu Reihan Al-Beruni: A Work cited cultural thread between 1. John Bayley. qtd. in . Bergonzi Bernard. Perso-Arab world and India The Situation of the Novel. (London: Penguin, 1970) 467. SHAMSUDDIN MALLICK 2. Anjana Appachna. Listening Now ( India Ink: NewDelhi, 1998)51. All textual quotations in this chapter are from this edition 3. Mirium Allot. qtd. in Vinod Bhushan ======***********======Gulab. Structureof Novels of Anita Desai To create the cultural relation between :Perspectives in Anita Desai. ed. Raman K. Perso-Arab world and India, Abu Reihan Alberuni Srivastava.(Vimal Dekhan: Ghaziabad:1984), is an eminent and outstanding personality. A 104. historical journey from Khawarzim and Ghazni 4. Sheikh Mushtaq Ahmad. Existential towards Delhi had connected an eternal and Aesthetics: A Study of Jean Paul Sartre’s Theory cultural threads which also became a part of of Art and Literature. (New Delhi: Mehra Offset the Medieval Indian history. Print, 1991)65. Abu Reihan Alberuni was born of an 5. Albert Camus, Qtd. in “From Sartre to Iranian family in 973AD in Suburb “ Birun” of Camus.” by Leo Pollman. Sartre and Camus: Kath, the capital Khawarzim an erstwhile state Literature of Existence ( New York: Frederick of Southern shores of Aral sea (1). In 995AD Ungar Pub. Co., 1976)117. Jurjani ruler attaked Kath and drove away Albiruni into Exile in Ray, in Iran. In 1004 AD he (Footnotes) was returned to the Jurjanian ruler and he served 1 Albert Camus, Qtd. in “From Sartre to as a chief diplomat and a spokesman of the court Camus.” by Leo Pollman. Sartre and Camus: of Khawarzim. But in 1017AD Sultan Mahmood Literature of Existence ( New York: Frederick of Ghazni conquered Khiva and brought Ungar Pub. Co., 1976)117. Albiruni along with a host of other scholars and philosophers to Ghazni. Then with the patronage of Sultan Mahmood he was sent to the several parts of India such as Delhi, Kabul, Peshwar, Panjab, Sindh, Beluchistan, Varanasi and so on , being deputed to the study of cultures, different socio-religious aspects and languages through the then India, under the protection of an army regiment. During this Perso-Indian journey he learnt some social languages including Sanskrit. He was already well versed with Arabic, Persian, Khawarziman, Turkish and Greek languages. With the well acquaintances with these [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 017 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 languages he made himself aware of the observatories to observe the movements of literature of these languages and their cultures. planets and to research in the celestial body in He wrote about 180 books in Arabic and Persian Khawarzim, Ghazni, Jurjan etc. He discovered languages . that the distance between the Earth and the Sun After the deth of Sultan Mahmood in is larger than Ptolemy,s estimate , on the besis 1030AD. he accomplished his ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’ that Ptolemy disregarded that annual solar which is a detail deeds of the history, religions eclipses. thought and concepts of the people of India and In 1030, Biruni profoundly discussed the the then Pakistan. Indian heliocentric theories of Indian astrologers During the reign of Sultan Masud , son and scientists such as Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta and successor of Mahmood , Albiruni completed and Varahamihira in his Indica – Tarikhul Hind. his ‘Qanoon-E-Masudi’ as well as translated a Albiruni traced that the question of heliocentricity number of works from Sanskrit into Arabic. was a philosophical rather than a mathematical Having been glad extremely on Albiruni’s problem . chronological achievements, Sultan Masud Several eminent and distinguished works of desired to bestow upon him an elephant-load Abu Reihan Alberuni are as follows: of silvers, but he denied to accept these, saying (a) Ghurat al Zijat: A translation work of – that the kindness and trustfulness with the Alberuni from Sanskrit treaties of Karna Tilak Sultan is greater than these silver pieces. Sultan written by Vijai Nandi , one of the commentators Masud died in 1041AD. in Ghazni. However, of Varanasi . on astrology, into Arabic. It records Alberuni gained the most of his achievements observations of solar and Lunar eclipses. It was under the auspices of the royal bounties and completed before he started his famous Indica arrangements of Sultan Masud. or India- ‘Kitab ul hind fi tahqeeq e ma lil hind’ After the death of Sultan Masud, his son (b) Asar –ul- baqia: He completed this book Moudud became the next Sultan in 1041AD. and when he was to join the court of Shams-ul-Ma’ali ruled up to 1049 AD. During his regime Albiruni in Jurjan, after 995AD. This book proves that how wrote a book in mineralogy known as ‘Kitab-ul- Alberuni was keen interested in mathematics, Jamahir Fi marifat al Jawahir’ which was edited geography, history and medicine. by F.Krackow, published from Hydarabad in 1936. (c) Masamir-ul-Khawarzim: A history of The last work accompiished by Al Birum Khawarzim and its ruling dynasties. This work in the governance of Sultan Masud which is was utilized Baihaqi, he wrote Tarikh-e- regarded as the last one of Al Beruni, because Subuktagin, particularly on the fall of Mamun he died in 1048 or 1050- Kitab Al Saidala fi Al dynasty of Khawarzim with several references tibb on hervs And Drugs in medicine . of Masamir-ul-Khawarzim. Experimental observation (d) Kitab-el-Tafhim-li-Awael-Sinaat-el-Tanzim: Alberuni wrote more than 180 books in This book deals with astrology. He at first wrote different aspects – in biography , Experimental it in Arabic and later prepared a Persian version Observations, geography, Islamic Anthropology of it, him self. It contains 530 questions and and theology. Comparative religion, Evolution, answers in the subject of Astrology. Geography, Theoretical astronomy, Mathematical (e) Al Qanoon Al Masudi fil Hayat wa Attanjim: Geography, Natural Philosophy, Physics, It is the most comprehensive compendium Experimental Mechanics, Islamic Literature, and on astronomy by Alberuni with numerical tables Indian Medieval History etc. for solving astronomical and astrological Apart from this he established several problems and it contains reports about the [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 018 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 astronomical observations during 999-1006AD. it are in different aspect, such as – languages, As per the opinion of Edward Kennedy, this book religions, racial prejudices and Indian cultures . is the exhaustive astronomical treatise written This is followed by Indian philosophy, religious after the manner of Ptolemy’s Al Magest . creeds and taboos, social organizations, Civil (f) Kitab-fil-Ifrad Wal Maqal fi Amr al- Zilal: It and religious laws, scientific literature, is a comprehensive work dealing with all metrology, alchemy, geography, cosmography, astronomical problems relating to “shadows” or astronomy, chronology and Indian festivals etc. sundials. With this, Abu Reihan Alberuni could (g) Kitab al Jamahir Fi Amri Marifat –e create the cultural relations between India and Aljawahir : He discussed in this book about the Perso- Arab world, which has been being characteristics of various gems and precious echoed through the ages . stones. This Arabic text was edited by F.Krenakow This is in brief. and publish from Osmania Oriental Publication Bureau, Hyderabad in 936. (h) Maqaalatun fil Jawahir wal wazn That is, “ Discourse on Ratio between metals and precious stones by Weight and Volume”. This book has 30 folios dealt with the determination of density metals and precious stones . (i) Tahdid un nihaya wal amakin : He completed it in 1025AD. It is an outstanding work on mathematical geography. He stressed in this book on the determination of Geographical latitudes and longitudes of places exactly . (j) Kitab ul Saidna: A work of pharmacy and Materica medica which explained the nature of different kinds of medicinal herbs. With this Alberuni enriched the existing knowledge’s of Úáã ÇáØÈ by adding fresh materials about herbs and minerals etc. (k) Kitab al hind fi tahqeeq e ma lil hind or Taarikh ul hind: Which is called INDIA or INDICA, is a broad, reliable and historical reference book on the Medieval India. In spite of a foreigner, alien to the Indian cultures , he made such an extra ordinary efforts that he could understand and trace the multi-colored ethos of India. He presented these ethos in this book systematically and elaborately in such a manner that he could be regarded as the first of the scientific Ideologists. This book is a vast and vivid account in India, divided into 80 chapters. The contents of [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 019 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 teachers. Consequently imparting quality 04 teacher training to prospective and in service teachers has become an enduring task .Teacher In Service Teacher Education - education make teachers professionally competent to meet the needs of students and A Transformation society. It is a worldwide concern about teachers’ ability to prepare the students with the latest Dr. Nivedita technology through innovative modes of Assistant Professor, Dept .of Education, education. Teacher education is a very potent Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana weapon for bringing about the desired changes in the society through teachers .There is a little Anju Rani faith in the pre-service teacher education , as it Research Scholar (PH.D.), Dept. Of Education, has become almost outdated due to lack of Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana innovative methods in pre-service teacher training programmes. The curriculum of pre- ======***********======service teacher training programmes changes Abstract once in 8 to 10 years or more than this, whereas Modern or the ancient times, education the need of the society changes in technology / knowledge has always been a strong on everyday basis. Therefore, the gap the gap instrument of change. For the effective between demand and supply of knowledge of functioning knowledge needs to be updated, teachers can be filled through conduction in- especially for a teacher. Pre service and in service training programmes on periodic basis. service teacher education programmes are the In-service teacher education programmes aim two different terms associated with teacher at providing latest knowledge, understanding of education at different levels. For the constant theories, principles, technologies and other up gradation of knowledge, need for the in teaching skills of the teachers. Teachers go into service teacher education programmes was felt the field and apply the given knowledge. .In service Teacher Education programmes has However, with the passage of time their proved to be an important milestone in the knowledge again fades away and becomes development of Indian Education System. The obsolete. 20 years back it was sufficient for a major objective of in service teacher education teacher to go to a workshop and buy a new book programmes was maintenance of quality in . The new researches have shown that the old education . Teacher education programmes are methods of professional development were being organised for the both secondary and ineffective for teachers in case of implementing higher level teachers.The present paper new strategies and methods on students. It is discusses about the history and present scenario the foremost duty of teachers to know what of in service teacher education programmes in skills are required for the better future of their higher education . students . According to a website of Centre For Key words : In service Programme, Teacher public Education, when professional learning Education, Higher Education, History of Teacher focuses just on reading and listening to Education. someone talking about new skills, it is found Introduction that only 10% of it is practised practically. But Quality education is the need of the hour when teachers have ongoing coaching , 95% of and it is chiefly determined by the quality of the newly learned knowledge can be transferred [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 020 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 in the classroom. To have real changes in college of education. In - service teacher learners’ achievements, effective professional education programmes can simply be defined learning should not only be confined to mere as the services and course that help a teacher instructions, but it should also focus on ongoing in up gradation of his knowledge, skills, new coaching for every teacher. For example when it teaching methods and his competencies in comes to health care, which doctor would you teaching profession. It includes all types of prefer for your treatment, one who did it in 1950s education and training given to the teachers and has not learned about the new medical who are already in the profession of teaching treatments and the medications since then or and learning. These type of programmes are the doctor who had learned new approaches of considered to be an education related to the medical treatments. Now ask yourself whom staff development, which is a continuous should a student prefer, a teacher who has been process. It Involves the identification and teaching from a long time , but have not learned anticipation of the needs of individual staff for about the new teaching methods, or a teacher furthering the job satisfaction , careers prospects who is constantly involved in reshaping the , supports the institutions ‘academic work, plans and execution of the programmes designed for learning environment, so that his students learn the harmonious fulfilment of these requirements how to solve the problem, be a analytical thinker . In - service education is associated with the and strong communicators. Day by day new courses and programmes, which a teacher can technologies are being invented and upgraded join during his job for upgrading his professional on continuous basis. The time when a teacher skills and knowledge. Such courses are designed completes his training in education college, that with the motive of filling the gap of professional does not mean that now he is trained for the inadequacies of a teacher in job. It is believed lifetime. A professional teaching degree like that the skills which are appropriate today, can B.Ed. just enables him to enter the teaching turn out to be inappropriate after sometime. profession. Thereafter entering this profession Today the students are being forced to be more , a teacher daily comes across various problems active, thoughtful and creative in their day to in and outside the classroom and he is always day life. In - Service education is also referred expected to sort them out timely. For being a to as 2 R - Re-skilling and Retraining. better teacher more knowledge and education HISTORY OF IN - SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION is required, as the teacher is the only source PROGRAMMES IN INDIA: Indian Higher of knowledge for his students. Education system has grown significantly over In Service Teacher Education Programmes : the last decades since independence. The Teacher training have two modes of number of Universities have increased from 18 training - one is the Pre - Service (before entering to 504 and the colleges from 500 to 25951 the teaching profession) and the other is In (MHRD, 2010) with the enrolment of over 16 service (along with teaching ). In short it is called million students. Today there are 5.89 Lakh PRESET and INSET. PRESET means pre service teachers in higher education system. The Indian teacher Education which is provided before Higher Education system is the third largest entering the teaching profession. INSET means system in the world. Higher Education system in service teacher education programmes, which is expected to provide the adequate skilled are attended by a teacher during his teaching human resources, well equipped with the career. In - Service teacher education knowledge and technical skills to meet the needs programmes are those, which start after of rapid growing economy. India is a country that completion of the professional degree from a have the largest young population in the world. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 021 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 That’s why it s expected to deliver more gains funded by University Grants Commissions. in terms of growth and prosperity. The dynamic These programmes got extension during the concept of in - service teacher education has a second five year plan. There are a number of long history. The Indian Teacher education educational councils, committees and govern system has faced various problems since mental policies, which advocated the in service Independence. Various shortcomings and teacher education programmes for the remedial measures had been put forward by qualitative education . the reports of various councils, commissions and Various Committees Associated With IN - committees. It also showed their concern SERVICE Teacher education Programmes : towards quality of teacher education. As a result UGC-University Grants Commission of all this teacher education focused its 1953 attention towards the development programmes Kothari Commission 1964 and the changing role of a teacher in the NPE-National Policy on Education 1968 changing society. With the passage of time its NPE-National Policy on Education 1986 scope has also widened. Universities, various POA-Programme of Action 1992 State level, Autonomous and government RUSA - Rashtriya Uchchatar Shikska educational bodies has been formed for the Abhiyan development of in service teacher education MHRD- Ministry of Human Resource programmes at the all levels. For bringing quality Development in higher education Different commissions like As a result of the recommendations of Radhakrishnan commission (1948) and Kothari all these committees and commission ASC, Commission (1966) on higher education gave Academic Staff Colleges were established in the recommendations for a sustained and purposeful various renowned universities of the country. development of academic staff. In November 4 The main task of these colleges was organisation , 1948 under the chairmanship of Dr. Sarvpalli of refresher courses ,orientation programmes, Radhakrishnan, a commission was appointed, seminars, conferences, workshops, short term Which was also known as Radhakrishnan courses etc. Financial aid was provided by Commission. This commission also mooted over University Grants Commission to ASC. There are the idea of educating the university level total 66 ACS working in the different universities lecturers for bringing improvements in the higher of the country. Later on in 2015 Academic Staff education system. Success of the teacher will Colleges were renamed as HRDC Human be measured through quality of life the students Resource Development Centre, which are whom he has taught. For all these qualities a functioning in the same way .The progress over teacher needs to be trained through orientation time has proved the relevance and success of courses regularly in a professional college. the in service teacher education programmes University Grants Commission gave recommend organised by ASC/ HRDC. At both levels the ations for organisation of the refresher courses higher and Secondary level education, in service time to time, so as to furnish, expand and to programmes are being organised by the update the knowledge of the university level concerned departments, with the common lecturers . Constant output needs regular intake objective of quality education and continuous , theory needs to be practised and old knowledge up gradation of skills . needs to be replaced by the new. In 1960-61 a Conclusion : number of colleges and universities started To encapsulate we can say that in service organising symposia, refresher courses and teacher education programmes are playing a summer schools. And these institutions were very pivotal in professional development of the [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 022 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 teacher both at the secondary and higher level. Such programmes are the only source of skill up 05 gradation and keeping pace with the new educational techniques. A glance at the history CHALLENGES TO THE POLITICAL of teacher education programmes gives enough proofs of the various endeavours made by the PARTICIPATION OF BACKWARD different committees and government policies CLASS WOMEN: A STUDY IN for the betterment of Indian Education System. UDUPI DISTRICT Teacher training programmes are the backbone of educational system . References : Prof. Shridhar K. Ahmed Shabbir, Sharma Ahakesh, ( June Assistant Professor of Political Science, , 2017) Department of Education Studies ,Central Government First Grade College Haleyangadi, University of Jammu, India, Pre - service teacher Mangalore Taluk, Karnataka Education under New NCTE norms 2014 : Perception of B.Ed. students towards increased ======***********======duration of course, International Journal Of Introduction: Research -GRANTHAALYAH - A Knowledge Backward Classes in India, officially Repository, VOL. 5 ( Iss 6 ) ISSN -2350 - 0530, termed scheduled castes, form the largest www.granthaalayah.com discriminated community. Their discrimination Duta Nicoleta , Rafaila Elena , University is based, first, on their descent or birth into of Bucharest, Romania, (March 2014), specific ‘untouchable’ castes, and, on their Imporatnce os the Lifelong learning Professional traditional ‘polluting’ work. As a result, although Development of University Teachers _ Needs almost one in five Indians is a Backward Class, And Practical Implications, Procedia -Social and half of whom are women, their political Behavioural Sciences, 127(2014)801-806 email participation as a large minority community in address [email protected] India remains disproportionately low. Looking Martha Nkechinyere Amadi, In - Service specifically at Backward Class women, the Training and Professional development of current Indian Lower House of Parliament has teachers in Nigeria: Through Open And Distance only 12 Backward Class women MPs, a mere Education , Dept. Of Educational administration 2.2% of Parliamentarians. In its consideration faculty of education, University of lagos, Nigeria of the Government of India’s report in 2007, the , [email protected] Monie Amy, AEA 267 Director of Committee on the Elimination of Racial Professional Learning ( April 19, 2017 ), Why is Discrimination noted its concern over the it Important for Educators To e Continuous underrepresentation of Backward Classes in all Learners ? levels of government. Sooraj P, Educational system - A Udupi District in the Karnataka state of Narration on Education (September 2, 2013), Pre India was created in August 1997. The three - Service And In -Service Training For Quality northern Taluks, Udupi, Kundapur and Karkala, Improvement were separated from Dakshina Kannada District Suri Kavita, Associate Professor, to form Udupi district. Udupi district is University of Jammu (September 25, 2016), surrounded by Uttara Kannada district in north, Teaching as a lifelong process of learning, Daly Dakshina Kannada district in southern direction. Excelsior.com, www.sciencedirect.com Shivamogga district borders on north east side [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 023 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 and Chikkamagaluru district on east. Arabian Sea Backward Class women to realise their is on west of Udupi district. The administrative fundamental rights. Political participation also headquarters of Udupi district is Udupi town. demands accountability from state and non- According to the 2011 census Udupi state actors to guarantee and respect these district has a population of 1,177,908, roughly women’s equal political voice and development. equal to the nation of Timor-Leste or the US This requires a transformation of power state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of relationships both within institutions of 403rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district governance and in the women’s social has a population density of 304 inhabitants per environment. square kilometre (790/sq mi). Its population Recent legal and policy reforms in India growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was to ensure the representation of marginalized 5.9%. Udupi has a sex ratio of 1093 females for social groups in decentralised governance, every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 86.29%. including Backward Classes and specifically In 2001 census, Udupi had a population of Backward Class women, through constitutionally 1,112,243 of which males were 522,231 and mandated reservations (affirmative action remaining 590,012 were females, of which quotas) in Panchayati Raj institutions bring 18.55% were urban. Udupi District population these issues to the fore. They demand analysis constituted 1.93 percent of total Maharashtra to determine how Backward Class women are population. In 2001 census, this figure for Udupi enabled to claim their right to political District was at 2.10 percent of Maharashtra participation in local governance, and the extent population. to which this participation is an effective tool There was change of 5.85 percent in the for empowerment and realization of human population compared to population as per 2001. rights for excluded social groups. At the same In the previous census of India 2001, Udupi time, the more tempered words by the Backward District recorded increase of 7.14 percent to its Class women Panchayat representatives from population compared to 1991. Udupi District are an assessment of the present This paper is based on the data collected political situation and indicate where change is from the Panchayats of Udupi District. Random required: formal authority does not equal sampling was used to collect data. Elected political power. members, presidents and ex-members of Focusing on the political participation of Panchayats were interviewed for the purpose Backward Class women, following aspects are of studying the Challenges faced by the asked to and information thus gathered is Backward Class women to political participation. analyzed as under. Backward Class women are denied of effective Access to Panchayat Posts: political participation in Zilla Panchayat, Taluk Only 30 percent Backward Class women Panchayat and Grama Panchayats. Direct in this research, approximately one-third, were political participation of Backward Class women able to act with independence and freedom to in local governance (Panchayati Raj) is a central win the Panchayat elections. Both personal human right in itself and enables the realisation factors such as education, experience on social of a host of other human rights. Political voice issues, motivation to bring development to their and decision-making power concerning basic community and others, prior performance in services, economic development and social Panchayats, political negotiation skills, as well justice are critical factors in challenging caste- as external factors including family support, class-gender discrimination, and enabling good relations with other villagers, economic [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 024 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 stability and family’s political contacts, all The predominance of Backward Class women played a supportive role in enabling women to entering through seats reserved specifically for access Panchayat positions. seats reserved, worked on the caste and gender Given the low social, educational, biased assumption that general women economic and gender status of these women, reserved seats are for dominant caste women however, they could be challenged and and SC reserved seats are for Backward Class overpowered relatively easily by dominant men. Backward Class women then are forces. effectively denied from the seats specifically For the majority of Backward Class reserved for them. women, the Panchayat election process masks Interest of Backward Class women in strong, caste-based patriarchal control over Panchayat Elections: them and the enjoyment of their rights. Around The data in this study shows the interest 85% of Backward Class women were pushed into of the respondents in Panchayat elections. As Panchayat politics primarily by dominant castes per the data 26 % of the respondents are or their husbands, the former often working interested in Panchayat elections and 74% of through the women’s husbands. Dominant the respondents are not interested in Panchayat castes also for the most part sought to directly elections. From the above analysis clearly stated engineer elections by consensus, thereby that majority i.e. 74% of the respondents are making the reservation policy redundant. The not interested in panchyath elections. when the primary tool for this, and the most significant research students surprisingly asked the reason factor drawn from this research, was benami or so majority of the respondents stated that proxy politics. panchyath elections are useless, they are not Challenges during Electoral Process: given importance to the infrastructure of the Control over the election process by the community like roads, power and sanitation other communities was also achieved through water facility, resources of Panchayat they are other means, aiming to prevent or discourage losing confidence with the works of Panchyath, the Backward Class women from filing hence they are not interested in panchyath nominations, or to force or push them to elections. Majority of them have repulsive withdraw their nominations. This included attitude towards the politics and political pressure in the forms of caste and sexually- developments in rural areas. based abuse, allegations of immoral behaviour, Other Disabling Factors for Participation: threats, bribes and vilifying campaigns against 25% of Backward Class women elected women’s capacity to govern, physical assaults representatives were restricted by others from and property destruction. It further included active participation in Panchayat council restrictions on freedoms through social norms meetings. For example: they were prevented preventing movement outside the home for from attending; their right to speak was campaigning, livelihood demands and compulsions opposed; others spoke in their place; they faced of household responsibilities. caste or sexually charged abuse; others rein Overall then, out of the 60 Backward forced gender and caste norms on them (eg: that Class women interviewed, 83.0% entered into women should remain at home, that Backward the Panchayats as either presidents or members. Class women should not speak in front of Out of these women, 83.7% did so through dominant castes) in order to restrict their space elections, 13.9% were nominated as consensus for participation. Women who asserted their right candidates and 2.4% were elected unopposed. to freely express their views in meetings were [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 025 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 often negatively labelled as ‘outspoken’. The data also speaks about respondents’ Dominant castes and men also refused to share interest in participation in political parties. So knowledge that would enhance the women’s just 24 % of the respondents are having interest administrative capabilities. in participation in political programmes and Fulfilment of Panchayat Roles: majority 76% of the respondents are not interest The data shows that only 32 percent of and participation in political programmes. Above Backward Class women presidents were able analysis we can clearly know that majority 76% to discharge their official responsibilities with of the respondents are not interest In participation freedom. Taking three basic presidential roles, in political programmes, they are losing only 5.3% of women called Panchayat meetings, confidence and trust about political programmes 8.9% chaired them, and 27.7% voluntarily signed whichever assurance given by the political resolutions. Only 26.1% of women voluntarily parties. authorised Panchayat payments. Instead, a Relationship with the neighbours: number of women spoke of rubber-stamping It is clear from the data that Backward Panchayat decisions and signing cheques at the Classes Women support the relationship with behest of others. The motive for these actions neighbours, so 12% of the respondents’ feel by dominant caste Panchayat members, best” relationship with neighbours.16% of the according to a group of Backward Class women respondents feel “better” relationship with villagers in Kundapur taluk, is to function in the neighbours. Remaining 72 % of the respondents Panchayat, she will work for the welfare of are feeling “good” relationship with neighbours. Backward Classes. And if they allow this once, From the above analysis researcher can it will become a tradition in future, so she should concluded that majority 72% of the Backward continue to be subjugated under them. Thus Class Women’s are feel „good relationship with they take away all responsibilities from her. the neighbors.when there will be a positive and Attending the Panchayat meetings: helping nature will find with both the sides of Further, while over half (52.4%) of the family members gradually increase the good elected presidents and members attended many relationship with neighbours. or all of the Panchayat meetings held during Participation in Election Campaign: their term, only around half of them hadchance The study tries to understand the to raise development-related and other issues participation of Backward Classes Women in in meetings. Most of thepresidents did not raise Election Campaign. 