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Construire Architectes Français Àl’Export Au Du Droit De Copie (CFC), 20, Rue Des Grands Augustins, 75006 Paris,L’Autorisation Tél Construire au Moyen-Orient STÉPHANE LUTARD Architectes Français à l’EXport GUIDE EXPORT GUIDE Construire au Moyen-Orient © Architectes Français à l’EXport Au terme du Code de la propriété intellectuelle, toute reproduction ou représentation, intégrale ou partielle, de la présente publication, faite par quelconque procédé que ce soit (reprographie, micro-filmage, scannérisation, numérisation...) sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droits ou ayants cause est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles L. 335-2 et suivants du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Toutefois, l’autorisation d’effectuer des reproductions par reprographie peut être obtenue auprès du Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands Augustins, 75006 Paris, tél. : 01 44 07 47 70, fax : 01 46 34 67 19. GUIDE EXPORT GUIDE Préface oilà près de dix ans que la Direction de l’architecture et du patrimoine Vdu ministère de la Culture et de la communication soutient l’action de l’AFEX, Architectes Français à l’Export. Cette association œuvre à la promotion du savoir-faire français dans le monde dans les domaines de l’architecture et de l’aménagement urbain. Après avoir publié un premier guide intitulé Construire en Chine, qui a connu un grand succès auprès des professionnels français de l’architecture et de la maîtrise d’œuvre, elle s’intéresse aujourd’hui à un autre marché en pleine expansion, celui des pays du Golfe arabique et du Moyen-Orient. Je me réjouis de l’édition de ce second ouvrage, qui devrait permettre à nos professionnels d’aborder ce marché dans les meilleures conditions. A travers une étude minutieuse de l’exercice du métier d’architecte sur place, ce guide rassemble nombre d’indications et de conseils précieux pour éviter les écueils et adapter ses initiatives. Les architectes français sont, je pense, bien inspirés de se tourner vers cette partie du monde, à un moment où les opportunités y sont considérables et les enjeux de développement majeurs. Ces pays possèdent aujourd’hui un vaste potentiel économique qui offre de très nombreuses possibilités de choix stratégiques. Par la qualité et l’inventivité de leurs propositions, nos architectes pourront les aider à penser leur futur sans jamais perdre de vue les principes d’un développement durable, au service des hommes, soucieux du territoire, de son patrimoine et de son évolution. Ces nombreux projets ne manqueront pas de renforcer la coopération dans le domaine de l’architecture avec les pays du Golfe arabique et du Moyen-Orient. Jean GAUTIER Directeur, chargé de l’architecture Ministère de la Culture et de la communication Sommaire Le Moyen-Orient : L’organisation de la profession Intervenir Développer une activité une entité plurielle Le système de représentation 40 Evaluer ses propres capacités 78 S’associer à long terme 120 Les grands ensembles géopolitiques 10 Classement des agences 41 Positionner son offre 78 Créer une société 121 Contextes politiques et économiques 12 Nombre d’architectes 41 Définir sa zone de prospection 79 Les coûts d’une implantation 126 ■ Arabie Saoudite 14 La formation 42 S’organiser matériellement et financièrement 80 ■ Emirats Arabes Unis 15 Reconnaissance des diplômes et licence Définir un budget 81 ■ Bahreïn 16 d’exercice 42 Le voyage 81 Annexes ■ Koweït 17 La pratique de la maîtrise d’œuvre 43 Les aides 85