44 % of the respondents are any issue during meetings. For just over half of opined they are participated in Election the 60 Backward Class women raised issues in Campaign. Remaining 56 % of the respondents Panchayat meetings. However, their issues were are not interested in participating in Election never or only a few times discussed and approved. Campaign. So from analysis it is clear that Moreover, good number of women isdirected by majority i.e. 56% of the Backward Class Women dominant castes or their husbands. Hence the are not very much interested in any Election issues discussed in meetings were essentially Campaign. It means they are active in voting serving others’ interests. Otherwise, especially process but not interested in election Backward Class women Panchayat presidents campaigns. Women’s Campaign Fund commits often faced opposition and had to struggle to to achieving 50% representation by women in get their proposals discussed and approved. elected offices nationwide by 2028. Participation of women in other political Awareness on Caste Organization: Programmes: The datareveals about respondents [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 026 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 aware about the Backward Classes organisation. participation: 78 % of the respondents are aware about the Women’s participation, Backward Class Backward Classes organization and 22 % of the women’s in particular, in the Panchayats is respondents are not aware about the Caste necessary so that society can develop. Only organisation. So from the above analysis women will think about women’s issues. Only majority of the respondents are aware about the Backward Class women can respond to and take various Backward Class organisation and a stand on Backward Class issues and functions, contribution to the Backward Classes particularly on Backward Class women’s issues. community fulfillment. In as much as Backward Class women’s Importance to Education: participation is required, they also need to be Education plays a vital role in shaping given support and guidance. Then only can they tomorrow’s leaders. Not only can we become a become capable representatives... Nothing is better nation by acquiring the skills necessary attainable without exercising authority, and my to be productive members of a civilized society. desire is to increase the confidence of Backward Increase knowledge to actively achieve and meet Classes to fight and gain authority and power challenges that can produce changes in which insociety for their development. are productive for attaining business innovations, Few Backward Class women elected political and economic objectives. Our world is representatives were able to exert any constantly changing and it requires a society substantial influence in the Panchayats to that is well versed in understanding the ensure development benefits for their problems deriving from culture differences and communities, though many did put forward tolerance of one another’s beliefs and perceptions. Backward Class interests. Only 18.5% of We are dealing with systemic problems in Backward Class women presidents felt that they education, economic, government, religion and had a significant say in the distribution of culture differences. If we are to change the world development schemes. At one level, the positive simply because we have and continue to acquire development outcomes for Backward Classes the education necessary to increase knowledge; and women that some Backward Class women we must never forget education along without elected representatives achieved took the form the practice of inducing what is learned is not of primarily small projects for basic amenities – enough to produce attainable results favorable roads, housing, drinking water, etc. – rather than to sustain a society in the 21st century. We must projects that would challenge existing gender- become the voice of the people by getting caste inequalities such as land distribution or involved to make a difference in the world by alternative employment opportunities for putting into motion what we have learned. Backward Classes. The data reveals about whether Challenges to Backward Class Development: Backward Class Women have given importance Many Backward Class women presidents to education. majority i.e. 72 % of the /members indicated the following factors behind respondents are given more importance to low development outcomes for Backward education and 28 % of the respondents have Classes: others’ influence over their decisions not given importance to education From the regarding development schemes to the above analysis we can says that majority 72% detriment of the Backward Class community respondents are aware about the importance of (54.8%); the Panchayat did not prioritize education for their family and children. Backward Class development needs (21.1%); Social Impact and Development through their lack of knowledge of development issues [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 027 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 and Panchayat schemes (24.7%); active based verbal abuse; disparagement of the obstructions by others affecting development women’s political capacity; harassment, threats outcomes (29.5%). Obstructions included or physical assaults; property destruction; blocking approval of development projects; restrictions on freedom of movement; and illegal delaying the release of or misappropriating and fraudulent voting practices. The clear trend development funds; obstructing or not allowing is to weed out potentially independent-thinking approved development projects to be and acting Backward Class women from implemented; offering or demanding bribes, successful nomination. This is done to ensure commissions or Panchayat contracts; damaging that local government development benefits or destroying Panchayat property the women remain in the hands of dominant castes and do had seen built; caste and sexually-based verbal not reach the Backward Classes. While around attacks on the women’s personal character and one-third of women are able to freely and performance, etc. independently exercise their right to political Backward Class women elected participation against tremendous odds, the representatives who accomplished development majority are made to effectively act as proxies gains for their communities, therefore, did so for primarily dominant caste men. Most elected either individually amidst frequent opposition, Backward Class women feel they are treated or in several cases with the help of others. This differently from other local government included support from Backward Class representatives primarily due to being female Panchayat members, use of political party and Backward Class. Overt discriminatory connections and support base in the Panchayat, practices are prevalent in local government or negotiation with other caste Panchayat offices, including prohibitions on Backward Class members. women sitting on chairs alongside other elected Taking the following steps would make representatives; drinking water or tea from the participation of Backward Class women vessels used by dominant caste elected participation in local politics better. - representatives. Some Backward Class women Focus explicitly on the political attempt to actively participate in meetings and empowerment of Backward Class women in taking decisions, but are silenced or ignored; national development plans. subjected to ‘no confidence’ motions to remove Make adequately funded education and them from office; denied information and development plans for Backward Class women support to undertake their duties; etc. This in local government mandatory; situation is not helped where government Implement and monitor strictly govern officials refuse to address caste and gender ment sanctions against proxy candidature as discrimination or proxy representation as part well as gender and caste discrimination; of their monitoring local government Provide mandatory trainings to govern functioning. ment officials on such issues of proxies and discrimination, and sanctions against those who References: allow both practices to operate. Binder, Leonard et al. (1971), Crises and Conclusion: Sequences in Political Development, Princeton: Backward Class women face direct Princeton University Press. exploitation anywhere from the time of filing Gauba, O.P. (2012), An Introduction to nominations right up to announcement of the Political Theory, New Delhi: Macmillan election results, including: caste and sexually- Publishers, P. 502. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 028 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 John, E Mary (2007), “Women in Power: Gender, Caste and the Politics of Local Urban 06 Governance”, Economic and Political Weekly, 42(39), p. 3986. The Garos in Meghalaya: Chatterjee, Piya (2008), “The power of women’s organizing: Gender, Caste and class in Domestic Life of the Garos India: Review”, Gender and Society, 22(3), p.395. Milbrath, Lester W. (1965), Political Abdul Goni Participation, How and Why Do People Get M.A. (History), Involved in Politics, Chicago: Rand Mc Nally Gauhati University Publication, P. 124. Palmer, Norman D.(1976), Elections and ======***********======Political development; the south Asian Abstract : experience, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, The backdoor and sacramental back p. 57. [4] ground of the garos, Their migration, origin and Richard C. and James Manor (1999), settlement, geographical Location, Society, Democracy and Decentralization in South Asia religious and cultural traditions and their and West Africa: Participation, Accountability domestic life and wandered different places until and Performance, New York: Cambridge Their present settlement in Garo hills in University press. Meghalaya have been written to get a unique Patni, Sushila (1994), Women Political place in history as micro-history. The garo is one Elite; Search for Identity, Jaipur: Printwell. of the unintelligible clan of the tribes in Meghalaya. Though, like, all other tribes, the garo is also very rich in their tradition and now followed each and every traditional practices with great enthusiasm the garos believed their own traditional religion. However, with the arrival of British rule and the missionaries of the conversion of the garo people started, and still at present today almost more than 80 percent of garos have embraced or accepted Christianity with the acceptance of Christianity a great social, religion, culture and domestic practices have been changed among the garos and now they have been changing by following modern cultures surrounded the garo hills. Hence, day by day the holistic life styles of the garos have been changing exclusively with the inflatation of the western civilization. Yet, still at present some primitive cultures and traditions have been prevailing or running in the rural areas of the garo societies along with confronting some socio-cultural problem like, early marriages system, excessive drinking wine, [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 029 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 smoking biri and cigarette etc. use the word among themselves ; neither do the Key Words: Sacramental, Migration,Micro- word has any meaning in their language nor History, Unitelligible, Enthuism, Christianity, there is any root Gaor word from which this word Inflatation, could be originated or derived. As such it is Introduction: - foreign word for them. Only the people make The garo is one of the “get the fright of mention of this word to refer to themselves as one’s Life’’ and a harm group in Meghalaya, who only while in conversation with one non-garos. were originally migrated from Tibet. They have Otherwise, they automatically refer themselves been settled in the various parts of Meghalaya as ‘A’ chik or ‘A’ chik Mandering. Besides, on and still today they are living and holding my further enquiry ; have discovered that no distinctive cultural traditions and social customs Garo likes to be called by the name “Garo’’. It is and attracted the micro-history to researcher to not acceptable to them. create a wonderful and knowable cultures of the Regarding the origin and derivation of garos by the writing of micro-history graphers the word ‘Garo’, there are various views adnd and get it importance in present day history. opinions –One theory which has its foundation Hence, based on ethnographic study, the present on the story of migration from Tibet was that paper reveals that Garo’s tradition; society there was a garo chief named ‘Garu’ or ‘Garu pattern and religious- cultural practices are mandei’. He eventually gave his own name to gradually changed under the influence of the tribe and to the place while they were still Christianity. With the acceptance of Christianity in Tibet and thenceforth they were known as a great social, religion, culture and domestic the “Garu” or “Garu Manderiang” and later on practices have been changed among the garos “Garo Manderang” and the land came to be and it continued still today in the life style of known as :Garu A song” or “Garo A song’’ or Garos with the inflatation of western civilization. “Garo Land’’. According to late fobang D. Marak However, still at present some primitive there were various hill tribes living in the middle traditional norms and cultural practices parts of Tibet. There was also a place known as dominate. The garos life style to a considerable “Garu pradesh’’ and from that place the garos extent. have migrated to the garo hills. There are also Origin and migration of the garos: The origin the names of places in the province of Tibet like of the name “Garo’’ has been the subject of Taleng, Keing, Saling, Maling, Samling, inference. The words “garo” and the “Garo Hills” Songnam, Inam, Kuring, Sideng, Sare, Koje, Kuo are more commonly used both officially and and Kurik. These names resemble very much the unofficially than the words “A chik ’’ and “ A name of the present day villages of Garo Hills. chik A song ’’. ‘A’ chik means Hill and Mande Hence the people came to be known as ‘Garu’ means Man or Hill Man. In Fact, the people and or ‘The Garos’. their districts are known only as Garos and Garo Major A playfair mentioned that there Hills. exists a devision of the garo tribe who called The origin and derivation of the world themselves “Gara Ganching’’. These people are “garo’’is still shrouded in mystery. As such,there found on the southern part of the garo Hills have been many theories and conjectures by district not for removed from Mymensingh various writers on this point. However, on my district of present day Bangladesh from which earnest and careful investigation; it become direction the garos were first approached by the crystal clear that there is no word as “Gaor’’ in European and the neighboring plains people. Gaor language : The people themselves never From the name of the division of the garo tribe, [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 030 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 the name has been extended to all the Geographical location: Meghalaya is a state inhabitants of the entire Garo Hills and it was in the Indian union, which is a member state of from the word “Gara’’; it has been corrupted into the seven sister state of North-eastern region. Garo. It was emerged as a full-fledged state on the The high hill also known by the same 21st January, 1972. The states presently have name of the big birds as “Garrurh Pahar’’ by seven districts namely East Khasi Hills, Jaintia the plain people. The people of Garrurh Pahar Hills, Ri-bhoi, West khasi Hills, East Garo Hills, were known as Garrurhs, as one people of Burma South Garo Hills and West garo Hills. The total are known as Burmese and it Nepal as Nepalese. geographical area of the state is 22,429 sq. km. It is believed that the Britishers in Bengal started with a length to breadth ratio of about 3:1, the knowing this hill. People officially as Garrurhs total population of the state is 2,964,007 and and later on as Garrous and now as Garos and having the density of population in per sq. km. the land as Garrurh hills or Garrow hills and now 103 according to 2011 census. known as Garo Hills. At the eastern end of the range of these Regarding the origin and the primitive hills which forms the southern boundary of the history of the garos very little and rarely is Brahmaputra Valley, where the river flows known. Before the British-occupation their through the province of Assam, situated the garo history is a sickening series of raids on the hills district. It lies between 2509 and 2601 of plains and fends among themselves. The garos north Latitude. It is bounded on the north and is ethnically and linguistically belong to the west by the district of Goalpara, on the south great Bodo family. Which at one time occupied by the district of Mymensingh; and on the east a larger parts of Brahmaputra valley and were by the khasi Hills. It contains an area of 3140 most probably driven from the plains into the square miles. hills by Hindu invaders. They are a section of Domestic Life of the Garos Tibeto-Burman race of the Tibeto-chinese family. Since the primitive years the garos have According to Garo tradition their original been living domestic life in every side in their homeland was a province of Tibet; they migrated life style what they have needed. They produce from their homeland because of some unknown their commodities in homely and domesticated reasons. Thereafter, they travelled place to place various animals and produce various agricultural for their settlement. During the period of items and also cultivate zoom for living wandering perhaps the garo tribe has broken undependable and domestic life. But with the into different branches numerically 11 groups. inflatation of western culture, the domestic life Among them one group of the garo people under of the garos has been changed and gradually the leadership of Abong Noga wandered becoming dependence on foreign made different places for their settlement in the entire production with the acceptance of foreign north-east. culture. However, still at present some rural In the early years of the 9th century the areas. Their people still remained in the same, garos migrated to Meghalaya from Tibet and yet, they also followed the western culture and they started living at the garo hills of thereby life styles have been changing day-by- Meghalaya. This area of Meghalaya was covered day. by deep forest which attracted them as they like Occupation: to live in the hill areas and it’s also suited for The garos were various occupations by cultivating zoom. ( A kind of agricultural product which they lives their domestic life style. The grown only in hill areas.) garos trading is confined to bartering the [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 031 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 produce for the few things for which the garos always carries two baskets, one on his or her is dependent on the foreigner. The garos a back into which the rice is thrown, and a small certain amount of trade is done in timber, which basket called kerany, fastened to the waist is floated down the river to Baghmara and there infront; into which are placed especially fine sold to purchasers from the Mymensingh district. grains to be kept for seed for the next season. On the Nitai river, bamboos are cut and sent in The agricultural implements in use rafts to the Mymensingh plains, and on this river among the garos are as few and simple as are some boats are made for sale. their household utensils. Besides the chopper, The only forms of industry in which the which can be put to so many purpose, they have garos engage are a little ironwork and weaving. a hoe, which consists of a small iron blade let There are a few blacksmiths, and every house into a piece of bamboo roof. It just suffices to wife has a rough loom. The former manufacture scrape the ground and to remove weeds. It is nothing and are only sufficiently skilled to employed to collect the dry roofs and weeds into undertake simple repairs. heaps for burming at the end of the first season, There are a few carpenters in tura and when the fields are prepared for the second in some of the larger villages, but only on year’s cultivation. infinitesimally small proportion of the tribe does The nature of the soil they cultivate anything except till the soil and reap the produce entirely precludes the use of the plough by the thereof. hill. Gaors but those who inhabit the plains have Agriculture: long been accustomed to the same from of The garos is essentially on agriculturist. cultivation as their neighbours the Bengalis and Cultivating the soil is with him the beginning Assamese. and the end of his life’s works, and the Family Pattern : occupation to which he devotes all the energy In Garo family authority is with the he possesses. mother and it runs through female lines. A Garos methods of cultivating his fields Following the absence of mother, authority is are primitive, but the soil is rich. He cultivates with the eldest living female or with the eldest on what is known as the jhum system. A piece daughter . Garo family is matrilineal with regard of land, generally a hill side, is selected and the to desert and succession. Descent is traced jungle on it cut down in the cold weather, from through mother in each generation and titles or December to February. In the first year, it is the ranks are transformed from female to female. custom to sow a number of crops in the same Children are familiar with their mother’s Mahari field. These are gathered as they ripen, millet (Descent ) . Female are the successors of the being the first to come maturity in July, rice in family property and eldest female becomes head August and September and lastly cotton in of the family. It terms of part marital residence, November and December. These jhum lands are Garo family is matrilocal . A male person has to kept under cultivation for two years. In the go to his wife’s parent’s house to reside there second year, the only crop grown is rice, after permanently. Traditionally, the Garo families are which the land is abandoned and allowed to lie large in size. Joint family is adopted by most of fallow at least seven years. Even in harvesting the Garos. This family consists of a married man their rice crops the garos have their own deeuliar and women with their offspring along with the methods. They don’t cut the rice as is done in husband of youngest daughter. The husbands the plains, but they grasp the ears with their of other daughters also live there but not hands and drag off the grains. A harvester permanently. However, now a days, the garos [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 032 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 are unable to maintain their traditional pattern tucked in under the folds at the back. This gando of Family. is usually quite plain, but sometimes the end of Houses: - the flop is ornament with several rows of white Garos always build their houses on piles, beads apparently made of conch-shell. and if possible on a steep incline, some of the On his head the garo wears a pagri, piles are therefore longer than others. The usually of dark blue cotton, but sometimes white houses are very long, and for their length rather for important occasion or when he is a nokma narrow. Owing to the fact that there are no side or Laskar, he wears a turban of Assamese silk windows but only opining in the shape of doors with an ornamented fringe. A cotton cloth or a at each end, the interiors are generally dark and blanket over his shoulders when it is cold, gloomy. Houses are nearly always built on the completed the man’s attire, when it is not he same plan, and are divided into three principal does without extra covering. parts. Almost every garo possesses two houses, The dress of the garo women; though one in the village and one in his field. The field more ample than that of the man, is by no means houses are often built high up in trees in order hampering to her movements. It consists of a that the inmates may be safe from elephants, piece of cloth eighteen inches long and just to whom the crops are a great attraction and broad enough to meet round her waist in the who sometimes attack the houses themselves form of a petticoat. It is fastened at the top; on when on the ground. The branches of a tree are either the right or the left side by two strings of lopes off 20 or 30ft. from the ground, a platform the same material as the garment, known as is laid over the stumps and a small house built riking, is universal except among the upon it of bamboo and thatching grass. A Christianized garos and the inhabitants of the bamboo ladder gives access to the boring as plains, who wear clothing similer to that of the the tree-house is called. Bengalis and Assamese. On their shoulders, the Village Council: - women often, but by no means always wear a The village council is another institution shawl of blue and white cotton. In the hot of the garo tribe. However, it is difficult to know weather they usually as innocent of covering for in detailed about the village council before the the upper part of the body as the men . British arrived. John Elliot, the commissioner of Food Habits: - Daka mentioned in 1788, in order to settle The garos will eat almost any kind of something, they gathered in traditional dresst animal food. In their villages they rear goats, hey sit in circle, their swords fixed in the ground pigs, fowts and ducks and from one plains before them. Their resolution are put into people they purchase cattle for they from the immediate a place. The chief known as nokma only division of the Bodo group that will eat beef. and the head men of the families assembled in Besides these most Hill garos will readily eat a council and settles the problem for what they dogs and cats, and every kind of wild animal gathered. that they can kill, though they would draw the Dress Habits: - line at tiger’s. flesh. At many markets scores of Garo dress is very primitive the principal puppies are sold for food, though it should be garment of the man is the gando, a strip of blue added that before being eaten, these are cotton cloth interwoven with lives of red. It is generally offered in saerifice. A very favourite six inches wide; and about six or seven feet long. article of food is nakam or dried fish. Cartloads It passes between the legs and coming up of this most evil-smelling article of food are to behind, is wound round the waist, the end being be seen at all the large markets. Gram or dried [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 033 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 venison or beef is also considered a great other grain. delicacy. The wanti is a compound of a number or Their staple cereal food is of course, rice herbs and fruits. Its ingredients are the leaves in addition to which they also eat millet, maire, of the sarat; chillies, achetra; sugar-cane, and and Job’s tears. There is nothing remarkable the fruit of the kimka. These are all well about their manner of cooking these for they pounded, mixed with rice flour; and made into are simply boiled. round; flat cakes which can be kept for two or On ordinary occasions the garos are three months. Liquor-making is looked upon as forgat in their diet, though they eat three times the duty of the women of the house of the a day, and always carry food with them when household. on the march. It is for the feasts that they reserve Crops: - their forces. These feasts are lightly entered The most important crop grown in the upon, for food and liquor must be unstintingly garo Hills is the species of rice which is grown provided. The bearer of liquor follows after with in one forest clearings. Certain valleys run into a gourd, called bek or pongsim and pours. a the hills, which are suitable for wet. Cultivation, draught to wash down the food. but these are mostly in the hands of Rabhas and Before leaving this subject, one Koches. Among the northern division of the tribe characteristics may be mentioned, which is a millet is an important crop and is often planted curious one, if somewhat disgusting to the on newly cleared land in preference to rice; but European mind. It is the custom of the garo in the south and among the Abengs, this grain women to wean their children by feeding them is not so much eaten and rice is planted in one with chewed food from their own mouths. This first season. With both millet and rice, in the act is not inappropriately termed chuchua. first year, it is the custom to sow a number of Drinking: - other grains and vegetables, such as maize, Job’s The liquor which plays so important a fears; chillis, melom and pumpkins. The garos part in the daily life of the garo is always brewed also grow a limited quantity of yams, sweet and never distilled. It may be prepared from rice, potatoes, ginger and indigo. In the second year, millet, maire or jobstears, the manner of its only rice is grown. manufacture being the following. Rice or In a few villages orange trees have been whatever other grain has been chosen, is boiled planted and have yielded excellent crops, but soft, and when most of the water in which it their number is yet too small to prove the has been cooked has evaporated it is wanti or suitability of the garo Hills for orange-growing yeast, previously. Prepared is sprinkled over the on an extensive scale. Several attempts have mass of grain, which is then gathered up in a been made to grow potatoes. heap and left for about half an hour. The rice Next to rice, the most important crop and yeast are then put into a dika or Large cultivated is cotton, which is to be met with in earthenware pot, which is filled with cold water most parts of the garo Hills. Cotton is sold at and covered with a cloth. When only a small over twenty markets situated all along the border quantity of liquor is to be made, the rice and of the district, and at Tura. water placed in a big gourd called pachal. The The mendu is sown when the fields are best liquor is brawed from what is known as mi- first cleared and it attains maturity in the second mitim or sweet rice, millet is used by the Machis year under favourable circumstances one plant only. Liquor brewed from job’s tears is a more will produce from one to two pound of Lac, and potent beverage than that obtained from any a stunted plant as little as a quarter of a pound. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 034 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 The bolmengo is a bigger plant than the mendu end of the trap. and the yield is proportionately larger. In addition to the nagil, the garos make In some parts of Assam Lac in conjunction a number of other traps which act on the same with an acid fruit, is used for dyeing cloth a red principle, but which are placed in rapids, and colour, but the gaors do not make any such use where there is a strong flow of water between of it. two rocks. Of these, the largest is the chekwe a Hunting: - bamboo cage 6ft. or 7ft. in length, which is Although their hills are so full of game, suspended by long cames from in trees in such the garos know very little about hunting and in a manner that it lies on the surface of the water. tracking cannot be compared with many other Smaller sizes of this trap, called asok, sometime hills tribes of Assam. Before the occupation of only a few inches long, are placed between the hills by the British, the garos were in the rocks, or in rivulets which do not admit of the habit of setting a trap which while very effective; larger make being used. The women fish with was of much danger to human life. It took the the chekke a basket shaped like a scoop and shape of a spring bow by the of a path along similar to that used by Assamese women. This which an animal was known to be in the habit they plunge into the water before them and raise of passing. This trap, known as was prohibited, with a sharp jerk, thus securing any small fry and is no longer seen. There is still in use a trap that may have come their way. made by bending down the branch of a tree or a A custom which is a very common one small sapling, to which a noose of eane or string among the garos is that of poisoning rivers. For is fastened. The sapling is kept in position by a this purpose they use various plants. The most catch, which is released when an animal commonly employed are the ruti ( Randia touches the bait, and either jerks the quarry into dumetorum) ; The fruit of which is cut into pieces the air with sufficient force to kill it or renders it soaked in water, the decotion thus obtained incapable of resistance. being thrown into the stream; the monkal or One rare occessions the people of two maker, the roots of which are used in a similar or three villages combine for a big drive. They manner; and the rubok, the bask of which is then build a long v-shaped stockade, and used. The poison has the effect of stupefying spreading out across country, drive into it all the the fish which float on the surface of the water game they can find. and can be collected without trouble. The system Fishing: - is particularly pernicious, because it destroys Garo villages are nearly always situated so many young fry and immature fish. on the bank of or close to river, it follows that On the someswari, in the neighbourhood fish from an important item in a garos deiet, of siju, the people are very expert in spearing and that the people give a good deal of attention fish. Their spears, which resemble long fishing- to fishing operations. Most fish are caught when rods are made of bamboo. To these are fitted the floods are subsiding. The favorourita method loose barbed heads of thin iron, which are of capturing them is to build a nagil or fishing connected with the shafts by short lengths of weir. A strong dam is constructed across the rope. stream and only a few outlets for the water are Manufactures:- left ion it. Into each of these outlets is fitted a Manufactures are the requirements of basket of split bamboo which tapers away to a the garos are very few and that nature has been point. The water flows through the baskets, but so prodigal of her gifts to them, That they have fish cannot pass and are caught at the narrow not been obliged to take to manufacture or trade, [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 035 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 but devote themselves almost exclusively to raised platform of the same material is generally agriculture. They particularly manufacture sufficient for all requirements. Sometimes a nothing but, some cloths, a few mats and boots, rough seat hewn out of a single piece of wood and some of the most ordinary instruments of may be seen, and a come-bottomed chair is iron. The garos of the plains to the north of the occasionally offered to a visitor of distinction. garo hills weave a kind cloth known as kancha. Tables are never used; and bundles, pots or It is of cotton, and usually a dark blue or red baskets suspended from the walls or roof, serve colour. It is made in three pieces, of which two for the storage of a garos valuables. are plain blue or red, about 2ft in breadth, seuen Household utensils and implements are to a centre strip of white; which is worked in equally simple. They consist mainly of cooking- simple design in coloured thread. pots, larger vessels for brewing liquor and the For dyeing their cloth blue, the garos pestle and mortar with which paddy is husked grow a species of indigo, and the other colors or rice cleaned for eating. For winnowing the are purchased in the markets. The indigo blue rice after pounding, they possess a few flat trays is obtained by boiling the previously chopped of bamboo-work, and of the same material they up leaves of the shrup, and the yarn is soaked make such other articles as sieves, spoons and in the resulting decoction. drinking vessels, while plantain leaves serve for For bedding and blankets, the garos plantes. Different sized baskets; each with a prepare an article called simpak. The also different name are also used by the garos. They prepared article is a reddish wed or network of are always carried on the back by means of a fibres. The trees from which they can be brow-band. It varies in shape according to prepared are the prap, the chram, the pakram, locality. the dimbri and the anicep. However, one thing mention must be The process of manufacture is the made of one article of daily use which illustrates following a fairly young and straight branch is the extreme conservation of the garo. In most cut off the trunk of the tree is too hard and places in the world umbrellas are in daily use; cannot be used. The branch is first subjected to some are to be found in the garo Hills, but it is a through pounding with a smoth stick, so as to much more common to see a garo sheltering loosen its covering. A sharp, pointed bamboo is himself from the rain under a large cane-leaf run along the who length of the branch under called rejak. If folds up conveniently like a fan the bark, which is split open and then peeled when not in use, and can as easily be opened. off. Only the inner pith is used, so that; before There are a number of salt-licks in the garo hills, the simpak can be prepared, it is necessary to and a garo delights in sitting up at night over separate the outer layer from the inner. This is one of these with a gun to shoot whatever easily done and the rejected part is stripped off animal may come to it. and thrown away. Marriage System: - Thus, the garos are fortunate in processing Marriage is strictly exogamous among several kinds of trees from which they can obtain the garos and husband and wife must belong to good fibre. The most important is the kilkra, from different stepts and motherhood. Thus, a which they manufacture their fishing-Lines and sangma connot marry a sangma, a Marak a nets. Marak or a Momin a Momin. The children Furniture and household utensils: - invariably belong to the mother sept and Garo houses contains a limited amount motherhood. But nearly 10 percent marriage of furniture. The bamboo floor or perhaps a now a days are in violation of the rules of [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 036 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 exogamous marriage. Some person even goes as a son of the earth to be a witness to the oath so far as to marry within their own motherhood. which has just been taken. The weapon used is Except in the case hereafter mentioned, proposal provided by the man. Whose marriage is being of marriage must always come from the women annulled, and becomes the perquisite of the and not from the man. The girl does not herself officiating priest. Although, the above is arrange the engagement, but indicates her orthodox manner of consummating a divorce; it choice, and enlists the services of her father, is often restored to and believe that it is more uncle or brother to bring about the alliance. common now a days for the injured party to seek The preliminaries having been arranged redress in court; or to apply to his lascar for it is the custom among some of the division of compensation as well as dissolution of marriage. the Tribe for the bride-elect to live in the house Compensation, when divorce is not by mutual of a bridegroom’s parents for a month or more consent ; is fixed by custom of from sixty to one before the date fixed upon for the marriage. She hundred rupees. In old times, the price of a works for them and they seeame mutually divorce was the value of a dakmands ( black acquainted. cloth; in shape like an Assamese mekela ) A man may marry as many wives as he andwe a rang or brass gong. Those days have likes, but three is usually the maximum. He may long passed away, and a substantial sum of marry two sisters, but he must marry the elder money is now generally claimed. before the younger. Before taking a second wife, Adoption system:- it is customary for a man to obtain the permission With the exception of the adoption of a of the first and a breach of this rule entitles her Nokrom in the absence of a sister’s son there is to compensation. A widow may refuse to marry a no adoption among the garos and it is the her husband’s nephew, but it she does so and customary of adoption system. marries another man. The nephew may claim Inheritance System:- compensation from both of them. The system which divides the garo tribe Divorce System – certain clans. And “motherhood’’, the member Divorce is permitted in the following of which trace back their descent to a common circumstances- and which has laid down that descent in the clan 1) When the husband and wife disagree shall be through the mother and through the ; and the separation is by mutual consent; father, also provides that inheritance shall 2) When either party is guilty of adultery follow the same course and shall be restricted 3) When either the husband or the wife to the female line. No man may possess refuses to work for the support of the household. property, unless he has acquired it by his own The cause of the separation is inquired exertions. No can inherit property under any into by the village elders and the actual divorce circumstance whatever. Hence the law of accomplished by means of the following inheritance may be briefly stated to be, that, ceremony , which is named “bolseki dena”. property once in motherhood, cannot pass out Before an assembly of villagers the of it any of by means. husband and wife each take some dust in their Education system: - hands, and swear by Mane, the Earth to have Education system of the garos is no dealings with, nor the claim anything from primitive existing education of Meghalaya. each other in the future . The oath having been However, in the last decade of the 19th century, administered, the priest takes a sword, chaper, Christian missionaries came to the garo hill of or spear, strickes a tree with it, and calls upon it Meghalaya for the purpose of propagation [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 037 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 Christianity they set up several primary to save of their surplus income for their future missionary schools in the garo inhabited areas. to run smoothly without taking a great tension. Thus, after this, the garos prefer to send their Hence, the Mughal and the British established children to the Christian missionary schools. their control over the garos and Garo Hills, which Christian missionaries were able to influence greatly affected the domestic, traditional, education garos with the ideology of Christianity. cultural and social life styles of the garo people For this reason, garos belonging to their traditional in Meghalaya, and which brought tremendous religion. Sangsarek are less interested to make their changes in respect of the habits of living style, children highly educated. They think that if their dress, food habits, singing, dancing etc. and children became educated, they will convert to simultaneously they give up their traditional Christianity. Inspire of this debts, contribution practices of raids and atrocities on the plains among garos is well recognized. people. However, at present now, each garos has a primary school run by Christian missionaries. Reference : In addition, Christian missionaries are running 1. Acharya, S.K. 1990. “Ethnic processes few high schools in the garo inhabited areas. in North-Eastern India’’ in B. pakem The quality of education run by the missionary Nationalty, Ethnicity and cultural identity in schools is satisfactory, even in some cases North-East india . Gauhati: Omsons publication. better than of government Primary schools. A 2. Barth, Fredrick. 1969. Ethnic Groups part from these are some state and central and Boundaries, Boston: Brown and Company. government primary schools adjacent to the garo 3. Bhattacharjee, J.B. 1978. The Garos inhabited areas. Garo children also get the and the English 1765-1874. New Delhi: South opportunity to receive education from those Asia Book. schools. That is why primary education is well 4. Binford, Lewis. 1962. Archaeology as spread in the garo Hills. But at the present now, Anthropology in American Antiquity vol 28. not much spreaded primary education to the No2.217-225. rural areas and also higher education is very low 5. Birendranath, Dutta. 1990. Ethnicity, among the garo society. Nationalism And Sub-national with special Conclusion:- reference to Northeast India in B.Pakem, The Garos hold a distinctive domestic life Nationality, Ethnicity and cultural identity in with different family pattern along with different North-east India. Gauhati: Omsons publication. notable habits. The special features of the garos 6. Carrey, Wiillam. 1993. The Garo Jungle are matriarchal family structure. However, the Book. New Delhi: Horizon Printers. garos has acquired many cultural traits from 7. Franklin, Maria and Festler,Garrett. ideology of Christianity, though many traditional 1999. Historical Archaeology, identity Formation practices are found in their cultural life. and interpretation of Ethnicity. United States of Thus, the garos are very simple and America: Colonial Williamsburg Research primitive tradition. They will be happy if they Publication. get rice, fish and wine regularly. They don’t have 8. Hall, J. 1998. Ethnic identity in Greek any tendency to become rich one and also don’t Antiquity . Cambridge Archaeological No. 8. try to save anything for their family future. But, 9. Hodder, Ian. 2011. Things entangle it is to be noted that, now a days, the educated ment towards an integrated archaeological garos are always being conscious in their perspective in Journal of the Royal Anthro present and future life and therefore, they try pological institute (N.S) 17.154-177. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 038 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 10. Jones, Sian. 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing identities in the past 07 and present. New York: Routledge. 11. Jr, Tolentino.Delfin. 2012. Authentic A STUDY OF ESIC SCHEMES AND Adulterated Artifacts: Material culture and Ethnicity in contemporary Java and ifugao in DIRECT EXPENSES ON COST OF Journal of Arts Discource Vol:11. Malaysia. 39- TREATMENT OF DIABETIC 61. PATIENTS IN INDORE 12. Mappilaparambil, Joseph. 2015. Towards A contextual Tribal church A Garo Dr. Yuvraj Kumbhaj Response. Meghalaya: D.J. Publication. Assistant Professor, 13. Marak, Paulinus. 2005. The Garo Renaissance college of commerce and Tribal Religion, Beliefs and Practices. Delhi: management, Indore Anshah Publication House. 14. Mc.Guire, Randall. H. 1982. “The study of Ethnicity in Historical Archaeology’’ in ======***********======Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1.159- ABSTRACT 178. India faces a big economic burden of 15. Medhi, D.K. 1983. “The Garo and diabetes. The most important reason for this is their Material culture: A study based on Ethno- the supremacy of the isolated health sector and Archaeological Approach’’ in Man and heavy out of pocket-sized expenditure for Environment Vol-vii.70-79. medication of diabetes. Several studies have 16. Miah, Shalim. 2012. “Society and reported that drug costs account for more than Culture of the Garo’s in Meghalaya’’ in Basic half of all the direct cost involved in the Applied and social Sciences Vol-ii. 376-378. treatment of diabetes. In Addition, the Social 17. Playfair, M. 2011. The Garos. West Security is progressively seen as an integral part Garo Hills. D.J. Publications. of the development process. It helps to create a 18. Sangma, Milton. 2012. History and more positive attitude not just to structural and Culture of the Garos. New Delhi: Books Today. technological change but also the challenge of globalization and to its potential benefits in terms of greater efficiency and greater productivity. In this regards ESIC helps the patients a lot to recover cost through their various insurance schemes which benefits most of the patients. The present Study was conducted to understand the indirect and intangible costs of treatment of diabetes among patients who are covered by the Employees State Insurance Scheme in Indore district only as the universe of study. INTRODUCTION - Men are born differently, think differently and act differently. State as an agent of the society has an important mandate to harmonize [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 039 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 such differences through a protective cover to having diabetes for at least 10 years,and insured the poor and weak, the deprived and the under the Employees State Insurance Scheme disadvantaged. On each and every step of his / were enrolled in the study. Patients who met in her life they need a social security. The concept - patient admission criteria were excluded from of social security is now generally understood the study. Study was conducted on 50 patients as meaning protection provided by the society in which Intangible costs were recorded based to its members through a series of public on three main domains namely, social participation, measures against the economic and social work productivity and psychological state, distress that otherwise is caused by the stoppage Whereas, indirect costs were measured in actual or substantial reduction of earnings resulting amounts in Rupees. The intangible costs were from sickness, maternity, employment injury, measured on a likert type scale. A questionnaire occupational diseases, unemployment, invalidity, was developed to capture the indirect costs in old age and death. the domains of travel, food and drinks during Most of the insurance companies doing the outpatient visit for the patient and attender, well through their insurance policies for the loss of wages for the patient and the attender social security of employees in India and among and other indirect costs. of all the players in markets the ESIC; Employee RESULTS– state insurance corporation provides relatively A total of 50patients with diabetes were better options in country as a premier social approached for the study. security organization in the country. In the Out of total 50 patients/ respondents 42 context of the title of the study, India faces a participated in the study. big economic burden of diabetes. The most Since the total sample size is only 42 the important reason for this is the supremacy of results are presented as proportions and not the isolated health sector and heavy out of percentages. pocket-sized expenditure for medication of It is seen that about 24/42 of the diabetes. Several studies have reported that participants are between the ages of 50 and 65 drug costs account for more than half of all the years. direct cost involved in the treatment of diabetes A small proportion of 18/42 had higher ESIC helps the patients a lot to recover cost secondary education and above. through their various insurance schemes which The predominant occupation was benefits most of the patients. manual labor. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY - The present Study Table B shows the morbidity status of was conducted to understand the indirect and the study population. intangible costs of treatment of diabetes among Out of the participants 27 had diabetes patients who are covered by the Employees for 10 - 20 years duration. State Insurance Scheme in Indore only as the Twelve out of 42 had eye complications. universe of study. Hypertension was present as a RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - This cross comorbidity among 18/42.[TABLE – A]. sectional descriptive study was conducted in a TABLE – A tertiary hospital in Indore among patients Study of diabetic patients & category wise attending the diabetes specialty outpatient representation of respondents department. Patients were recruited during the [n=42] month of July and August 2018. Both men and women aged between 30 and 80 years of age, [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 040 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04
The intangible costs are shown in Table C. Twenty-seven of the 42 participants reported that they never had any form of entertainment like movies, drama, theatre etc.12/42 reported The Table-B represents the minimum visiting their friends and relatives frequently. 8 and maximum cost under each category. It is out of the 42 reported that they never attended seen that transport cost represents the greatest any family functions or social occasions. While proportion of the indirect cost, followed by wage 14/42 participants reported absence of any form loss and lastly the cost for food and beverages of financial support, 19/42 reported high levels for the patient and attender. of emotional support. Twenty-six of the TABLE – B - Indirect Cost participants reported having a good appetite, 18 of them reported good sleep and 30/42 reported interest in activities of leisure. 9 of the participants reported that their current state of mind is sad(Table-C). FINAL NOTE – The above study concluded that patients suffering from diabetes receiving care through the ESI Scheme which shows despite the insurance cover, there are considerable indirect cost in the form of wages losses for the patient and the attender as well as their travel costs. This paper also unveiled that there are high levels of intangible costs in the form of reduction in participations in social functions or in activities and psychological distresses. Effective integration of services within primary care can also enables delivery cost effective services in low and middle income settings. In TABLE – C- Intangible Costs the regards of reduction in intangible social and [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 041 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 psychological costs of diabetes , social support interventions can be incorporated through the 08 ESI scheme.Which exactly means that treatment should be viewed more as a social process “Chalmeri rani kam pee iraqkapaani” instead of pure biomedical processes. A STUDY ON ISSUES IN HIGHWAY
References – FUELIN INDIA [1].Tarricone R. Cost-of-illness analysis: what room in health economics ? Health Policy Dr. Rupesh Kumbhaj 2006;77(1):51–63. Assistant professor, [2] Folland S, Goodman AC, Stano M. The Renaissance college of commerce and economics of health and health care. Vol. 6. management, indore Pearson Prentice Hall New Jersey; 2007. [3] Ramachandran A. Socio-economic ======***********======burden of diabetes in India. J Assoc Physician INTRODUCTION - of Ind. 2007;55(L):9. From the beginning of history, human [ 5] Kumpatla S, Kothandan H, Tharkar S, sensitivity has revealed an urge for mobility Viswanathan V. The costs of treating long term leading to a measure of Society’s progress. The diabetic complications in a developing country: history of this mobility or transport is the history a study from India. J Assoc Physician of of civilization. For any country to develop with Ind2013;61:17. right momentum modern and efficient Transport as a basic infrastructure is a must. It has been seen throughout the history of any nation that a proper, extensive and efficient Road Transport has played a major role. ‘Transporters’ perform one of the most important activities, at every stage of advanced civilization. Where roads are considered as veins and arteries of a nation, passenger and goods transported are likened to blood in circulation. Passenger Road Transport Service (PRTS) is an essential connected to the economic development. Transport is the essential convenience with which people not just connect but progress. Throughout history, people’s progress has been sustained on the convenience, speed and safety of the modes of transport. Road transport occupies a primary place in to-day’s world as it provides a reach unparalleled by any other contemporary mode of transport. The global recovery from the economic crisis has major implications for the commercial vehicle and tractor-trailer manufacturing [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 042 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 industry. There are, essentially, two worldwide offering 82 m3 of space and having a maximum markets for trucks in the near future. The first, gross weight of 40 tonnes (McKinnon, 2012). in Europe, North America, Japan, and other According to data available from the Ministry industrialized East Asian nations, is characterized of Road Transport and Highways the total road by a high level of environmental regulation and length of the country increased significantly from sophisticated demand for technological 3.99 lakh kms in 1951 to 48.65 lakh kms in 2012 improvements and other features, including (as on March 31), growing at a compound annual emerging “connected car”–style innovation. growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2 percent. According to However, this is a slow-growth market, the latest figures available, India’s road density bound by limited demand for the foreseeable at 1.48 kms/sq. km of area is higher than that future. Faster growth will be found in the BRIC of USA (0.67km/ sq km) and China (0.42 km/ sq. countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), and km). Of the total road length national highways the threshold countries of other emerging account for only 1.58 percent (76,818 km) and markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. the share of state highways is at 3.38 percent The road network of a country is vital (1,64,360 km). More than half (58.33 percent or for its economic development and for social 28,38,220 km) of India’s road length belongs to integration. Transportation by road scores over rural roads. other modes of transport because of its easy accessibility, flexibility of operations, door-to- door service and reliability. Therefore, the share of roads in freight and passenger movement has been increasing vis-à-vis other transport modes. The spatial spread of the road network, its quality and access have a bearing on the cost of transportation. OBJECTIVE - This paper presents three aspects one is to elaborate the vulnerability of Indian trucking industry caused by price hikes in diesel [Source - Diesel Consumption in India –IRTC and suggestions towards the reduction in the Delhi Report 2017] highway fuel. A 2010 CRISIL study estimates a similar METHODOLOGY - This article is prepared by the ownership pattern with 70 to 75 per cent of author through various secondary sources of operators owning up to five trucks, 10 to 15 per information as for the purpose of the study cent of operators owning from six to 20 trucks, different journals, previous papers, newspapers, and the remaining nine to 11 per cent owning magazinesetc were taking into the consideration. more than 20 trucks. REVIEWED LITERATURE – The trucking industry So the above literature and other deploys mainly two- and three-axle rigid trucks whitepapers suggested the clear frame for the with a relatively low cubic capacity of 30 cubic study and analyses the causes behind the metres (m3 ). About 75 per cent of trucks on the consumption and price hikes in diesel in India. Indian roads are two-axle with a capacity of nine OUTCOMES OF THE STUDY – tonnes. On the contrary, the main “workhorse” As far as the objective is concerned in of the European road sector is an articulated the study, the following outcomes are identified five-axle vehicle with a 13.6-metre trailer, for vulnerabilities in trucking in which author [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 043 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 searched out the factors responsible for were: HIGHEST CONSUMPTION OF DIESEL AND ITS 1. Stiff competition resulting in price WASTAGE, as – wars and under-pricing practices. 1. Empty trucking condition which leads 2. Low bargaining capacity of truck to fuel wastage as it is not feasible for truck operators in deciding prices and the broker’s operators to run on long routes . upper hand in the negotiations. One truck 2. Second factors leads to poor road operator pointed out that small and medium quality, which affects mileage and results in truckers do not have the necessary funds and higher diesel consumptions, more especially on education for obtaining long-term contracts from national highways across the cities from link big firms. They do not possess the knowledge roads, as we know that government of india required for making quotations, and thus depend already changes the scene from 2 lanes to 4 on brokers. Brokers decide the freight rates and lanes in many cities and even the work is on charge high commissions. progress. But poor road quality always afeects 3. A very few truck operators have long- the speed, equipment breakdowns, accidents term contracts with firms that allow for a and uncertainities. revision of fuel costs. Most contracts are oral 3. The tollgates are another cause of fuel and informal. Where contracts are revised wastage, from various studies it is proved that regularly, they involve a competitive bidding fuel worth Rs 100 is wasted on highways and process each time. check posts. 4. The price rise is due to increase in 4. Overloading is the fourth factor which crude prices. always leads the wastage of fuel and reduces 5. During the U.S sanction, India had efficiency in the long run. It was observed many purcased crude from iran , with no payment / times in Indore that small truck can do the partpayment. One earmarked fund was created, overloading due to the greed of heavy freight now it is paid to IRAN , which falls short aboytRs. charges and profit margin phenomenon. 43,000 Crore. That means we burnt oil without 5. Adulteration of diesel with kerosene adequate funds base. also become a major cause of wastage of 6. India prevoiusly kept low price efficiency of fuel and wastage for the same. camoflaged by fiscal deficit.The fiscal deficit Now, the another aspect of vulnerabilities was much higher than now. The consequence is concerned with hikes in prices, and as a the hyper inflation all over the goods including researcher I observed the causes listed below the foods. which are responsible for the increase in price 7. If the objector has humble idea, why of highway fuel : All truck operators reported the states like K’taka, Punjab, Puducherry , West reduced profits and, in some cases, losses. Some Bengal do not set an example to reduce state reported that old trucks have become unviable VaT.actually they are benefitted by price rise, for use due to the increased cost of fuel and because most duties are ad-valorem. So they they have scrapped or sold old trucks to maintain arw wielding the double sword. the cash flow. Due to a slowing economy and 8. Every price is going upward / low demand for trucking in general, truck downward like gold, real estates, food even operators also struggled to reduce the days a cinema tickets. But there is no instances for truck remains idle or to reduce return trips with reduction of Taxi Fare, Bus fare, Auto fare, ans empty loads. The main reasons cited for not so on. when the oil price dropped in the past. being able to pass on costs to the consumer Is/nt an example of opression or limiting [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 044 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 competition by a section of service providors ? Centre and states earned Rs 4.63 lakh cr in Railway and Airlines reduced the fare in some 2016-17 from fuel taxes, up from Rs 2.87 lakh instances.Hence, the truck operator has no crore in 2014-15. guarantee that he will get the next contract with Unless, of course, the government the same firm and has to resort to under-pricing decides to charge GST at 28 per cent or even in order to win the bid. higher 40 per cent meant for luxury goods and I observed the above things when I came products. But that will attract criticism since fuel to the reflection of diesel prices in Indore which is not exactly a luxury item. Option 2 is an even is depicted in the figure – tougher call to take. The third is a geo-political option. India, Japan and China are among the Asian countries that pay a higher price for procurement of crude from OPEC nations. This is called the ‘Asian premium’ and it could be as high as $3-8 per barrel of crude procured. It’s a practice that Asian nations have been unable to overcome since 1987 when Saudi Arabia moved to the market-based pricing mechanism and Asian nations began buying as per the Dubai/Oman crude oil benchmark rather than the Brent Crude benchmark of Europe or SO WHAT WILL AUTHOR SUGGESTED ? – the Western Texas Intermediates benchmark of From the aboce study it is very clear that the US. Even though the Asian nations have government Can put some efforts to reduce in threatened creating a common crude buying the highway fuel in india mechanism to raise their buying power, this The first is to reduce excise charged by the problem has not been overcome yet. Any Centre and VAT charged by the states. In April, possible commitment from OPEC to do away taxes amounted to 47 per cent of price paid by with the Asian premium will give the the consumer in petrol and 38 per cent in diesel. government the confidence to cut taxes since it But every Re 1 reduction in taxes per litre of will be assured that its import bill may be under fuel causes aRs 13,000 crore annual loss to the control, at least for some time. exchequer. Neither the Centre nor the states CONCLUSION DRAWN - The study concludes have the financial strength or the willingness that the vulnerability of the trucking industry to to take this hit diesel prices arises due to the inherent structural The second solution is to bring fuel under GST and regulatory issues of the industry that which has been dangled as a lollipop for a long urgently need to be rectified. There are many time but never delivered upon. After all, it is a regulatory issues in the trucking industry as well. very bitter pill to swallow for both the Centre as Both central and state governments look at well as the states. Even at a prohibitive 18 per trucking as a source of revenue and have not cent GST, petrol would barely cost Rs 45.75 per paid adequate attention to its problems. There litre in Delhi. However, it requires the Centre is an urgent need to find a solution to unviable and the states to together take a very freight rates and setting a minimum for the courageous haircut. Bringing fuel under the GST industry. Tolls should be collected once, toll will reduce the government revenue from tax plazas need to be modernized and easy collected from fuel by nearly Rs 2 lakh crore. movement of freight across states should be [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 045 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 made possible to reduce fuel wastage and low 9.Transport Corporation of India Limited mileage arising from toll stoppages. If the toll (TCIL) and Indian Institute of Management, stoppages are minimized, more trips are possible Kolkata, (IIM-C).(2012). in a month and this can significantly alter the 10.Operational efficiency of freight business. There is a need for one single regulator transportation by road in India.Joint study by for the trucking industry who will look at both TCIL and IIM-C. regulatory issues and training requirements of 11. World Bank. (2000). Rural access to both truck operators and truck drivers. household petroleum fuels in India: Policy issues, options and challenges. Washington, References – D.C.: World Bank. 1. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. (2014). Road Transport Year Book 2011-12. Retrieved December 14, 2016, fromhttp://morth.nic.in/index2. asp ? slid=291 & sublinkid=137&lang=1 NHAI. (2014). 2. Annual Report 2013-14. Retrieved December 16, 2015, from http://www.nhai.org/ Audit.htm NTDPC. (2014). 3. India Transport Report.Routledge. Retrieved December 15,2015,fromhttp:// planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/ NTDPC_Vol_01.pdf NTDPC. (2014). 4. Trends in Growth and Development of Transport.Planning Commission.Retrieved from http://planning commission.nic.in/sectors/ NTDPC/volume2_p1/trends_v2_p1.pdf. 5. Sriraman, S. (1998): ‘Road Transport development in India’, Current Science, October. 6. Sriraman, S., (1997): ‘Road and Road Transport Development in India’, Asian Transport Journal, Asian Institute of Transport Develop ment, New Delhi. Times of India.(2013, January 18). 7.Diesel subsidy on way out, price to go up every month.Retrieved from http:// articles. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/india/ 36414647_1_diesel-price-subsidized-cylinder- litre Transport Corporation of India Limited. (2010, January–March). 8. Highways’ efficiency must for economic growth. Enroute. New Delhi: TCIL. Retrieved from http://www.tcil.com/enroute/ Highway_ Efficiecy_ Must%20for%20 Economic% 20Growth%20Jan-Mar%2010_point%201.pdf [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 046 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 The Meerut Municipal Corporation’s 09 legislature, also known Corporation Council, consists of 100 members of which 90 are directly STUDY OF TRANSPORT, TRANSFER elect 10 are nominated by state government. The Corporation Council (Meerut Town Hall) is OF SOLID WASTES, ANDSOLID headed by a mayor, who is a by the civil WASTES DISPOSAL IN MEERUT community as per the 74th CAA and belong to the party which majority. The office of the Mayor Dr. Vinay Panwar is ceremonial role associated with being First HOD, Department of Zoology, of the city. Monad University, Delhi In every five years an election is held to elect corporates to power. The corporates are Mohinder Amaranth responsible for overseeing that their Research scholar, constituencies have the bas-civic infrastructure P.O. Pilkhuwa, dist - Hapur (U.P.) India in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. ======***********======1. The Municipal Corporation covers an 2 Abstract area of 141.91 KMs Solid wastes are all the wastes arising 2. The MMC is sub-divided into 90 Wards from human and animal activities that are & 3 Revenue Zones. normally solid and are discarded as useless or 3. Its Annual Budget in 2017-18 is INR unwanted. The term solid waste as used in this Rs. 4812.2 million text is all-inclusive, encompassing the The corporates elect a speaker (President) heterogeneous mass of throwaways from the of the corporation among them selves. Out of urban community as well as the more homo 90 directly elected corporate, 35 seats are geneous accumulation of agricultural, industrial, unreserved, 17 seats are reserved or women and mineral wastes. From the days of primitive coming from any category 16 seats are reserved society, humans and animals have used the for people belong Meerut Town Hall (Head office resources of the earth to support life and of MMC) was constructed in 1886 while dispose of wastes. In early times, the disposal Municipal Board (Nagar Palika) was established th of human and other wastes did not pose a in 1892. On 15 June 1982 it was upgraded as st significant problem, because the population was Municipal Council (Nagar Mahapalika). On 31 small and the amount of land available for the May 1994 after enactment of Uttar Pradesh assimilation of wastes was large. Although Municipal Corporation Act 1959, it was further emphasis is currently being placed on recycling upgraded as Municipal Corporation (Nagar and fertilizer value of solid wastes, the farmer Nigam). in ancient times probably made a bolder attempt World health organization (1999), Solid at this. Indications of recycling may still be seen wastes are all the wastes arising from human in the primitive, yet sensible, agricultural and animal activities,P., Waltsons Pardon (1980), practices in many of the developing nations It was not until the nineteenth century that where farmers recycle solid wastes for fuel or public health officials, who began to realize that fertilizer values. food wastes, had to be collected and disposed Key words: Solid wastes and Meerut. of in a sanitary manner to control rodents and INRODUCTION: flies, the vectors of disease.P., Aaine at el (2002), [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 047 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 the handling, storage and processing of solid methods are: wastes at the source before they are collected Ordinary open dumping is the second of the six functional elements in controlled tipping/burial the solid waste management system.T., Hog feeding Monasroe and Margan (1997) and J., Sandra Incineration (1986), environmentally sound management of Sanitary landfill increasing amounts of difficult-to-treat or Composting organic wastes is among the topics of major Grinding and discharge in to sewer concern today in most cities. T.Z., Justine ansch Dumping into water bodies (1993) and Green (1994), In the field of solid Disposal of corpus waste management, the functional element of RESULT AND DISSUCION: transfer and transport refers to the means , In the field of solid waste management, facilities , and appurtenances used to effect the the functional element of transfer and transport transfer of wastes from one location to another, refers to the means, facilities, and appurtenances usually more distant ,location. S., Jordan (1960), used to effect the transfer of wastes from one Transfer stations are used to collect the refuse location to another, usually more distant at a central location and to reload the wastes in ,location. Typically, the contents of relatively to a vehicle where the cost per kilogram- small collection vehicles are transferred to kilometer ton-mile will be less for the movement larger vehicles that are used to transport the of the ultimate waste to the disposal site. Ajila waste over extended distances either material et al., (2011).Sustainable solutions for agro recovery facilities or to disposal sites. Transfer processing waste management, “Municipal Solid and transport operations are also used in Waste.” EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. conjunction with material recovery facilities to (2015), Bjork S.Å., (2013). Green eco economy. transport recovered materials to markets or Meerut Municipal Corporation’s (2018). waste to energy facilities and to transports 28 Employee per 10 thousand population. residual materials to landfills. 280 Employee per 10 lakh population. Usually the collection vehicle is also 974 Employee per 19 lakh 32 thousand used for the long distance transport of refuse population. though it is becoming more common to transport 974 permanent employee. refuse to a local “transfer station” where the 2215 out shores contract base, waste is then transferred to a small and larger (consulted salary). vehicle. Thus, it must be large enough to minimize the number of trips to the processing site, yet small enough to be maneuverable during collection. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL: Until relatively recently, solid waste was dumped, buried, or burned, and some of the garbage was fed to animals. The public was not Fig: Dumping ward in Meerut (Gavedi village). aware of the links of refuse to rats, flies, roaches, MEDHODLOGY: mosquitoes, fleas, land pollution, and water Solid waste disposal methods: pollution. People did not know that solid waste Generally there are several methods of in open dumps and backyard incinerators solid waste disposal that can be utilized. These support breeding of diseases vectors including [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 048 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 typhoid fever, endemic typhus fever, yellow cooked meat from hogs is believed to be the fever, dengue fever, malaria, cholera, and others. main source of trichinosis. Hogs which are fed Thus, the cheapest, quickest, and most on garbage containing hogs scraps and convenient means of disposing of the waste slaughter house offal are very likely to be were used. Rural areas and small towns utilized infected. Also rats living around the slaughter the open dump or backyard incinerator. Larger house are infected and there is possibility that towns and cities used municipal incinerators. hog eats dead rats. Later, land filling became the method of choice 4. Incineration for disposing of solid waste. Incineration is a process of burning the Strictly speaking the task of solid wastes combustible components of garbage and refuse. disposal is normally handled by a municipal, city Disposal of solid waste by incineration can be or town authorities, if such service exists. effectively carried out in small scale in food Disposal of solid waste has to be accomplished service establishments as well as in institutions without the creation of nuisance and health such as hospitals, schools etc. The disadvantage hazards in order to fill full the objectives of solid of this method is that only combustible waste management program. materials are incinerated, hence there is a need 1. Open dumping for separation of the waste into combustible and Some components of solid waste such as non-combustible. The noncombustible needs street sweepings, ashes and non-combustible separate disposal. Generally there are two types rubbish are suitable for open dumping. Garbage of incinerators, the open and the closed systems. and any other mixed solid wastes are not fit or On-site Incineration suitable because of nuisance and health hazard This term applies to incineration of refuse creation. at home, office, apartment house, commercial building, hospital or industrial site. Refuse collection and disposal could be much reduced satisfactory by using on-site incineration. Generally, air-pollution can be expected. 5. Sanitary landfill Landfill, construction, and operation The problem of managing the increased Fig: Dumping ward in Meerut (Gavedi village). volume of solid waste is compounded by rising 2. Controlled tipping/burial public resistance to siting new landfills. There Indiscriminate dumping of garbage and are four general phases of landfill construction: rubbish create favorable conditions for fly- 1. Site selection; breeding, harborage and food for rodents, 2. Site investigation; nuisances etc. In order to avoid such problems, 3. Design; garbage and rubbish should be disposed of 4. Daily operation; and, under sanitary conditions. These stages are discussed in further 3. Hog feeding detail below. The feeding of garbage to hogs has been Site selection criteria include items such practiced for many years in different parts of as availability of land, good drainage, availability the world. But there is surprising high incidence of suitable soil for daily and final cover, visually of trichinosis among hogs which are fed with isolated, access to major transportation routes, uncooked garbage. Consumption of insufficiently certain distance away from airport, not located [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 049 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 in wetlands, and out of a floodplain. The engineer B. Equipment requirement should also consider what the final use of the site The type, size and amount of equipment will be and how long-term management of the required for sanitary landfill will be governed site will impact this final use. by size of community served, the nature of site Landfill design and operation is the next the selected, the size of the landfill and the step in the engineering process. Engineers have methods of operation. The types of equipment to consider the method of land filling and design that have been used at sanitary landfill include: the landfill interface (soil foundation, liners), 1. Crawler. leachate collection and treatment systems, and 2. Scrapers. gas collection and venting system. The engineer 3. Compactors. also has to consider the selection of equipment 4. WaterTrucks and Tractors. that is used for hauling, excavating, and C. Personnel compaction; access to haul roads, fencing, and The equipment operator would be the the storage and use of soil that is used for daily only person employed at site. On large scale and final cover. operations it is desirable to employ supervisor. During daily operation, topsoil is In this case the supervisor should be able to removed and stored; refuse is transported into operate the equipment in order to replace the the site, dumped, and compacted; daily soil employed operator in case of absence. cover is placed over the refuse; groundwater is D. Accessory facilities monitored; and, leachate is collected and In addition to the equipment and treated. personnel indicated above certain facilities are The primary methods used for landfill are required at the site. These are: called: 1. Shade or shelter for equipment and 1) The area method; personnel 2) The trench method; and, 2. Rest room facilities 3) The depression method. 3. Signs to direct trucks Landfill operation site layout 4. Portable or semi portable fencing In planning the layout of a sanitary 5 scale for weighing of trucks landfill site, the location of fill must be 6. Hand sprayer for insecticidal application determined by:- 7. Portable pump for removal of A. Access roads accumulated surface water B. Equipment shelters 6. Composting C. Scales to weigh wastes of needed Composting is an effective method of D. Storage site for special wastes solid waste disposal. In composting, biode E. Top soil stock pile sites gradable materials break down through natural F. Landfills area and extension processes and produce humus. It involves the A. Operation schedule aerobic biological decomposition of organic 1. Arrival sequence for collection vehicles materials to produce a stable humus-like 2. Traffic patterns at the site product.Biodegradation is a natural, ongoing 3. Time sequence to be followed in the biological process that is a common occurrence filling operation. in both human-made and natural environments. 4. Effects of wind and other climatic It is important to view compost feedstock as a conditions usable product, not as waste requiring disposal. 5. Commercial and public access When developing and promoting a composting [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 050 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 program and when marketing the resulting should be made carefully, on the basis of various compost, program planners and managers factors, many of which depend on local should stress that the composting process is an conditions: environmentally sound and beneficial means of a. Disinfection and sterilization efficiency. recycling organic materials, not only a means b. Health and environmental conside of waste disposal. rations. Up to 60 percent of the municipal solid c. Volume and mass reduction. waste stream is organic material. Yard trimmings d. Occupational health and safety alone constitute 15 percent of municipal solid considerations. waste stream. Composting organic materials can e. Quantity of wastes for treatment and significantly reduce waste stream volume and disposal/capacity of the system. offers economic advantages for communities f. Types of waste for treatment and when the costs of other options are high. disposal. 7. Grinding and discharge into sewers lines: g. Infrastructure requirements. 1. Installation of individual grinders in h. Locally available treatment options houses and commercial establishments. and technologies. 2. Installation of municipally operated i. Options available for final disposal. grinding station located centrally. j. Training requirements for operation of 3. Installation of grinders at sewage the method. treatment plant and discharge grounded k. Operation and maintenance conside materials directly into incoming raw sewage or ration. digestion tanks. l. Available space. 8. Dumping into water bodies: m. Location and surroundings of the The dumping of solid waste into water treatment site and disposal facility. bodies such as rivers, was once been one of the n. Investment and operating cost. means of disposal. This is still practiced in o. Public acceptability. Meerut located nearof Kali River,even though it p. Regulatory requirements. can be ineffective due to the washing of the wastes to the shores and interference of Reference: sanitation of the agriculture area. Such a 1. Aarne. P., Vesilind,William Worrell and disposal method would be effective if the risk Debra Reinhart(2002):Solid Waste Engineering to animals (fish) is taken into consideration and Bailliere, Tinda direction of wind blow looked before dumping. 2. Aarne, P., Vesilind,William Worrell and 9. Disposal of dead animal bodies: Debra Reinhart(2002):Solid Waste Engineering There are certain methods that can be 3. Jordan’s., (1960): Tropical Hygiene and practiced in relation to disposal of dead animal Sanitation; 3rd Edition by W.Wilkie, London, 190 bodies. Buriedof animaldead bodies which are 4. Monroe, T., & Morgan. (1997): Environ practiced in Hindu religious. It is considered to mental health; Morton publishing company. be the best and sanitary method. In addition, it U.S.A helps in conservation of land .It is cheap as far 5. Sandra, J., Cointrreau (1986): Environ as cost is concerned. mental management of urban solid wastes in C. Treatment and disposal technologies for Developing countries; a project Guide. health-care facility waste: 6. Tchobanoglous, Theisen and Vigil., The final choice of treatment system (1993): Integrated solid waste management; [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 051 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 Engineering principles and management issues. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 10 7. World Health Organization (1999): Safe Management of wastes from health care Review of performance of Activities; A. press, E.Giroult, P. Rush brook 8. Walton, P., Pardom (1980): Environ hybrid solar cells for future mental Health; 2nd Edition; U.S.A. 189 Bailliere, energy demand Tinda 9. “Municipal Solid Waste.” EPA. Environ S.D. Nimbalkar mental Protection Agency. Web. 7 Mar. 2015. RNC Arts, JDB Commerce & NSC Science 10. Ajila et al., (2011).Sustainable College, Nasik solutions for agro processing waste manage ment : an Overview. In Malik, A., and Grohmann, E., environmental protection strategies for ======***********======Sustainable development, Springer Publication. Abstract: Earth is receiving a huge amount of solar energy from the sun that can be converted in to electricity by making the use of photovol- taic cell to fulfil the future energy demand. This article review the recent development in the hybrid solar cells such as thin film solar cell and tandem solar cells, dye sensitised solar cell, quantum dot solar cells,perovskite solar cells here we highlight some parameters affecting the performance of the solar cells such as de- vice structure, materials and and types of elec- trodes .In recent years a conjugated polymer has become novel materials in various fields and it can be blended with an inorganic materials to enhance the performance of the system. We also discuss the future scope of these materials for next generation flexible solar cells. Keywords: polymer, solar cell, materials. Introduction: The global demand of electricity is in- creases continually, and this is fulfilled by com- bustion of fossil fuel. The international energy report reveals that now day 38% total world elec- tricity is generated by combustion of fuel. But it created health issues due to the generation of
green house gases like Co2 and some other pol- lutant. Based on the IEA report word demands 28TW electricity in 2021 and 50TW up to 2050.therefore this is the right time to investi- gate the eminent sources for generation of elec- [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 052 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 tricity. Solar cell is the best choice which works structures [105]. Organometal trihalide PSCs on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Solar have gained tremendous attention in the PV in- energy has emerged as a powerful, sustainable dustry due to their unique characteristics such and clean renewable energy source and became as good flexibility, low cost, good scalability, low alternative for fossil fuels. The first commercial temperature process ability and comparable solar cell was designed by Bell laboratory in photovoltaic performance with traditional thin 1954, now a day different form of silicon solar film inorganic SCs. Even though PSCs have the cells are available like nanorod, nanoparticles, potential for performance enhancements, due nanodots etc.and converts up to 20% of the so- to the inability of producing different colour ap- lar energy. In crystalline silicon solar cells there pearances, it still remains difficult to integrate are two famous types back surface field (BSF) with building envelops and automotive surfaces and passivated emitter rear cell (PERC) can be such as awnings, windows, walls and facades. used in industry for mass production. The PERC Photonic crystal and Fabry-Perot cavity based type solar cell has 25% power conversion effi- nanostructure colour filtering techniques can be ciency. (1-3) incorporated in PSCs to overcome the above Silicon solar cell: mentioned challenges. The JSC of PSCs can be Silicon solar cell can be developed with computed as (8). Plank’s constant and velocity the amorphous hydrogenated silicon and micro- of light respectively. Perovskite materials have crystalline silicon and they improve the minor- a 3-D crystal-structure and it consist of three ity charge transport. Due to the environmental ions (A, B and X) with a stoichiometry of ABX3. issue the researcher looking for ecofriendly and A and B represents cat ions and X represents efficient materials (4-5) In point contact solar halide anions. For inorganic PSCs, caesium is cell the metal contacts touch to the silicon wa- commonly used as A-cation, tin or lead is used fer. Metal defects and crystal impurities are the as B-cation and chlorine, bromine or iodine is drawbacks in mc Si solar cell. (6, 7) the perfor- used as X-anions. Methyl ammonium (MA) or mance of the solar cell gets affected due to the Formamidinium (FA) has been used as A-cations recombination of the charge carriers. Therefore, for hybrid PSCs. The time is urged to think be- a-Si:H/mc-Si interface could be activated to re- yond SJ-SCs and intermediate band-gap solar- duces the recombination of the charges. But this cells, hot-carrier collection, multi-exciton gen- interface has low conductivity due to amorphous eration and singlet fission are the emerging silicon. Therefore a transparent conductive ox- concepts for beyond SJ solar cells (9). ide is used to increase the carrier transport to Dye sensitized solar cell: metal contact (7) ITO and AL- doped ZnO mate- In dye sensitized solar cell a porous dye rial can be used as TCO in Silicon solar cell. coated semiconductor is immersed in to an elec- trolyte (10) dye acts as active layer in DSSCs Ref Structure Voc (mv) Jsc (mA/cm2) FF(%) PCE( %) TiO2 paste deposited on a TCO can be used as 25 HIT SC on Si 750 40.1 83.2 24.7 27 Ntype EWTSiSC 661 40.4 80 21.6 one electrode. in electrolyte iodine and triiodine 22 c-Si with thinALD 681 39.3 78.5 21.2 27 c-Si withPECVD 678 39.7 79.4 21.3 can be used as reducer and oxidant respectively.
Photon get absorbs in the dye and produces pho- Perovskite solar cells (PSCs): ton. a dye sensitized TiO2 film was introduced The PCE of flat-plate SJ solar cell is ap- by Regan in 1991(11). DSSC composed of two proaching to its theoretical-efficiency limit due layers of TiO2 photo electrode composed of a to the rapid advancements in fabrication pro- TiO2/GO (Graphene oxide) layer and a TiO2/ cesses, photovoltaic materials and solar cell MB (Magnetic beads composed of Fe3O4 for the [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 053 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 fabrication of device spin coating techniques is lent PCE with high radiation resistance and lower used. 0.6 M 1-propyl-2, 3-dimethyl imidazolium temperature coefficients are the major advan- iodide (DPMII), 0.05 M iodine, 0.5 M LiI (Lithium tages of III-V SCs (18). III-V SCs can be devel- iodide), 0.5 M TBP (4-tert-butylpyridine) was oped as single junction, two junction, triple junc- used for the preparation of electrolyte. DSSC can tion (3J) and four junction (4J) cells. Among these be designed on suitable substrate like Glass, 4J cells are found to be more efficient compared metal, plastic, paper, conducting materials with other multi-junction SCs. III-V SCs can be etc.The PCE of DSSCs can be enhanced by two fabricated with structures grown in a MOVPE ways the first way is by extending the light ab- are MOCVD or MBE reactors (18). In 2010, Jae- sorption into near infrared and second way is to Phil Shim et al. (19) proved that the PCE of reduce the redox potential of liquid electrolyte InGaN/GaN SCs can be increased by using con- to increase VOC. Hole conductors made of small tact layers with high optical transparency. In molecules like PEDOT or P3HT can be used in 2013, Karen Derendorf et al. (20) reported a 3J- solid state DSSC instead of liquid electrolytes. GaInP/GaAs/Si cell manufactured by using sur- Solution deposition techniques can be used for face-activated direct wafer bonding. The major preparation solid hole conductors (12, 13) in- causes for the performance degradation of III-V terfaces techniques can be used in solid state SCs in space applications are due to the bom- DSSC to decrease the recombination and in- bardment by sub-atomic particles such as neu- crease the open circuit voltage. Light absorp- tron, proton etc. Due to the high irradiation re- tion efficiency of DSSCs can be increased by sistance and tunable band-gap properties, photonic crystals and plasmonic effects. In 2017 InGaN/GaN solar cells are gaining attention for Min Ju Yun (14) designed a photo anode in 3D space applications (21). In 2014, Zhen Bi et al. micro pattern that has improved the PCE of DSSC. (22) investigated the impact of proton irradia- In 2020, Min Ju Yun et al. (15) reported the fab- tion on the PV-performance degradation of rication of a textile based DSSC which can be InGaN/GaN MQW (Multi-Quantum Well) cells used for wearable and light weight electronic and observed that increasing proton irradiation devices. Ease of preparation and eco friendly results in the degradation of photovoltaic per- makes the metal free and pure organic DSSCs formance, The reason for this PV-performance excellent in the commercial. Aryl amine organic degradation is that increase of proton irradia- dyes have large absorption coefficient and good tion decreases the EQE of solar cells due to ir- mobilities this is a special feature in the last radiation induced defects. Compared with GaInP decade. In 2017, Supratik Kar et al. (16) reported and GaAs, InGaN is highly immune to high en- the photovoltaic properties of organic lead dyes ergy proton irradiation damage. The proton ir- for DSSCs for future renewable energy technolo- radiation in III-V semiconductors leads to the gies. There are 11 classes of organic lead dyes increase of resistivity which also leads to the out of that few are mentioned here these are PV-performance degradation of III-V SCs. In 2006, triphenylamine (TPA), substituted TPA, planar M. R. Lueck et al. (23) investigated the PV per- and branched TPA. formance of GaInP/GaAs dual junction solar III-V compound semiconductor based solar cells (2J-SCs) on SiGe and GaAs substrates un- cells: der different illumination conditions (AM0 and III-V solar-cells (III–V SCs) have been AM 1.5G) and observed that GaInP/GaAs cells considered as the most attractive way for gen- on GaAs wafer provides higher JSE and VOC erating cost effective photovoltaic electricity for compared with GaInP/GaAs 2J-SCs on SiGe sub- space and terrestrial applications (17). Excel- strate . The high cost of III-V substrates is the [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 054 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 main obstacle of their wide spread use for ter- The two most important benefits of or- restrial photovoltaic energy harvesting applica- ganic photovoltaic devices (OPV) based on or- tions. Low temperature processing and low cost ganic semiconductors compared with inorganic production are the key benefits of Si/III-V or SiGe/ photovoltaic devices are the cost effective fab- III-V hetero junction cells. rication facilities and the possibility of produc- Quantum dot solar cells: ing organic SCs on flexible substrates (25). Low Quantum dot SCs realized using semi- cost solution-processes like roll-to-roll process- conductor nanocrystals are emerging as one of ing, spin coating and printing methods can be the leading photovoltaic technologies for com- used for industrial-fabrication of polymer based mercial solar-energy harvesting applications. organic SCs. The optical absorption coefficient The rapid developments in nanotechnology have and band gap energy of polymers depends on made it possible to fabricate uniform quantum functional group and the length of polymers. dot SCs from a wide range of semiconductor Thin film technology can significantly reduce the nanocrystals. The band gap of quantum dot is cost of organic solar cells (26). Low carrier mo- determined by its size and therefore, the main bility and poor optical absorption coefficient are advantage of quantum dot cell is that its band the two most critical issues in the production of gap can be precisely controlled by varying its polymer based thin film organic SCs. Light trap- size. The IBSE (intermediate band SCs) have been ping techniques and anti reflection techniques considered as the most attractive method of can be used for enhancing the PCE of organic solar energy harvesting because these solar SCs. The optical absorption efficiency of organic cells can generate electricity by absorbing pho- SCs can be improved by using techniques such tons with lower energy (energy less than the as use of metallic nanostructures to scatter in- band gap of silicon). Quantum dot cells exhibit cident sunlight and by plasmonic nanostructures higher JSC without degrading VOC (24). Vapour with different shapes in the absorbing layer. In phase-epitaxy and solid source molecular beam- 2013, Dong Liu et al. (26) reported a n-Si/ epitaxy are the two most commonly used tech- PEDOT:PSS organic-inorganic hybrid cell with a niques to grow InAs quantum dots on InGaP/ PCE of 11%. Dong Liu et al. (27) studied the in- GaAs material system. InGaP act as a spacer fluence of different passivation materials such layer. InAs quantum dots are always associated as PEI (polyethylenimine), PVA (polyvinylalcohol) with quantum well islands. It is very difficult to and PMMA (poly (methyl methacrylate)) on the grow InAs quantum dot without quantum well PV-performance of n-Si/PEDOT:PSS organic-in- islands due to the specific growth mechanism organic hybrid cell and observed that hybrid of InAs (23). For achieving high efficiency, usu- solar cell with PEI passivation exhibited the high- ally n-i-p structure is preferred for quantum dot est PCE of 11% compared with hybrid solar cell solar cells. A two step photon up conversion with PVA and PMMA passivation materials. The process is utilized in IBSC solar cells. That is, passivation layer thickness also plays a crucial initially an electron transit from VB (Valance role on the PV-performance of organic SCs . The Band) to IB (Intermediate Band) by absorbing a PCE of organic SCs can be enhanced by using below-energy band gap photon and this elec- multiple optical absorbing materials. The use tron jump from IB to CB (Conduction Band) by of multiple light absorbing materials widens the absorbing another below-band gap energy pho- absorption spectrum which results in the en- ton. This two step photon up conversion pro- hancement of PCE of organic SCs (25, 27). cess enhances JSC without degrading VOC Conclusion: efficiency attained by silicon, Organic solar cells: perovskite, DSSCs, III-V SCs, flexible SCs, quan- [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 055 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 tum dot cell and organic solar cells are 27.6%, (9) J.-C. Chou, C.-M. Chu, Y.-H. Liao, C.- 25.2%, 12.3%, 53.8%, 15.38%, 18.05% and H. Huang, Y.-J. Lin, H. Wu, Y.-H. Nien, Fabrica- 13.76% respectively. Among all leading PV tech- tion and photovoltaic properties of dye-sensi- nologies, III-V materials based multi-junction tized solar cells modified solar cells are the most efficient PV technology (10) F. Dimroth, T.N. Tibbits, M. with over 50% PCE. To further enhance the PCE, Niemeyer, F. Predan, P. Beutel, C. Karcher, E. it is essential to improve the carrier collection, Oliva, G. Siefer, D. Lackner, P. Fuß-Kailuweit, light absorption and also to reduce the thermal- Four-junction wafer-bonded concentrator solar ization energy loss. cells, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6 (2015) 343– References: 349. (1) B. Min, M. Müller, H. Wagner, G. (11) J.-L. Hou, C.-H. Wu, S.-J. Chang, Fischer, R. Brendel, P.P. Altermatt, H. Neuhaus, Electrochromic device integrated with gainp/ A roadmap toward 24% efficient PERC solar cells gaas/ge triple-junction solar cell, IEEE Electron. in industrial mass production, IEEE Journal of Device Lett. 36 (2014) 207–209. Photovoltaics 7 (2017) 1541–1550. (12) T.W. Kim, Y. Kim, K. Kim, J.J. Lee, T. (2) C. Kranz, B. Wolpensinger, R. Brendel, Kuech, L.J. Mawst, 1.25-eV GaAsSbN/Ge double- T. 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Bolinger, G. GaInP/GaAs//Si solar cells by surface activated Barbose, The climate and air-quality benefits of direct wafer bonding, IEEE Journal of Photovol- wind and solar power in the United States, Na- taics 3 (2013) 1423–1428. ture Energy 2 (2017) 17134. (15)Z. Bi, J. Zhang, L. Lv, Y. Hao, The ef- (6) A. Martí, A. Luque, Three-terminal fect of 3-MeV proton irradiation on the perfor- heterojunction bipolar transistor solar cell for mance of InGaN/GaN MQWs solar cells, IEEE high-efficiency photovoltaic conversion, Nat. Photon. Technol. Lett. 26 (2014) 1492–1494. Commun. 6 (2015) 6902 (16) S.-w. Zeng, X.-m. Cai, B.-p. Zhang, (7) A. Gagliardi, S. Mastroianni, D. Demonstration and study of photovoltaic per- Gentilini, F. Giordano, A. Reale, T.M. Brown, A. formances of InGaN pin homojunction solar Di Carlo, Multiscale modeling of dye solar cells cells, IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 46 (2010) 783– and comparison with experimental data, IEEE J. 787. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 16 (2010) 1611–1618. (17) M. Lueck, C. Andre, A. Pitera, M.L. (8)A.L. Cost, High-efficiency solar cell Lee, E. Fitzgerald, S. Ringel, Dual junction GaInP/ based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 film, brian GaAs solar cells grown on metamorphic SiGe/Si OReagan and michael gr€aetzel, Nature 353 substrates with high open circuit voltage, IEEE (1991) 737–746. Electron. Device Lett. 27 (2006) 142–144. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 056 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 (18) D. Shahrjerdi, B. Hekmatshoar, D.K. Sadana, Low-temperature a-Si: H/GaAs 11 heterojunction solar cells, IEEE Journal of Pho- tovoltaics 1 (2011) 104–107. (19) F. Dimroth, T. Roesener, S. Essig, C. SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG Weuffen, A. Wekkeli, E. Oliva, G. Siefer, K. Volz, HINDU-MUSLIM STUDENTS T. Hannappel, D. H€aussler, Comparison of di- rect growth and wafer bonding for the fabrica- Vikash Kumar tion of GaInP/GaAs dual-junction solar cells on silicon, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 4 (2014) Dept. of Psychology, 620–625. R. C. College, sakra, B. R. A. Bihar university, (20)W.-C. Yang, C. Lo, C.-Y. Wei, W.-S. Lour, Muzaffarpur, Bihar Cell-temperature determination in InGaP–(In) GaAs–Ge triple-junction solar cells, IEEE Elec- ======***********======tron. Device Lett. 32 (2011) 1412–1414. Abstracts: - (21) I. Ramiro, J. Villa, P. Lam, S. Hatch, J. Wu, E. Lopez, E. Antolin, H. Liu, A. Marti, A. The present study aimed at examining Luque, Wide-band gap InAs/InGaP quantum-dot the effect of Religion on Social intelligence. For intermediate band solar cells, IEEE journal of this purpose, 70 graduate students (35 Hindu photovoltaic’s 5 (2015) 840–845. and 35 Muslim) were randomly selected from (22) D.M. Tex, I. Kamiya, Y. Kanemitsu, different colleges of Hazaribag district of Control of hot-carrier relaxation for realizing Jharkhand were studied on Social intelligence. ideal quantum-dot intermediate-band solar The age range of subjects from 17 to 22 years. cells, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 4125. Social intelligence was measured by Social (23) S. Asahi, H. Teranishi, K. Kusaki, T. intelligence scale, developed by Dr. N.K. Chadha Kaizu, T. Kita, Two-step photon up-conversion solar cells, Nat. Commun. 8 (2017) 14962. and Usha Ganeshan. The obtained data were (24) A.H. Fallahpour, D. Gentilini, A. analyzed and treated with the help of t-test. Gagliardi, M.A. der Maur, P. Lugli, A. Di Carlo, Comparative evaluations of the responses of Systematic study of the PCE and device opera- both the group i.e. Hindu and Muslim students tion of organic tandem solar cells, IEEE Journal a significant difference regarding the level of of Photovoltaics 6 (2015) 202–210. Social intelligence. Result show that Hindu (25) K.Q. Le, Broadband and polarization- students have better Social intelligence in insensitive solar absorption enhancement in comparison to the Muslim students. thin-film organic solar cells using metallic Keywords: - Social intelligence nanopillars, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 4 Introduction: - (2014) 1566–1569. (26) D. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Fang, F. Zhang, A study has been done to study the T. Song, B. Sun, An 11%-power-conversion-effi- impact of urban- rural settings on Social ciency organic–inorganic hybrid solar cell intelligence. Here, first of all, introduce the main achieved by facile organic passivation, IEEE Elec- term and concept used in the study, which is tron. Device Lett. 34 (2013) 345–347. social intelligence (27) Z. Zhou, S. Xu, J. Song, Y. Jin, Q. Yue, Social intelligence describes the capacity Y. Qian, F. Liu, F. Zhang, X. Zhu, High-efficiency to effectively navigate complex social relationship small-molecule ternary solar cells with a hier- and environment. Psychologist and Professor at archical morphology enabled by synergizing the London school of Economics Nicholas fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors, Nature Humphrey believes, it is Social intelligence or Energy 3 (2018) 952. the richness of our qualitative life, rather than [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 057 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 our quantitative intelligence, that truly makes indicates that our social relationship have a humans what they are For example, what its like direct effects on our physical health and the to be a human being living at the centre of the deeper the relationship the deeper the impact. conscious present, surrounded by smells and Goleman states that some physical effects of tastes and feels and the sense of being an our relationship upon our health are the blood extraordinary metaphysical entity with properties flow of one body, one’s breathing, one’s mood which hardly seen to belong to physical world. and even decreased power of one’s immune Social scientist Rose Honeywill believes system. Social intelligence quotient is an aggregated Educational researcher Raymond H. measure of self and social awareness evolved Hartjen asserts that expended opportunities for social beliefs and attitudes and a capacity and social interaction enhance intelligence. appellate to mange complex social change. A Traditional classroom do not permit the person with high social intelligence quotients interaction of complex social behavior. Instead, (SQ) is no better or worse than some one with a children in traditional setting are treated as low SQ, they just have different attitudes, learners who must be infused with more and hopes, interest and desires. more complex forms of information. Social intelligence according to the Purpose: - The main purpose of the present study original definition of Edward Thorndike is, “The was to examine the role of Religion on Social ability to understand and manage men and intelligence. women, boys and girls, to act wisely in human Hypothesis: - Hindu and Muslim students will relation”. It is equivalent to Interpersonal be significantly differ in the level of Social intelligence, one of the types of intelligences intelligence. identified in Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple Methodology: - intelligences and closely related to theory of The methodology of the study was mind. divided into the following sections :- According to Sean Foleno, ‘Intelligence a) Sample: - The sample of the study was drawn is a person’s competence to comprehend his or from graduate colleges of Hazaribag district of her environment optimally and react appropriately Jharkhand. Altogether 70 students (35 Hindu and for socially successful conduct. Social intelligence 35 Muslim) were selected for the purpose by is closely related to cognition and emotional incidental sampling technique. intelligence. Research Psychologists studying b) Tests :- The following tests were used :- social cognition and Social neuroscience have I. Personal Data sheet: - Designed by the discovered many principles which human Social researcher, the personal data sheet comparised intelligence operates. details of the sample such as name, age, In early work on this topic, Psychologist education, sex, residence, religion, qualification, Nancy Cantor and John Kihlstrom outlined the college name, address etc. kinds of concept people use to make sense of II. Social Intelligence scale: - This scale have their social relations and the rules they use to been designed by Dr. N.K. chadha and Usha draw inferences and plan actions. Ganeshan. The test contain 66 items. It measures More recently, popular science-writer eight dimension i.e. Patience, Co-operativeness, Daniel Goleman has drawn on social neuro confidence, sensitivity, Recognition of Social science research to propose that Social environment, Tactfulness Sense of Humour and intelligence is made up of social awareness and Memory. In this scale the highest score is 138 social facility. Goleman’s immense research and lowest score is 36. The reliability of this [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 058 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 test is 0.86 and validity is 0.91. Honeywill, Rose. Research Director, III. Procedure: - After establishing rapport with Social intelligence lab, http:// www.social the subjects, the personal data sheet and social intelligence.com/ intelligence. Scale was administered. The Humphrey, Nicholas. Professor, London scoring was made as per the directions of the School of Economics, http:// www.isc.ac.uk. manuals concerned. Thereafter, the obtained Thordike, EL. (1920). Intelligence and its data were analysed using t-test as given below. use. Harper’s magazine, 140, 227-235. Result and discussion: - The finding of the study has been tabulated in Table Table Comparison between Hindu and Muslim students with respect to their Social Intelligence score.
Hindu Muslim Students Students N 35 35 M 98.74 87.62 SD 6.74 17.68 t 3.485 df 68
Table shows the Social intelligence of Hindu and Muslim students. The N. M. SD Scores of Hindu students are 35, 98.74, 6.74 and Muslim students are 35, 87: 62, 17.68 respectively. The differences between both mean score are found highly significant at 0.01 levels. Conclusion: - The hypothesis that is; Hindu and Muslim students will be significantly differ in the level of Social intelligence’ is supported by the finding. This finding indicates that Hindu students are more Social intelligence in comparison to Muslim students.
References:- Contor, Nancy & Kihlstrom, John. Hand book of intelligence, 2nd Ed (pp359-379) Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University press. Goleman (2006). Social intelligenco; The new science of Human relationship Banton book. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 059 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 at the same time it offers a great deal of insight 12 into many social discourses.1 I believe that postmodernism is a tool to understand and A Postmodernism Perspective interpret recent surge of public protest in Indian political discourse. This paper aims to discuss on Public Protest postmodernism in respect of public protest in India. Prof. Gopal Prasad Keywords: Postmodernism, postmodernity, Head of the Department, public protest Department of Political science, Objective: The objective of this paper is to DDU Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur (UP) India understand postmodernism perspective behind recent public protest in India. Surendra Kumar Yadawa Methodology: The paper is based on the Research Scholar, analytical study of secondary data taken from Department of Political Science, various published sources like, reports, DDU Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur (UP) India newspapers, magazines, journals and the like. Introduction: ======***********======Postmodernism is a reaction to assumed Abstract certainty of scientific (objective) efforts to Postmodernism is a controversial term explain reality. In essence, it stems from a that was first used after middle part of the 20th recognition that reality is not simply mirrored in Century to describe experimental movements in human understanding of it, but rather, is western arts, architecture and cultural develop constructed as the mind tries to understand its ment in general. As a tool of social and political own particular and personal reality. Due to this, analysis, postmodernism highlights the shift postmodernism is skeptical of explanations away from societies structured by industriali which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, zation and class solidarity to increasingly traditions, or races, and rather focuses on the 2 fragmented and pluralistic information societies relative truths of each person. in which individuals are transformed from The basic tenet of modernity to producer to consumers, and individualism guarantee individual freedom and liberate the replaces class, religious and ethnic loyalties. individual from the external authority was From this perspective, conventional political reversed in paradoxical situation of liberating ideologies such as Marxism and Liberalism tend the individual on the basis of rationality on the to be rejected as irrelevant ‘meta-narratives’ one hand but at the same time subjugating the that developed out of the process of moderni individual to the system compulsions which zation. Postmodernists argue that there is no turns in to the perversion of rationality. The such thing as certainty, and that the idea of postmodernist consciousness is a strong absolute and universal is unacceptable. In this reaction to this systematic compulsion After the sense, postmodernism is an example of ‘anti- economic liberalization since 1991, there have foundationalism’. Emphasis is thus placed on the been a lot of changes in Indian society. Economic importance of discourse, debate and democracy. structure of our society has changed. The Philosophical postmodernism rejects absolute conventional closed market economy has answers to almost any question. Although, changed to knowledge based competitive postmodernism may reject dominant narratives, economy. The colonial economic structure has [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 060 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 been withering away through economic reforms merely as vote bank. They have desire to and things are becoming more market friendly. transform India from still psychologically feudal New service class has been added to the middle society in to a developed society. class. This service class has modern education The year of 2011 was the year of public and knows the use of new technology therefore protest. There were huge demonstrations on the their mind sate is rational and somewhat streets. First, a small coup occurred in the scientific too. Tunisia, the regime change was the outcome, Now-a-days, consumer satisfaction has and the whole world saw a huge mass become single parameter of judging utility of a mobilization on the Tahrir Square. People came good. People want service and quality, quality out in large numbers in the protest against old based services are getting importance. There is MahatirMoohamad’s regime. Demonstration a huge expansion in media technology. The rise was quite peaceful. The loyal army had no option of internet has led to a massive and unprece but to respect the desire and sentiment of the dented change in our society as well as media. people of Egypt. The protest in Egypt has been The internet has dominance in other walks of named as “Arab Spring”. It was a spontaneous lives too. Information revolution has demolished uprising that took every by surprise. After initial regional boundaries and paved the way for flip- flops, the West suggested that political globalization. Various kinds of information are transition “start now”.3 In this spring role of spreading through many kinds of source. Social social media was unprecedented. It played the media has transformed many things. People are instrumental role in channelizing the people. very much vocal on various socio-economic The Occupy Wall Street movement was a major issues and political and global challenges. follow up. A protester who was a college student Freedom of speech and expression has become said “we are moving fast, without a hierarchical very vital. It has given open challenge to main structure and lots of gears turning,” and who stream media too. In fact, it has changed our travelled from Cleveland to New York to thought process. help.”…Egos are clashing, but this is The process of globalization is participatory democracy in a little park.”4 connecting Indian people across the globe. In India too, middle class and lower There is flow of information and ideas, money, strata of society as well as capitalist want good and people moving across the world. governance and corruption free administration. Globalization has opened cultural boundaries. Due to many shortcomings in UPA 2nd govern People want to know about what is happening ment and policy paralysis fade up the mind of across the world. Caste and religion based society the people. In the meantime, Team Anna took is heading towards becoming cosmopolitan. the opportunity to launch a movement in India. Politicians who do not want to look This movement, better known as the anti- beyond their feudal and colonial ways of corruption movement, was a series of demon thinking are being rejected by the postmodern strations and protests across India for strong voters. The mind sate of Indian voter has legislation to get rid of corruption. The changed. Contemporary Indian voter has movement gained momentum in April 2011, outgrown the power structure of democratically when a well-known anti-corruption crusader elected ruler and the ruled population. They do Anna Hazare began a hunger strike at Jantar- not want only basic requirements of the life but, Mantar in New Delhi. The main motive behind they want world class facilities as well. They that movement was to denounce all kinds of are preferring leaders who do not treat them corruption and getting mass support in favor of [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 061 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 Janlokpal (Ombudsman). People came out in the panting etc. support of Anna’s movement for Janlokpal. At Second, many dimensions can be visible that time people learnt that Anna Hajare was in protest movements which took place and they sitting at Ramleela Ground for noble cause to are not monolithic in nature. People are trying root out corruption in public life. Anna Hazare their individual ways of adding new things to explained how people had the power to force get their particular protest movements get government. When he declared that in a multifaceted. democracy “people were the masters and the Third, due to technological changes Ministers and other government representatives protest movements are getting new kinds of only their servants or the trustees of their infrastructure which enable rapid mobilization money.5 Yoga Guru Rama Dev also sat atdharna of masses in a very short span of time from all in New Delhi against black money. In all these parts of the states and country. The reason is movements citizen participation was sponta that people are getting information from various neous and voluntary. If we examine this sources and sometime evaluating it too. It is movement in term of postmodernism perspective possible that people are no more aloof but are we find that the protest shows dissatisfaction individuals who have developed the feeling of of a section of society or some time it represents responsibility towards the larger social goal. It the will of the masses. Participators always want is important to note that given the enhanced change in the contemporary system, Post opportunity of visibility through social media, modernism is also change or be changed the people can share their ideas in shaping society, world. which leads to the very relativist and pluralist Before these movements use of social idea of truth; a true mark of postmodern media has changed lifestyle of common man understanding. and social media is in a position to put pressure Fourth, when we analyze contemporary on main stream media, earlier common man did protest movements, we find that different kinds not get proper coverage in media but in the of narrative have been emerging out. For changed scenario people are very much vocal instance, the question “Who is the leader?” is to express their views and ideas. Indian political very important in modern period. People look system thinks in a very traditional way and up to the leader, authority or the father figure people have moved from that traditional mind for direction and mostly following orders. sate. People are thinking rationally to root out However, what we found in Nirbhaya movement socio-economic discourse. was that when this news came out in public The Postmodernism Perspective: The domain people reacted spontaneously. Although Changing Nature of Protest Movement in students of JNU initiated agitation but by and India large the movement was leaderless and people Many things have been revealed by the from all walks of life took part in it and showed recent wave of nationwide protest in India. that whole India want exemplary punishment for First, the protesters took part in recent those who were involved in that heinous crime. past in various protest marches, agitations, and In other words, the deconstruction of the demonstrations represent a new socio-economic hierarchical structure of the pre-modern era and cultural mood that manifests itself in a new protest movement is visible. However, one may kind of way to show their anger, what we say that not all movements were without perceive in fast unto death, Jal Samadhi, hierarchical structure or lacked strategic and Jalsatyagrah, sand sculptor, candle march and tactical thinking behind them. Moreover, the [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 062 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 brain behind the Anna movement, Arvind Kezariwal, turned the movement into a political 13 party owned by him. This gives us the very important moral about the popular movements Physical Health Effects from which aim to completely change the society. Be it JP movement of the 70s against the of Yoga then Congress government for rampant corruption, or Anna Hazare’sLokpal movement Dr. Anushree Mahurkar in the recent years, we must remember that Off. Principal, resistance to change in the socio-political or Nagaji Maharaj Sharirik Shikshan, Nagpur economic structure is not possible given the rigidity of the modern ideas. And therefore, more ======***********======often than not, the attempt to create a new Abstract society collapses into even a worst form of the Yoga in way of life could be a system of very society it tries to change. apply consisting of eight levels of development within the areas of physical, mental, social and References: non secular health. Once the body is physically 1.Heywood, A. Politics, second edition, healthy, the mind is evident, centered and stress Palgrave. 2002. is in check. This offers the house to attach with 2. Singh, R. P. Philosophy Modern and idolized ones and maintain socially healthy Postmodern, second edition, New Delhi:OP, relationships. after you ar healthy you’re in 2002. contact together with your inner Self, with others 3. Pandey, U.Uttar-Adhuniktavad Aur and your surroundings on a far deeper level, that Gandhi,Rawat Publications,2007. adds to your non secular health. The word 4. Shyamlal,Studies in Social Protest, “Yoga” originates from Indic and means that “to Rawat Publications, 2013. be a part of, to unite”. Yoga exercises have a 5. Jacob Shamir/ Michal Shamir, The holistic result and convey body, mind, Anatomy of Public Opinion, Ann Arbor: consciousness and soul into balance. the most University of Michigan Press, 2000. goals of “Yoga in Daily Life” ar Physical Health, 6. The Hindu,October 17,2011 mental state, Social Health, and non secular 7. Frontline, Arab Uprising, February 25, Health, self-fulfillment or realization of the 2011, p.4-12 Divine inside U.S.A.. These goals ar earned by 8. Frontline, Beyond Anna Hazare, May, Love and facilitate for all living beings, Respect 6, 2011 for keeps, protection of nature and also the Footnotes setting, A peaceful state of mind, Full feeder 1 Heywood, A. Politics, second edition, diet, Pure thoughts and positive style, Physical, 2002, p. 66. mental and non secular practices, Tolerance for 2 Singh, R. P. Philosophy Modern and all nations, cultures and religions. Hinduism Postmodern, second edition, 2002, pp.34-35 techniques ar known to boost one’s overall 3 Frontline, Arab Uprising, February 25, performance. Pranayama is a vital, nonetheless 2011, p.4-12 very little known a part of Yoga. Recently, this 4 The Hindu, October 17, 2011 art and science of Hindooism respiratory was 5 Frontline, Beyond Anna Hazare, May, nearly utterly unknown to the somebody like 6, 2011 several different ancient Indian arts. Pranayama [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 063 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 techniques act to purify the nadis as well as reportable that the studies reviewed showed an these 3 main energy channels. oversized kind of diagnoses starting from “major Keyword- health, yoga, meditation, pranayam depression or another style of diagnosed Introduction depression” to “elevated depressive symptoms”. The abstract background of yoga has its though many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) origins in ancient Indian philosophy. There ar reportable useful effects of yoga interventions various fashionable colleges or styles of yoga. for treating depressive symptoms, the standard Each having its own distinct stress relating to and amount of the info from these studies seem the relative content of physical postures and deficient to conclude whether or not there’s exercises (asanas), breathingmtechniques substantial clinical justification to think about (pranayama), deep relaxation, and meditation yoga as a treatment of depression. Compared practices that cultivate awareness and to passive controls, the yoga interventions ultimately additional profound states of appear to be effective; in comparison with active consciousness. the applying of yoga as a controls, not amazingly, the results ar less therapeutic intervention, that began early within conclusive. The study results ar to this point not the twentieth century, takes advantage of the ample in amount and quality to see whether or assorted psycho physiological edges of the part not studies with attention on the asanas ar practices. The physical exercises (asanas) might simpler as compared to studies with meditation- increase patient’s physical flexibility, coordination, focused or pranayama-focussed designs. Thus, and strength, whereas the respiratory practices there’s a robust ought to conduct additional and meditation might calm and focus the mind conclusive studies with high method quality and to develop greater awareness and diminish bigger patient samples. Whether or not anxiety and therefore lead to higher quality of motivation of depressed patients can be a tangle life. Different useful effects may involve a or not remains to be processed. There has been discount of distress, pressure, and enhancements a trial to explore mechanisms of action and to in resilience, mood, and metabolic regulation. grasp the entire image of the results of yoga in religion expressed that a majority of the analysis depression viewing electrophysiological markers on yoga as a therapeutic intervention was of attention, and neurotransmitters that were conducted in Asian country and a major fraction found to vary with yoga. of those were revealed in Indian journals, a Yoga could be a ancient methodology of number of that ar troublesome to accumulate meditation developed by the saints of ancient for Western clinicians and researchers. In their Asian country. They practiced yoga as an bibliometric analysis from 2004, they found that efficient methodology of dominant their mind forty eighth of the listed studies were and bodily activities. Yoga in way of life could uncontrolled, whereas four-hundredth were be a system of apply consisting of eight levels randomized clinical trials (RCT), and 12-tone of development within the areas of physical, system non-RCT (N-RCT). Main classes that were mental, social and non secular health. addressed were psychiatrically, vessel, and Peace of Mind metabolic process disorders. To live harmonized with one and also the We found four relevant publications, as setting is that they would like of each human. well as 2 reviews on the results of yoga on However, in modern world larger physical and depression, an outline of studies on Hindooism emotional demands ar perpetually placed upon respiratory [6] for depression, and one several areas of life. The result: additional and “summary”. The reviewing authors have additional folks suffer from physical and mental [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 064 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 tension like stress, anxiety, insomnia, and Yoga Condition there’s an imbalance in physical activity and Physical Fitness was one review article correct exercise. that evaluated whether or not yoga will This why of ways and techniques for the engender fitness in older adults 10 studies with attainment and improvement of health, similarly 544 participants (mean age sixty nine.9±6.3) as physical, mental and non secular harmony, were included; five of those studies were RCTs, are of nice importance, And it’s specifically and five studies had a single-arm pre/post- during this respect that “Yoga in Daily Life” design. With relation to condition and comprehensively offers an aid to assist one’s performance, the studies reportable moderate self. Throughout the numerous years that I even result sizes for gait, balance, body flexibility, have been active in western countries, I even body strength, and weight loss. However, there’s have become acquainted with the trendy style still a desire for added analysis trials with and also the physical and psychological issues adequate management interventions (active and moon-faced by the folks of nowadays. The data specific) to verify these promising findings. and knowledge I gained diode Pine Tree State One might expect that retentive to develop the system of “Yoga in Daily Life”. condition and up physical functioning will have It’s systematic and graduated, group action all a positive result on useful skills and self- areas of life and providing one thing valuable autonomy in older adults. any studies ought to for every part of life. Notwithstanding age or address whether or not or not individuals’ vanity physical constitution, this method opens the and sureness can increase throughout the classical path of Yoga to any or all. In developing courses, and whether or not or not regular this method to accommodate the wants of categories can also improve social ability and today’s folks, abundant thought was given to the involvement. a tangle with studies enrolling old conditions inside fashionable society, while not subjects is compliance with the study protocol losing the originality and result of the traditional resulting in low levels of study completion and teachings. future follow-up information. Future studies The system “Yoga in Daily Life” is ought to investigate the foremost applicable educated worldwide in Yoga Centers, Adult length of yoga intervention and also the best Education Centers, Health establishments, suited postures and yoga vogue for the old. Fitness and Sports Clubs, Rehabilitation Centers Vessel Endurance. Raub’s literature review, and Health Resorts. It’s appropriate for all age including seven controlled studies, reportable teams - it needs no “acrobatic” skills and “significant enhancements in overall vessel additionally provides the unfit, similarly as unfit, endurance of young subjects WHO got variable unwell and convalescent folks, the likelihood of periods of yoga coaching (months to years)”. active Yoga. The name itself indicates that Yoga Outcome measures enclosed chemical element is and will be used “in Daily Life”. The exercise consumption, work output, anaerobic threshold, levels were figured out in consultation with and blood breastfeed throughout exercise doctors and physiotherapists and may thus with testing. needless to say, condition inflated in observation of the expressed rules and adolescents or young adults (athletes and precautions be practiced severally reception by primitive individuals) compared to different anyone. “Yoga in Daily Life” could be a holistic styles of exercise, with a extended length of system, which suggests it takes into thought not yoga apply resulted in higher viscous endurance. solely the physical, however additionally the Community Fitness mental and non secular aspects. Social health is that the ability to be [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 065 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 happy inside oneself and to be ready to build Three systematic reviews examined the others happy. It means that to nurture real results of yoga on risk indices related to contact and communication with others, to endocrine resistance syndrome, risk profiles in assume responsibility inside society and to adults with sort two and also the management figure for the community. Social health is known many studies on the results of yoga on additionally the power to relax and knowledge endocrine resistance syndrome associated life altogether its beauty. variables, that is, 2 RCTs, 2 non-RCTs, and eight One of the growing issues of our times uncontrolled clinical trials. These studies is addiction. It’s a transparent sign of social reportable post intervention improvement in malady. The system of “Yoga in Daily Life” will numerous indices in adults. However, the results assist in overcoming this malady and grant folks varied by population (healthy adults, adults at a replacement, positive aim and purpose in life. disorder risk, adults with sort two polygenic The importance of keeping sensible, positive disorder, etc.) and study style. company encompasses a nice influence upon However, the length of treatment within our psyche; intrinsically fellowship moulds and the reviewed studies was variable (ranging from forms our temperament and character. Positive twenty min. session per day to a few to 5 90min. company is of nice importance in non secular sessions within the 3-4h per day for eight days, development. Living “Yoga in Daily Life” means two sessions per day (25–35 min) for three that to figure for ourselves and for the advantage months to forty min per day for six months, and of others. to try to to valuable and constructive seventy two four h sessions throughout twelve work for our neighbors and also the community, months within the review by Innes and Vincent. to preserve nature and also the setting and work The AHRQ cites 2 studies scrutiny yoga versus for peace within the world. To apply Yoga means medication that reportable an oversized and vital that to move within the most positive sense and reduction of fast aldohexose in people with sort to figure for the welfare of all of humanity two polygenic disorders in one study, and a Cultivate unsubduable can apply self-control and smaller however still vital improvement within self-mastery. Have sureness. Develop freelance the different study. The authors mentioned judgment don’t argue. Try continuously for self- variations within the study populations, and fulfillment. Kill this tiny ego. Develop pure love. interventions as attainable clarification for the Rise in particular distinctions of caste, creed and determined heterogeneousness of results. color. Hand over the thought of ‘I-ness’, ‘Mine- To conclude the basic principle of “Yoga ness’. Look inside for the happiness that you in Daily Life” is non secular freedom. Yoga isn’t have got sought-after vainly within the sensual a faith - it’s the supply of spirituality and objects. knowledge, the basis of all religions. Yoga Do not try and displace the unimportant transcends non secular boundaries and divulges and digressive thoughts. The additional you are the thanks to unity. “Yoga in Daily Life” offers trying, the additional can they come and also the non secular aspirant steerage on life’s path the additional strength can they gain. You’ll through the practices of Mantra Yoga and Kriya solely tax your energy and can. Become Yoga because the most extremely developed indifferent. Fill the mind with divine thoughts. beings upon earth, human are ar capable of The others can step by step vanish. Get yourself realizing their real nature and inner Self, God. established in Nirvikalpa Samadhi through The non secular goal of Yoga is God-Realization, meditation. the union of the individual soul with God. The Yoga and Body growth conclusion that we tend to ar all one in our [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 066 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 common root and association to God is that the whereas non-public regular practices reception initiative choices relating to your health and may well be harder to perform systematically. successfulness and a free, happy life, ar in your These factors ought to be addressed in any hands. apply frequently with firm determination studies. Argued that the majority studies were and success are going to be bound. from Asian country wherever “yoga is AN integral While it’s not shocking that condition is a part of a long cultural and non secular improved by coaching, victimization either yoga tradition.” it’s therefore unclear whether or not or standard exercises, it’s of interest that in adherence in Western patients may well be an people with pain yoga might have useful effects equivalent. Several of the Indian clinical trials, with overall moderate effects sizes. However, that are conducted in residential settings, not these effects were sturdy significantly in healthy generally found outside Asian country, embody people, however abundant weaker in patients yoga category interventions five to seven days with chronic pain conditions. The useful effects per week, whereas such compliance wouldn’t may well be explained by AN inflated physical be attainable with patient populations outside flexibility, by calming and focusing the mind to Asian country. However, such practices ar develop larger awareness and diminish anxiety, unlikely to be continued, a minimum of at such reduction of distress, and improvement of mood, intensity. If as believed by some yoga then forth as a result of patients might practitioners, the intensity of the apply ought acknowledge that they’re ready to be physically to be larger at the start of medical aid, such active, even despite of dogging pain symptoms, programs would be a wonderful thanks to begin they’ll thus expertise higher self-competence yoga treatment. and awareness, that contributes to higher quality In India, there’s a gradual shift within the of life. Conceivably, asanas significantly have a perspective towards yoga with most urban positive result on fitness and physical flexibility Indians underneath the age of thirty five basic with a secondary result on the condition, cognitive process yoga could be a thanks to keep whereas the pranayama practices and match instead of attaching an equivalent cultural relaxation/ meditation techniques might lead to importance thereto, that earlier generations did. larger awareness, less stress, and better well- For these reasons, society studies (which ar being and quality of life. lacking) victimization a standardized inter Conclusion vention given to a population in Asian country However, this remains to be shown in and parallel conducted elsewhere would be well-performed future studies. as a result of terribly helpful. Taken along, whereas many patients ar engaged within the yoga practices reviews recommend positive edges of yoga, as a self-care behavioral treatment, yoga numerous method limitations (including tiny interventions may well increase sureness and sample sizes, heterogeneousness of controls self-efficacy. On the opposite hand, patients and interventions) limit the generalizability of with psychological burdens and/or low those promising study findings. it’s quite motivation may well be less willing to probably that yoga might facilitate to boost participate absolutely in intensive yoga patient self-efficacy, self ability, condition, and interventions. a number of these studies found cluster support, and will preferably be effective comparatively low participation and high as a valedictory adjunct to mitigate medical dropout rates in a number of the analyzed conditions, however not nonetheless as a tried studies. Patient compliance is also higher with complete, curative treatment certificatory the social support inside cluster interventions, studies with higher method quality and [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 067 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 adequate management interventions ar required.
References- K. E. Innes, C. Bourguignon, and A. G. Taylor, “Risk indices associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and possible protection with yoga: a systematic review,” Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, vol. 18, 2005. L. A. Uebelacker, G. Epstein-Lubow, B. A. Gaudiano, G. Tremont, C. L. Battle, and I. W. Miller, “Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for efficacy, plausible mechanisms of action, and directions for future research,” Journal of Psychiatric Practice, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 22–33, 2010. D. S. Shanna off-Khalsa, L. E. Ray, S. Levine, C. C. Gallen, “Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder,” 1999. Jella SA, Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. The effects of unilateral nostril breathing on cognitive performance. Int J Neurosci 1993. Swami Sivananda 1999, The Divine Life Society, Distt. Tehri-Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, Himalayas, India. V. Singh, A. Wisniewski, J. Britton, and A. Tattersfield, “Effect of yoga breathing exercises (pranayama) on airway reactivity in subjects with asthma,”
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ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ :- ¿ÖêŸÖ•Ö×´ÖÖß¾Ö¸üᯙ ¯»ÖÖò™üàÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ“Öê 1. ¯ÖÖê»ÖßÃÖ ´ÖÖÖÔ¤üÙ¿ÖúÖ, ¯ÖÖê»ÖßÃÖ ¯ÖÖšü¶Îú´Ö ¯ÖãÛßÖúÖ, †¯¯Ö¸ü ¯ÖÖê»ÖßÃÖ ´ÖÆüÖÃÖÓ“ÖÖ»Öú, ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü ¸üÖ•µÖ, ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô. †ÖÎú´ÖÖ : ²ÖßÖÖÖ 2. ›üÖò. ´ÖÖêúÖ¿Öß ´Ö¬Öãú¸ü, ¯ÖÖê»ÖßÃÖ : ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö †Ö×Ö ¿ÖÖÃÖÖ, ÃÖêÆü¾Ö¬ÖÔÖ ¯ÖÏúÖ¿ÖÖ, ¯ÖãÖê ¯ÖÏÖ. ׿־ÖÖ•Öß ÆãüÃÖê 3. ׸ü²Öê¸üÖê •Öê.‹±ú. ²Öã»Öê™ü ±úÖò¸ü ²Öã»Öê™ü , דÖÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖÛ²»Ö¿ÖÃÖÔ, ´Ö¸üÖšüß ×¾Ö³ÖÖÖ ¯ÖÏ´ÖãÖ, ¯ÖãÖê. ׿־ÖÖ•Öß ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, ú®Ö›ü, וÖ. †Öî¸ÓüÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ü 4. •ÖÖê¿Öß »Ö´ÖÖ¿ÖÖáÖß, ÃÖÓ¯ÖÖ¤üú, ´Ö¸üÖšüß ×¾ÖÀ¾ÖúÖê¿Ö ÖÓ›ü 10, ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü ¸üÖ•µÖ ´Ö¸üÖšüß ×¾ÖÀ¾ÖúÖê¿Ö ×ÖÙ´ÖŸÖß ´ÖÓ›üôû, ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô ======***********======5. ÃÖÖê´ÖÖ ¤ü.¿ÖÓ. ¾Ö ÃÖã¬ÖÖ ÃÖÖê´ÖÖ, †Ö¯Ö»ÖÖ ¯ÖÖê×»ÖßÃÖ , ¸üÖ•ÖÆÓüÃÖ ¿ÖÆü¸êü •ÖÃÖ•Ö¿Öß ±ãúÖŸÖ Öê»Öß ŸÖÃÖ-ŸÖÃÖÖ ¿ÖÆü¸üß »ÖÖêúÖÓÖÖ ¯ÖÏúÖ¿ÖÖ, ¯ÖãÖê. ¸üÖÆüµÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ¿Ö ×Ö´ÖÖÔÖ ÆüÖê‰ú »ÖÖÖ»ÖÖ ŸµÖÖŸÖæÖ ±»Öò™ü ÃÖÓÃéúŸÖß ˆ¤üµÖÖ»ÖÖ 6. ÖÖê¯Ö›êü ÃÖã¸êü¿Ö, ÖÖ¾ÖßµÖ¯ÖãÖÔ µÖÖê•ÖÖÖ, ÃÖêÆü ¯ÖÏúÖ¿ÖÖ, ¯ÖãÖê †Ö»Öß. ¿ÖÆü¸üÓ Ö““Ö ÆüÖê‰ú »ÖÖÖ»Öß. ŸµÖÖŸÖæÖ ¯ÖµÖÖÔµÖ ´ÆüÖæÖ ¿ÖÆü¸êü 7. 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1 0 e m[aarH$ N>idUyH$ Pmboë¶ m A Wdm ~b mËH$ma P mboë¶m A ˶m Mm[aV {ó ¶m§À¶m ~m~VrV {O ëhm eë¶{M{H$ËgH$ ({gìhrb gO ©Z) d ‘{hbm ~mb {dH$mg A {YH$mè¶mMo à‘mUnÌ VgoM ~b mËH$ma g§~§YmV nmobrg R>mʶm‘ܶo JwÝømMr Zm|X P më¶ mMo nmobrg R>mʶmMo à‘mU nÌ KoUo A mdí¶H$ amhrb. 1 1 A ) KQ>ñ’$moQ> à{ H«$¶ oVrb pñ̶m, Á¶m nVr- nËZrZ o H$m¶Xoera K Q>ñ’$moQ> {‘iʶmgmR>r ݶm¶mb¶ mH$S>o AO © Ho$bm A mho. na§V w KQ>ñ’$moQ> {‘iʶM r A §Vr‘ H$m¶ ©dmhr P mbobr Z mhr. Ae m H$mbmdYr nV rnmgyZ doJù¶m amhU mèè¶m {ó¶m§Zr [aVga K Q>ñ’$moQ> {‘iʶmgmR>r ݶm¶ mb¶mH$S >o Ho$boë¶ m A Om©Mr g˶ àV d nVrnmgyZ doJi r amhV A gë¶ m~ÔbMo g§~§{YV JmdmÀ¶m V bmR>r d J«m‘godH$ ¶ m§Zr g§¶wº$sH$[a˶m {Xb obo à‘mU nÌ gmXa H$aUo Amd í¶H$ amhrb. VgoM ehar ^mJmgmR>r VbmR>r qH$dm ZJanm{bH$m/‘hmZJa nm{bH$m§Mo H$a {Z arjH$ ¶m§Zr {Xbobo à‘mUnÌ Amdí¶H$ amhrb. ~) KQ>ñ’$moQ> Pmboë¶m na§V w nmoQ>Jr Z {‘iUmè¶m qH$dm ¶m ¶moO ZoV {dhrV Ho$boë¶m C ËnÞ ‘¶m©Xonojm H$‘r nmoQ>Jr {‘i Umè ¶m ‘{hbm AZwXmZ {‘iʶm nm Ì a mh V r b . KQ>ñ’$moQ> P më¶ m~m~V ݶm¶mb¶mÀ¶ m {Z U©¶Mr àV d nmoQ>JrMr a¸$‘ ¶ m~m~VMm nwamdm gmXa H$aUo A mdí¶H$ amhrb . H$) n[aV³Ë¶mV {ó¶ m§À¶m ~m~VrV Á¶m ó rb m EH$ dfm©nojm A {YH$ H$mbmdYrnmgyZ nVrZo gmoS>bo Amho qH$dm {V bm nVr Zm§XdV Z mhr d ˶ m‘wio Aem ó rb m ñdV§Ì nUo qH$dm ZmV odmB©H$m§H$S>o amhmdo b mJVo A em {ó ¶ m nmÌ A gV rb. ¶m~m~V VbmR>r d J«m‘godH$ ¶m§Mm g §¶wº$ XmIbm Amdí¶H$ amhrb . e h a r ^ mJm‘ܶo V bmR>r dm ZJanm{bH$m/ ‘hmZJanm{bH$m§Mo H$a {Zarj H$ ¶m§Zr {Xbobo à‘mUnÌ Amdí¶H$ amhrb.
1 2 doí¶m ì¶dgm¶ mVyZ ‘wº$ Ho$b oë¶ {ó¶m§À¶m ~m~V rV, ‘{hbm d ~mb {dH$mg A{YH$mè¶m§Mo Aem ‘{hbobm doí¶m ì¶dg m¶mVyZ ‘wº$ Ho$ë ¶mM o à‘mU nÌ d { V b m emgZ mÀ¶m Aݶ ¶moO ZoImbr {Z¶‘rV ‘m{gH$ Am{W©H$ bm^ {‘i V Zgë¶m~m~VMo à‘mUnÌ gmXa H$aU o Amdí¶ H$ amhrb. 1 3 A Z mW ‘ wb o- ‘wbr åhUOo AmB©- dS>rb ‘¥Ë¶w‘ wIr nS>ë¶ m‘wio A ZmW Pmbob r d H$moU˶ mhr emgH$s¶/ {Z‘emgH$s¶/emgZ AZwXmZ rV A ZmW Aml‘mV Z a mh U ma o ‘ wb o- ‘wbr ¶m§Z m bm^ {‘iob. AmB©- dS>rb ‘¥Ë¶w‘wI r nS>ë¶m‘ wio AZmW Agë¶m~Ôb Vb mR>r d J«m‘godH$ ¶m§Mo d g§~§YrV ‘ {hbm d ~mb {dH$mg A{YH$mar ¶m§Mo à‘mUnÌ A mdí¶H$ amhrb. A ZmW ‘wbo/ ‘wbtZm Xo¶ A gbobo AW©ghmæ¶ ho bm^mWu gkmZ hmoB©n¶ªV ˶m§À¶m g§~§YrV nmbH$m§Zm XoʶmV ¶oB©b.
1 4 {dYdm Á¶m órÀ¶ m nVrMo {ZYZ Pm bo Amho A er ór ¶m ¶ moOZoImb r bm^ {‘iʶmg nmÌ amhrb. nVrMo {ZYZ Pmë¶m~Ôb g§~§Yr J«m‘ n§Mm¶V/ZJa n[afX/‘hmZJanm{bHo$À¶m ‘¥Ë¶w Z m|XdhrVrb CVmam gmXa H$aUo A mdí¶H$ amhrb. 1 5 emgZmÀ¶m Aݶ H$moU˶mhr ¶moO ZoI mbr {Z¶{‘V ‘m{gH$ Am{W©H$ bm^ KoV A gbobr ì¶ º$s g§O ¶ Jm§Yr {ZamYma A ZwXmZ ¶moO ZoImbr bm^ Koʶmg nmÌ amhUma Z m hr .
1 6 g§O¶ Jm§Yr {ZamYma AZwXmZ ¶moO Zo‘Yrb b m^mWr© 65 dfm©Mo Pmë¶mZ§Va ˶ m bm^m϶mªZm lmdU~mi godm amÁ¶ {Z d¥ÎmrdV Z ¶moOZ m d B§Xram Jm§Y r amîQ´>r¶ d¥ÜXnH$mi {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ ¶moOZo‘ܶo ¶ m ¶moOZ m§À¶m {ZH$fm§À ¶m A {YZ amhÿZ g ‘mdyZ KoVbo O mB©b. 1 7 EImÚ m {d{eï> àH$aU r emgZmH$S>o àmá Pmboë¶m d {dhrV A Q>r nyU© H$arV Agboë¶ m A O©XmamMm AO© ‘§Oya H$aʶ mMo A{YH$ma emgZmbmgwÜXm a mh V r b .
g§X^© :- 1) dmQ>Mmb, gm‘m{OH$ ݶm¶mÀ¶m {XeoZo, gm‘m{OH$ ݶm¶ d {deof ghmæ¶ {d^mJ, ‘hmamï´> emgZ (2013) 2) ‘hmamï´> emgZ, gm‘m{OH$ ݶm¶ d {deof ghmæ¶ {d^mJ, emgZ {ZU©¶ H«$. {dI¶mo-2010/à.H«$ 175 {dg¶mo2, {XZm§H$ 26 Am°³Q>mo~a 2010.
[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 078 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 T;kyk ç;ksx’kkGkr vksG[krk ;srks- ;ksx’kkL= gs 18 vls foKku’kkL= vkgs- T;ke/;s ‘kjhj’kkL=] ekul’kkL= ;ksx O;k;kekpk ‘kkGsrhy vkf.k lekt’kkL= lkj[;k foKkukapk ‘kk[kkapk lekos’k vkgs- ;ksxkP;k ek/;ekus euq”;kl pkaxys LokLFk izkIr eqyhaP;k ekalis’kh lgu’khyrsoj gksrs- iM.kkjk çHkko&,d vH;kl ;ksxkH;kl gh ,d mÙke O;k;ke i/nrh vkgs th vU; i/nrhais{kk vf/kd mÙke fnlwu ;srs- MkW- o”kkZ ckjksdj dkj.k R;ke/;s ‘kkjhfjd] ekufld] laosxkRed] fparke.kh ‘kkjhfjd f’k{k.k egkfo|ky; o/kkZ Hkkofud vkf.k lkekftd ;k egRoiw.kZ ?kVdkaoj fu;a=.k vlwu izHkko fnlwu ;srks- ;ksxkH;klk}kjs eqykaP;k MkW- lqjs[kk /kk=d ekalis’khae/;s ,d f[kpko fuekZ.k gksÅu ekalis’kh Lo- Ogh-,u-,l-,l- egkfo|ky; Ukanuou] ukxiwj fodflr o lqn`< gks.;kl enr gksrs- ;ksxkH;klkpk njjkstP;k lo;heqGs ekuoh ‘kjhj lqn` [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 081 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 ikjaikfjd fidk,soth QGckx ykxoM] is;tykph jkT;kP;k osxosxGÓkk Hkkxkr ykxw dsyh- izFke iz;ksx iwrZrk dj.;kr ;sÅ ykxyh- rlsp ouhdj.kkP;k Eg.kwu 1970 e/;s ^jkstxkj geh ;kstuk* jkT;kP;k ek/;ekrwu xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy yksdkauk xqjkalkBh pkÚ;kph dkgh Hkkxkr ykxw dsyh ;kp dkGkr cssdkjhph miyC/krk d#u ns.;kr vkyh- lu 2003 e/;s frozrk y{kkr ?ksrk xzkeh.k Hkkxkr jkg.kkÚ;k yksdkauk la;qDr iqjksxkeh vk?kkMh ljdkjus lRrsoj vlrkuk vaxesgurhps dke dj.kkÚ;k etwjkauk jkstxkj ^leku fdeku dk;ZØe* tkghj d#u ;k dk;ZØek miyC/k Ogkok ;k n`”Vhus fopkj dsyk xsyk- Hkkjrh; varxZr lIVsacj 2005 yk jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj lafo/kkukP;k vuqPNsn 41 e/;s izR;sd ukxfjdkl geh ;kstuk gk vf/kfu;e r;kj d#u 2 Qscqzokjh dke dj.;kpk gDd funZf’kr dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- 2006 iklwu gk dk;ZØe ns’kkrhy 200 ftYgÓkk ojhy dke dj.;kps rRo y{kkr ?ksÅu ekpZ 1972 e/;s jkcfo.;kr vkyk vkgs- ;ke/;s egkjk”Vª jkT;krhy e/;s jkstxkj geh ;kstuk laiw.kZ egkjk”Vªkr ykxw dsyh- 12 ftYgs vkgsr- b- l- 1972 lkyh egkjk”Vªkr vod”kkZeqGs jkstxkj geh ;kstusph ik’oZHkqeh & nq”dkGh ifjfLFkrh gksrh- R;keqGs ;kstusrwu yksdkauk Hkkjrkr fu;kstukph lq#okr lu 1951 iklwu mRiknd dkes iwjfork vkys ukgh- Eg.kwu 1972 & >kyh- fu;kstukP;k lqjokrhyk ns’kkrhy nkfjnz vkf.k 73 ;k o”kkZr jkstxkj geh ;kstusph [kÚ;k vFkkZus csdkjh deh dj.;klkBh iz;Ru dj.;kr vkys gksrs- vaeyctko.kh >kyh ukgh- Eg.kwu 20 lIVascj 1974 i.k fu;kstukP;k dkGke/;s ikfgts R;k izek.kke/;s ;ksth egkjk”Vª jkT;kus loZi{kh; cSBd ?ksryh- ;k ;’k feGkys ukgh- Eg.kwu xzkeh.k turk jkstxkjhP;k cSBdhe/;s jkstxkj geh ;kstusoj ppkZ dsyh vkf.k ‘kks/kke/;s ‘kgjkdMs /kko ?ksÅ ykxyh- ifj.kker% iwUgk uO;k mRlkgkus jkstxkj geh ;kstuk tkghj ‘kgjke/;s >ksiMiVÓkkph ok< ?kMwu vkyh- T;k izek.kk dsyh- e/;s jkstunkjhlkBh [ksMÓkkrhy turk ‘kgjkdMs lu 1975 lkyh jkstxkj geh ;kstusps mÌs’k] LFkykarjhr >kyh R;kuqlkj ‘kgjke/;s jkstxkjkph dk;Zi)rh Bjowu gh ;kstuk nh?kZdkG pkyw jkg.;klkBh miyC/krk gksÅ ‘kdyh ukgh- ifj.kker% ‘kgjke/;s Lora= midj clowu Lora= fu/kh mHkkj.;kr vkyk nkjhnzh vkf.k csdkjhph leL;k eksBÓkk izek.kkr ok dqVwackps okf”kZd mRiUu ,dw.k izdkjpk cny >kyk gs riklwu ikg.;kP;k mÌs’kkus mRiUukps 4000 10001 16001 22001 28001 34000 Ekfgrh ;k lkj.khpk la’kks/kuke/;s okij dsyk vkgs- lkj.kh lzksr ------#- is{kk fnyh 1000 16000 22000 28000 34000 tkLr ukgh e/;s eujsxk}kjs jkg.khekukr cny >kyk vls 0 ‘ksrhiklwu 22 13-5 11-8 1-3 1-5 1 49 100 Eg.k.kkÚ;k 132 mRrjnkR;kPkk ;k lkj.khe/;s vH;kl feG.kkjs ‘kq/n mRiUu dsyk vlqu R;ke/;s jkg.khekukr cny >kyk vls Ektqjhiklwu 15-8 41-8 19-8 14 4-8 0 4 100 Ñ”kh tukojk 8-8 7-5 16-3 0 0 0 67-4 100 Eg.k.kkÚ;k 132 mRrjnkR;kiSdh 77 ¼58-3 VDds½ Ikklwu jkstxkj geh 39-8 41-5 11-8 7 100 mRrjnkR;kauh ftouekukr cny >kyk vls EgVys ;kstusrwu vkgs rj ik;kHkwr lqfo/kkapk fodkl >kyk vls Eg.k.kkjs lzksr & izR;{k uequk ikg.kh 31 ¼23-5 VDds½ mRrjnkrs vkgsr vkf.k ‘ksoVP;k ojhy rDR;kps v/;;u dsys vlrk jk”Vªh; cnyke/;s eujsxkeqGs lektkr LFkku ok (Footnotes) miyfC/k ij izHkko dk rqyukRed 1 bl Hkwfedk ds fy[kus esa fuEufyf[kr xzaFkksa v/;;u ls fo’ks”k lgk;rk izkIr gqbZ gS& ¼d½ laLd`r O;kdj.k’kkL= dk bfrgkl] ;qf/kf”Bj eheklad ¼[k½ Jqfr pOgk.k ¼x½ System of Sanskrit Grammer, S.K. Belvalkar ‘kks/kkFkhZ] f’k{kk’kkL=] ikf.kuh % T. Goldstuker. isflfQd ;wfuoflZVh] mn;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ 2 bneU/kare% d`Rlua tk;rs Hkqou=;A ;fn ‘kCnkg~;a T;ksfrlalkjs u nhI;rsAA & dkO;kn’kZ] 1]3]4 ======***********======fo|ky; esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djuk gh f’k{kk dk izeq[k /;s; gSA bl ckr dks vkt Lohdkjk x;k gSA bl /;s; dks fl) djus ds fy, Kku izkfIr] Kku dk mi;ksx] le> dk ltZu] dkS’kYkksa dk fodkl] vfHk#fp;ksa ,oa vPNh vknrksa dk fuekZ.k vkfn tSls gsrqvksa dks dsUnz esa j[kus ds ckn f’k{kd dk dk;Z djus dh ckr ij egRo fn;k x;k gSA vc f’k{kd dks bu gsrqvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq f’k{k.kizn vuqHkoksa dk vk;kstu djuk gSA vkt lwpuk ØkfUr us f’k{kk dk cktkjhdj.k dj fn;k gSA ifj.kker% f’k{kd] fo|kFkhZ rFkk ikB~;Øe dh ‘kk’or vo/kkj.kk,sa nqdkunkj] [kjhnnkj rFkk eky ds #i esa cny jgh gSaA ftu ns’kksa ls ;g vo/kkj.kk vk;kr gks jgh gSA os Lo;a gekjh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks viuk jgs gSaA os ekuo thou ds lqanj ‘kk’or i{k ds lkFk oj.k djus dks ykykf;r gSaA izHkko’kkyh f’k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k ls Nk= ds vuqHkoksa esa O;kidrk vk;sxh ftlls og O;ogkj ifjorZu djus esa lQy gksxkA bl lQy f’k{k.k izfØ;k rHkh dgyk ldrh gS tc Nk= lE;dr;k mldk vf/kxe dj ysA vr% vf/kxe ds fcuk [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0109 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 f’k{k.k dk dksbZ Hkh vkSfpR; ‘ks”k ugha jg tkrk gSA ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k dh ifjHkk”kk,¡ % f’k{kd&izf’k{k.k % ¼1½ pkYlZ bZ- fLduj ds vuqlkj & ’kSf{kd dk;Z fcuk f’k{kd ;k ekxZn’kZ ds fo|kFkhZ f’k{kk izfØ;k dk vfUre ifj.kke gh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k gS tks xzg.k djus esa vleFkZ gksrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dk;Z ds ckjs esa vfUre tkudkjh iznku f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA f’k{kd og iFk djrk gSA çn’kZd gksrk gS tks gesa fdrkch Kku gh ugha cfYd ‘kks/k v/;;u ds mn~ns’; thou thus dh dyk fl[kkrk gSA Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa 1- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ izf’kf{kr f’k{kd dks nks Lo:iksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ftUgsa f’k{kdksa dh f’k{k.k izHkko’khyrk dk v/;;u djukA vk/;kfRed xq# vkSj ykSfdd xq# ds :i esa ifjHkkf”kr 2- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ vizf’kf{kr fd;k x;k gSA pw¡fd ckr f’k{kd fnol ds çlax ls f’k{kdksa dh f’k{k.k izHkko’khyrk dk v/;;u djukA tqM+h gS blfy, ;gk¡ ykSfdd Lo:i esa f’k{kd ds 3- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ izf’kf{kr ckjs esa ppkZ djuk çklafxd gSA f’k{kdkas dk ‘kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh miyfC/k ij f’k{kd ek= f’k{kd gh ugha gksrk cfYd iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;uA f’k{kd dk eq[; dk;Z ckyd dh vkUrfjd fo’ks”krkvksa 4- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ vizf’kf{kr o {kerkvksa dks fodflr djuk gS vkSj O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa f’k{kdkas dk ‘kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh miyfC/k ij dks bl izdkj lekIr djuk gS fd og O;fDr Lo;a iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;uA Hkh u le> lds ftlesa cqjkbZ FkhA f’k{kd vius ‘kks/k v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk,¡ y{; esa rHkh lQy gks ldsxk tc og viuh iw.kZ 1- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ izf’kf{kr {kerk o bPNk’kfDr ds lkFk /kS;Z dks /kkj.k fd, gq, f’k{kdksa dk ‘kgjh Nk=ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij dksbZ lrr iz;kljr jgsA ,slk rc lEHko gS tc f’k{kd lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA esa vius dk;Z ds izfr ldkjkRed n`f”Vdks.k gks 2- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ izf’kf{kr D;ksafd ldkjkRed n`f”Vdks.k gh O;fDr dks laiw.kZ f’k{kdksa dk ‘kgjh Nk=kvksaa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij ÅtkZ o {kerk ds lkFk dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA djrk gS vkSj foijhr fLFkfr esa mls ogk¡ MVdj [kM+s 3- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ vizf’kf{kr jgus dh ‘kfDr iznku djrk gSA f’k{kdksa dk ‘kgjh Nk=ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij dksbZ orZeku ifjn`’; esa f’k{kd dks ,d lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA v/;kid ds :i esa gh ns[kk tkrk gSA ;|fi lkekftd 4- ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ vizf’kf{kr O;oLFkk esa ;gh mldh lsok gS blfy, f’k{kd dks f’k{kdksa dk ‘kgjh Nk=kvksaa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij v/;kid rd gh lhfer dj fn;k x;k gS tcfd dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA bls O;kid vFkksaZ esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A ‘kks/k U;kn’kZ ,oa ifjlheu ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k 1- {ks= dh n`f”V ls & izLrqr v/;;u dsoy ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k nks ‘kCn ‘kSf{kd $ Xokfy;j ftys ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd gh lhfer gSA miyfC/k ds la;qDr esy ls mRiUu gqvk gS tgk¡ 2- izfrn’kZ lEcU/kh& Xokfy;j ‘kgj ds dsoy ‘kSf{kd dk vFkZ gS f’k{kk ds {ks= esa rFkk miyfC/k dk 300 Nk=&Nk=kvkas ij gh v/;;u fd;k x;kA vFkZ gksrk gS izkfIr tc ge f’k{kk ds {ks= esa dksbZ 3- fo|ky; dh n`f”V ls & bl ‘kks/k gsrq d{kk 6 izkfIr djrs gS rks bls ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k dgrs gSA ls 8oha ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks gh ‘kkfey fd;k gSA miyfC/k dks fu”ifRr] lEizkfIr vkSj KkukZtu vkfn ‘kks/k v/;;u esa iz;qDr fof/k ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gS] izLrqr leL;k dh izd`fr dks /;ku esa j[krs [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0110 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 gq, losZ{k.k fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA losZ{k.k 87 bu nksuksa ls vf/kd gS vr% lkFkZd gSA vFkkZr~ fof/k O;kid :i esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh fof/k;ksa esa ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ izf’kf{kr f’k{kdksa ls ,d gS ftldk mi;ksx LFkkuh; ftyk eaMy dk ‘kgjh Nk=ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij lkFkZd ¼laHkkx½] jkT;] jk”Vª ,oa vUrjkZ”Vªh; leL;kvksa dk varj ik;k tkrk gSA v/;;u djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ifjdYiuk vlR; fl) gksrh gSA izLrqr fof/k gh rF;ksa ds ladyu] fo’ys”k.kkRed ifjdYiuk % 2 ,oa foospu vkfn esa izHkkoh [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0160 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 vkfFkZd lk>snkj fufeZr djuk A ;g fo’ks”krk 2- ikjLifjd >xM+ksa dks ijLij okrkZ }kjk ‘kkafriw.kZ Hkkjrh; iz/kkuea=h es fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk gSA fuiVkuk izLrkouk%& 3- fe=rk rFkk fo’o’kkafr esa fo’okl vktknh ds le; Hkkjr fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa 4- mifuos’kokn rFkk iztkrh; foHksn dk fojks/k dk lkeuk dj jgk FkkA ns’k dks cWaVokjs vkSj 5- vUrjkZ”Vªh; laxBuksa dk leFkZu lkefjd lqj{kk dh pqukSrh vktknh ds lkFk feyhA 6- vÝhdh&,f’k;kbZ ns’kksa ds laxBu esa :fp o”kksZ dh xqykeh ds ckn ;gkWa dh vkfFkZd n’kk 7- iap’khy ds fl)kar] ftlesa ,d&nwljs dh cgqr detksj Fkh A f}rh; fo’o ;q) ds lekfIr v[k.Mrk dk lEeku fdlh ds vkUrfjd ekeyksa ds ckn ns’k esa vfLFkjrk o vjktdrk ‘ks”k Fkh esa gLr{ksi u djuk] ‘kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo] fo’o ds igy ij nks egk’kfDr;kWa mHkjdj lkeus ,d&nwljs ij vkØe.k u djuk] l%vfLrRo] vk;ha] ftlesa lksfo;r la?k o nwljh vesfjdk Fkh lekurk vkSj ikjLifjd ykHk A A fczVsu o Ýkal] tks cM+s lkezkT;oknh ns’k Fks] iM+kslh jk”Vªksa ls lEcU/k ;q) ds le; budh cM+h [kLrk gkyr Fkh A Hkkjr ,d fo’kky jk”Vª gS A ;g ,d Hkkjrh; fons’k uhfr ds ckjs esa vkerkSj miegk}hi gS A bldh lhek,sa ls ikfdLrku] ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS] fd Hkkjrh; fons’kh uhfr Jhyadk] phu] usiky] HkwVku] E;kaekj] ckaXykns’k ds fu.kkZ;d iafMr tokgjyky usg: Fks A mUgksaus f?kjk gqvk gSA Hkkjr dh iM+kslh ns’kksa ls lEcU/k dh Hkkjr dh vktknh ds igys gh ;g lkspuk izkjaHk ckr djsa rks eksnh ljdkj }kjk vius ‘kiFkxzg.k dj fn;k Fkk fd Lok/khu Hkkjr ds fdl rjg ds lekjksg esa lkdZ ns’kksa ds lHkh jk”Vªk/;{kksa dks lEcU/k varjkZ”Vªh; nqfu;k ls gksaxsa A mlh CY;w fizaV cqykuk ;g n’kkZrk gS] fd Hkkjr muls vkReh; ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr dh fons’k uhfr lapkfyr lEcU/k pkgrk gS A iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh us vius gksrh jgh A usg: ds gh fl)kUr ij gh A ‘kkfUr] izFke fons’kh nkSjs ds fy, HkwVku dks pquk] tks 17 xqV fujis{krk] uDlyokn dk fojks/k] vÝks&,f’k;k] o”kZ esa fdlh iz/kkuea=h dk fons’kh nkSjk Fkk] Qjojh HkkbZpkjk] iap’khy] vkt rd gekjh fons’k uhfr 2015 esa Jhyadk x;s] ftuesa dbZ le>kSrs ij dk;e gSA gLrk{kj gq,] iz/kkuea=h us Jhyadk laln dks Hkh Hkkjr dh fons’k uhfr bu pgkjnhokjksa ds lEcksf/kr fd;k A tkQuk lkaLd`frd dsUnz dh Hkhrj jgus okys vf/kdkjksas ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS] vk/kkjf’kyk j[kh] ebZ 2015 vQxkfuLrku esa fd turk dh t:jrksa vkSj egRokdka{kkvksa ls jk”Vªifr v’kjQ ?kkuh us Hkkjr dk nkSjk fd;k ,oa budk dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gS] yfdu Åijh rkSj ij dbZ egRoiw.kZ le>kSrs ij djkj gqvk A Hkkjrh; tks fn[krk gS] og lp ugha gS A j{kk ea=ky; ] laln }kjk o”kZ 2015 esa Hkkjr&ckaXykns’k lhek iz/kkuea=h dk;kZy; vkSj fons’k ea=ky; dks iafMr le>kSrk fo/ks;d ikfjr fd;k] ftlesa yEcs le; tokgj yky usg: ls ysdj vVy fcgkjh cktisbZ ls pys vk jgs ckaXykns’k&Hkkjr lhek fookn rd lHkh us fons’kea=h rd dk dk;Zdky laHkkyk [kRe gqvk vkSj ogkaW ds yksxksa dks viuh igpku gS A ftUgksaus ns’k ,oa fons’k nksuksa dks le>k gS A feyh A ikfdLrku dks vxj NksM+ fn;k tk,] rks pkgs MCY;w-Vh-vks- esa Hkkjr ds fgrksa dks lqfuf’pr lHkh ns’kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr ds vPNs lEcU/k gSa A djuk gks ;k tyok;q ifjorZu le>kSrs esa fodkl ikfdLrku ls vPNs lEcU/k u gksus dk dkj.k ds vf/kdkj dks ‘kkfey djkuk gks A d’ehj dks ysdj mudh dqn`f”V gS A ikfdLrku fons’k uhfr ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq fl)kUr o mn~ns’; }kjk Hkkjr esa v’kkafr] fgalk vkSj mxzokn 1- vlayXurk dh uhfr [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0161 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 QSykus dk fujUrj iz;kl djrk jgrk gS A blds la;qDr jk”Vª esa 21 twu dks ;ksxk fnol eukus dk ckotwn Hkh Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h }kjk fcuk crk, vkxzg djuk vkSj 121 ns’kksa dk leFkZu og dgha ikfdLrku ds iz/kkuea=h dks tUefnu dh c/kkbZ nsus u dgha Hkkjr dh rkdr dks iznf’kZr djrk gS A bLykekckn tkuk] ;g n’kkZrk gS] fd Hkkjr vius vkt Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h :l ds jk”Vªifr Oyknhfej iM+kslh jk”Vªksa ds lkFk dSlk lEcU/k pkgrk gS A iqfru ds lkFk okf”kZd f’k[kj lEesyu esa Hkkx ys phu vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa rsth ls c<+rh vFkZO;oLFkk jgs gSa A Hkkjr ds vkS|ksxhdj.k esa :l us vge~ gSa A foxr o”kksZa esa fnYyh ,oa chftax ds chp dbZ ;ksxnku fn;k gS A :l dh rduhd vkSj vkfFkZd eqn~nksa Mksdyke fookn] la;qDr jk”Vª lqj{kk ifj”kn~ enn us Hkkjr ds fodkl esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS ¼;w-,u-,l-lh-½ esa ikfdLrkuh ng’krxnZ elwn :l us varfj{k vkSj ijek.kq dk;ZØe esa Hkh Hkkjr vtgj dk yxkrkj cpko djus ls ysdj ijek.kq dh yxkrkj enn djrk jgk gS A eksnh ljdkj vkiwfrZdrkZ lewg ¼,u-,l-th-½ esa Hkkjr ds izos’k vkus ds ckn ;g xfr c<+h gS A Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h dh jkg esa jksM+s vVdkus rd phu vius nksLr ujsUnz eksnh us :l ds iz/kkuea=h iqfru ls :l esa ikfdLrku dh fgek;r djus esa yxk gS A phu eqykdkr esa dgk Hkkjr&:l nksuksa ns’kksa ds e/; jk”Vªifr Jh thax fiax dh vgenkckn ;k=k gks ;k vVwV lEcU/kksa dk vk/kkj izse&lEeku vkSj n‘<+ Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h }kjk phu ;k=k] nksuksa us ges’kk fo’okl jgk gS A ujeh ,oa xjeh nksuksa ns[kus dks feyh gS A varjkZ”Vªh; laxBuksa esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk egk’kfDr;ksa ls lEcU/k rFkk Lo;a dks egk’kfDr Hkkjr us la;qDr jk”Vª ds mn~ns’;ksa ,oa ds :i esa ns[kuk x.kra= fnol ijsM esa Hkkjrh; fl)kUrksa dk yxkrkj leFkZu fd;k gS A orZeku iz/kkuea=h }kjk 2015 esa cjkd vkscke o 2016 ljdkj us fodkl ,oa xjhch mUewyu] esa jk”Vªifr QkaLok gksykn dks vkeaf=r djuk fo’o tyok;q] ifjorZu] vkradokn] fu%’kDrhdj.k] dks ;g lans’k nsuk Fkk] fd Hkkjr egk’kfDr;ksa ds ekuokf/kdkj] ‘kkfUr LFkkiuk dh cgqi{kh; pqukSrh lkFk u;k lEcU/k LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS A dk lkeuk djus ds fy, la;qDr jk”Vª dh iz.kkyh iz/kkuea=h dk fczDl lEesyu esa ‘kkfey gksus ds dks lqn‘<+ djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS A Hkkjrh; iz/ fy, czkthy tkuk vkSj lkS vjc MkWyj ds fczDl kkuea=h cSad tSls varjkZ”Vªh; foRrh; laLFkkvksa esa cSad dh LFkkiuk dk QSlyk] eksnh dh tkiku lq/kkj ds lkFk vkradokn ds izfr ‘kwU; lgk;rk ;k=k] ftlesa j{kk] ijek.kq] [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0162 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 5- la;qDr jk”Vª esa varjkZ”Vªh; vkradokn ij lexz ‘kekZ] MkW izHkqnRr] fons’k uhfr fl)kar laf/k ¼lh-lhvkbZ- Vh-½ djkus dk ncko ,oa O;ogkj] dfyax cqd fMiks] t;iqj] 2003- 6- fgUn egklkxj esa phu ds c<+rs izHkqRo dks fQyukuh] fujatu ,e] Hkkjrh; fons’k jksduk 7- iM+ksfl;ksa] vkfl;ku ,oa if’pe ,f’k;k uhfr dh okLrfodrk],-ch-lh- ifCyds’ku] ubZ elsr nwjorhZ iM+ksfl;ksa dks laHkkyus dh pqukSrh fnYyh] 1987- 8 ?kjsyw ck/;rkvksa rFkk oSf’od laidZ dh ‘kekZ] jkeizos’k] Hkkjrh; fons’k uhfr] laHkkoukvksa ,oa {kerkvksa dks nq:Lr djkuk ;wfuoflZVh ifCyds’ku]ubZ fnYyh] 2009- 9- u;s vkfFkZd lk>snkj [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0163 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 relationship between women and micro finance, 38 the government schemes of micro finance utilization, micro finance of India etc. MICRO FINANCE: A STUDY ON KEYWORDS: Micro Finance: A Study on Women WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN Empowerment in India. INTRODUCTION: INDIA The model of Micro Finance was initiated about approximately 30 years back with an AJAYBHAI ARVINDBHAI TALPADA organization of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh by RESEARCH SCHOLAR, Eminent economist professor Dr. Muhammad DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS STUDIES, Yunus from the Chittagong University in since SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, 1970s, it was mainly focused on the most of the VALLABH VIDYANAGAR rural people were not able to get the credit at reasonable rates. So Mr. Yunus is starting to give ======***********======money for helping to rural people for the purpose ABSTRACT: of buying the necessary tools and machinery. A Micro Finance Institutions is to helping good definition of microfinance was gives by the rural poor people for the purpose of self- famous author Mr. Robinson: “ Microfinance is dependent a Microfinance is one of the small refers to small- scale financial services for both, source of financial and banking services for the credits and deposits that gives to people who rural poor people and small scale industries farm or herd; operates small or micro related business entrepreneurs lacking access enterprises, where goods are produced, recycled, to banking services and related financial repaired, or trade; provide services; work for services. The source of microfinance in India has wages or commissions; gain income from renting been seen and viewed as a development tool out small amounts of land, vehicles, draft which would reduce poverty, empower women animals, or machinery and tools, and to other and enhance development of the ‘country as well individuals and local groups in developing as growth of micro finance sector as according countries, in urban and in rural areas”. to women empowerment in India through Microfinance in India initiated in early financial inclusion. In our society women face 1980s with the objective of providing access to gender specific barriers like access education, fundamental financial services of credit and health, employment etc. micro finance is gives savings facilities. After some years, micro credit facilities to the solely and entirely to finance in India adopted variation in its arrivals target group of women.Micro finance to deliver the services. The framework of programme is not only focused on the give microfinance is based on two facets: The peer women and men access to savings and credits group lending with public repayment and only , but arrive the millions of people as Progressive lending. worldwide bringing them together regularly in Empowerment of women is necessity for organized groups. Altho no ‘magic bullet’, they the development of a society, since it increasing are very significant contribution for the future both quality and the quantity of human development to the gender equality and resources available for development. The World women’s empowerment, as well as pro-poor Bank defines empowerment as “the process of development and civil society strengthening. increasing the capacity of individuals or groups This research paper shows that some facts of to make choices and to transform those choices [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0164 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 into desired actions and outcomes.” Nobel Groups (SHGs) and Women’s Development: Laureate Amartyasen (1993) says about ACase Study of the Varanasi District, India”.In Empowerment his explains that the freedom to this research study the found that, in the world lead different types of life is reflected in the population there are half of the population are person’s capability set. The capability of a in womenitself, and they are struggling with lot person depends on a variety of factors, including off problems against in their developments. But personal characteristics and social arrange with the help of so many Government schemes ments. However, the full accounting of individual and programmes, so many micro finance freedom goes beyond the capabilities of institutions and with assistance of Self Help personal living. Groups (SHGs) women are obtaining the REVIEW OF LITERATURE: opportunities and would become economically 1. VidhiKothawala (November, 2012), “Micro and socially secured them. Finance in India and How it Empowers Women”. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: This research study is comprised of mainly four Main objective of the research paper is chapters that examine the poverty level in India, to find out what isthe role ofmicro finance for analysis the microfinance industry, impact of the women empowerment in India. microfinance in India and role of empowering RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Indian women. The research paper is explorative and 2.Zilibotti, F (August, 2009), “An Empirical descriptive in nature researcher attempt. This Study on the Impact of Micro Finance Institutions research paper is based on the secondary data on Development”.The study examine impact of only. The secondary data were collected from Micro Finance Institutions for the purpose of the books, journals, websites, articles etc. This development the poor area like African, Asian research study is mainly focused on how can be countries with the help of gives micro credit empowered the women for the development and facilities. growth of themselves by the full employment 3. Narang, U (August, 2012), “Self Help Group: and self-reliance of women. The study is also An Effective Approach to Women Empowerment focused on the benefits provided by the in India”. In this research study main conclusion government of India through launching various that, the Self Help Groups (SHGs) are having schemes and programmes for the development main roots is rural area for the purpose of rural of women workers. This study will give areas development. assistance to governments, women entre 4. Shanti. M. and Ganapathi. R (2012), preneurs, SHGs, NGOs etc. for the specific “Impact of Micro Finance towards Empowerment purpose. The study is very significant for of Women Self Help Groups with special furnishing the rights to the women for the reference to Coimbatore District”. In this study improving their standard of living and happiness refers to SHGs are the most significant tool for for the socio-economic development in the the women development in rural as well as semi- society. urban areas. And also empowerment of women Women Empowerment, in recent trend in socially and economically towards. In this has become a great issue in the growth of research study focuses on the situation of country’s economy. For the purpose of this micro women working in SHGs where formed and finance concept are developed and very popular running in the area of Coimbatore district are in India as well as all over the world. undertaken. WOMEN AND EMPOWERMENT 5.Kumari, T. and Mishra, A (2015), “Self Help Male and female both are given [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0165 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 contribution for the purpose of development and participation and economic contribution of growth of society and nation as equally women’s side is steadily increases in day by day. participation. Formal financial sector and some Societies observing patriarchal structure commercial banks most often focused on men have always confined the role of women in the and formal business structure, avoiding the society to raising children and managing the women who make up a large and growing domestic chores. portion of the informal economy. For unsustainable to sustainable growth Microfinance on the other hand mainly of an economy, contribution by the side of focused on targets women, in some cases women population is of very utmost important widely. in the recent trends. Global over the focus of microfinance Development of the economy and has always been on working women and self- nations is achieved only with equal access to dependent women. opportunities gives to both the genders men and In India as an alternative tool of credit, women in an economy. microfinance serving a large scale portion of Thus empowerment takes the centre people from Scheduled castes, Scheduled Tribes stage for sustained development and growth of and Minorities category of people. the nation, mainly in the rural area development Women clients fabricate 97% of the total as well as backward classes of rural area. clients of Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs). Empowerment is one of the main [Bharat Microfinance Report 2015]. procedural concerns when addressing human IMPORTANCE OF MICRO FINANCE rights and development. The Banking system is usually more Empowerment of women is necessity for focusing on the urban areas. As a result, the the development of a society, since it increasing rural area is almost avoided. So, rural poor both quality and the quantity of human people are not able to get loan and credit for resources available for development. their agriculture intent as well as for their socio- WOMEN AND MICRO FINANCE: SOME FACTS economic and socio-cultural activities. And if Women make up 49% of the global they are gives such facilities they are forced to population and 52% of the labour market as repay it by completing all the destiny as per the worldwide (United Nations 2010). needs and also repaying at higher rate of Mostly the participation by women has interest. This leads into the rural poor people been a portion of the unstructured economy, will have vulnerable and take dislike decision further increasing their exposure to inequality. like suicide etc. India has the second largest population Micro Finance is the supply loans, credit in the global, with 49% and more women and savings facilities and other prime banking population and surprisingly only 33% of women and financial services to the rural poor people. labour force give contribution to the economy, According to Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 2005, which is far below the global average of 50% Micro Finance is defined as “provision of thrift, and more (International Monetary fund credit and other financial services and products WP2015). of very small amounts to the poor in rural, semi- After some period of time, slow speed urban or urban areas for enabling them to raise changes in the social structure and increase the their income levels and improve the living of demand for better living lifestyle, the standards.” The poor person is not able to access [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0166 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 the financial and banking services because of contributes to the growth of economy in India. that there is having lack of adequate knowledge 5. The role of Micro finance contributing about how can be handle such activities and for women’s empowerment includes economic having lower income; microfinance is gives empowerment, social empowerment, education, opportunities to them like loans, credit facility, skill and training empowerment and political deposits, insurance, money transfers facility, empowerment. etc. MICRO FINANCE IN INDIA 1. Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) is Microfinance in India initiated in early playing role in giving the opportunities to SHGs 1980s with the objective of providing access to and NGOs is also mentionable for the purpose fundamental financial services of credit and of gives financial services. It helps to rural poor savings facilities. people for generate the savings. And some After some years, microfinance in India percentage savings are utilized for giving the adopted variation in its arrivals to deliver the loans to the group of members of the SHGs only. services. This results in the socio-economic development NABARD defines Microfinance as of the group of members of the SHGs. “Provision of Thrift, Credit and other Financial 2. Every business should not be started Services and Products of very small amounts to without the financial capabilities because of the poor in rural, semi-urban or urban areas for that finance is life blood of business entity. So, enabling them to raise their income levels and every business and business stakeholders must improve living of standards of the rural poor be require the finance. Poor people usually do people.” not get loans and they do not have anything to The need to increase the pace of put it for the assurance. And if they having such outreach and for formulating the new structure, ideas and things; the higher rate of interest Government recognized NABARD as a becomes a hurdle at the time of repaying the development institution, vesting the power for loan. So to reduce such problems like; creating the new structure of microfinance microfinance contrive such loans at reasonable delivery mechanism and to refinance the or low rates along with the easy terms and Institutions to ascertain the integrity of services. conditions. In an attempt to link the rural poor to 3. In usually, Micro Finance is mainly the regular banking sector. NABARD in 1992 giving to the SHGs. And in this scenario about launched the SHG-Bank linkage programme and 80% or more SHGs are formed by women’s only. is one of the largest and leading microfinance These is generated for the help of women to model in India. access the financial resources. As a result, the The framework of microfinance is based women are empower themselves and moving on two facets: The peer group lending with next towards to their own security. It makes them public repayment and Progressive lending. socially and economically self-dependent. In since 2015-16 in India, Micro finance 4. Micro Finance is gives contribution for Institutions (MFIs) is operate in 29 states, 4 accomplishment of national objectives like Union Territories and 588 districts in India. economy development, economic growth, social As on 31 march, 2016, the total number justice etc. With help of Micro Finance; of clients served by MFIs stood at 39 million manufacturing of goods and services are something people. increasing. So, automatically GDP (Gross Majority of these clients are being Domestic Product) will be increasing and it’s served by Non-Banking Financial Corporations [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0167 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 (NBFCs) – MFIs by 85.20% something, primarily (SJSRY). the larger ones. 9. Indira AwaasYojana (IAY). Etc MFIs with outstanding portfolio above But none of the above programme were 500 crore are responsible for arriving out of the able to achieve its goal due to poor implemen 82.21% of the clients in the industry. tation system and some of the corrupt-practices GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICRO of government officials. FINANCE IN INDIA After some period of time, under the In India, poverty and unemployment is IRDP scheme is again started by the government the main problems which has to be abolished and providing the Rs.15,000/- to feeble part of as early as possible. For the reducing poverty the society and approximately after the 22 years, and unemployment government has been Rs.260 billion was spend and around 50 million started the providing education (free primary or more families were acquiring the benefits education), health facilities, sanitary and other under this scheme. But still the estimated goal facilities like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Also, in was not achieved. Many problems were faced 1969, the 14 commercial banks were under this programme. Such as lack credit nationalized and were directed for the purpose facilities, lack of bank linkages, investments, of providing loans to the priority field at etc. So, The Planning commission set up the concessional and reasonable rates about 40% committee in 1997 for the purpose of reducing or more. The priority field includes agricultural the above problems and generating the self- activities like animal husbandry, fishing industry, employment opportunities. poultry husbandry and some of the other rural As a result of the marvelous change are activities and feeble part of the society. Its main there by shifting from personal beneficiary objective was to help the rural poor people for approach to society and all people based the purpose of initiate the micro enterprise for approach. With this greatest change, The achieving the self-sufficiency and self- Government of India was accepted those st dependency. Along with this, government also recommendations still on April 1 1999 and launched various poverty eradication the new programme SGSY was launched by the programmes: merger of IRDP, TRYSEM etc. The SGSY is gives 1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural credit cum subsidy more programme and it takes Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA) all the activities like self-employment opportunities, 2. National Rural Employment Scheme, constitute the SHGs, gives training about the new 2006 (NREGS). technologies, infrastructure development, 3. Integrated Rural Development transportation facilities, energy consumption Programme, 1978 (IRDP). facilities, etc. 4. JawaharRozgarYojana, 1989 (JRY). DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICRO FINANCE (Jawahar Earning Programme) INSTITUTIONS 5. Swarna jayanti Gram Swarozgar The following are the main category or Yojana, 1999 (SGSY). (Golden Jubilee Rural Self- form of the micro finance institutions: employment Programme) 1. Commercial Banking system or Bank. 6. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana, 2. Savings, Insurance and loan federations. 2001 (SGRY). (Universal Rural Employment 3. Commission or brokerage organizations. Programme) 4. Credit Union Corporations. 7. Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS). 5. Non-Government Organizations. 8. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana 6. Co-operative societies. [dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102 5.131 (IIJIF) MAH MUL/03051/2012 ® Oct. to Dec., 2018 0168 ISSN: 2319 9318 Vidyawarta Issue-25, Vol-04 7. Government banking sector. ac.in. 8. Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries. 5. Tiyas Biswas. “Women Empowerment CONCLUSION through Micro Finance: A Boon for Develop This study intends to the research topic ment.” Micro Finance: A Study on Women Empower 6. MohdAzharUd Din Malik (2017), Micro ment in India. After going through the research, Finance: A Source of Women Empowerment in it can concluded that, the micro finance is India, Indian Journal of Accounting (IJA), Vol. XLIX playing a significant role for women empower (1), June, 2017 (ISSN: 0972-1479). ment in India. It had helped to get financially 7. KodamartyMadhavi (2016), Micro secured and alleviation of poverty. For the finance and Women Empowerment: Evidence accomplishment of this goals and objectives the from India- Review of Literature, Indian Journal government of India has struggling and various of Applied Research, Vol. 6, and Issue: 2, hindrance are made by them and have helped February, 2016 (ISSN: 2249-555X). them to generate employment opportunities. 8. Shuchiloomba. “Role of Microfinance This results in building their capacity and in Women Empowerment in India.” increase the self-confidence to happiness life 9. VidhiKothawala (2012). “Micro and independent life of women. Finance in India and How it Empowers Women.”/storage/emulated/0/Download/ REFERENCES Kothawala_georgetown_0076M_11962.pdf Pp. Books: 1 and 2 Kothari C.R, Gaurav Garg (2014), 10. FabrizioZilibotti, An Empirical Study Research Methodology Methods and Techniques on the Impact of Micro Finance Institution’s on (Third Edition), New Delhi: New Age Inter Development, August 21, 2009. Amelie Brune. national (P) Limited. 11. Uma Narang, Self Help Group: An Effective Approach to Women Empowerment in Journals and Articles: India, International of Social Science and 1. Deshpande Neha (2017). “Role of Interdisciplinary Research, Volume 1, Issue 8, Micro Finance and Self Help Group for the August 2012, Pp. 8-16. Socio-Economic Development of Rural Women in Anand District- A Case Study of SetuSeva Websites: Trust.” 1. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2. M. Shanthi and Dr. Ganpathi, Impact Empowerment of Micro Finance towards Empowerment of 2. www.google.com Women Self Help Groups with special reference 3. www.businessdictionary.com to Coimbatore District, Prestige Journal of 4. www.investopedia.com Management and IT- Sanchayan, Volume 1(1), 5. www.wikipedia.com 2012, Pp. 67-90, ISSN 2277-1689. 6. www.shodhganga.com 3. TruptiKumari and Anand Prasad 7. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in Mishra, Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Women Development: A Case Study of the Varanasi District, India, Kumari and Mishra Space and Culture, India, 2015, 2:4, Pp. 35-48. 4. “Role of Self Help Group in Microfinance Industry.” Shodhganga.inflibnet. 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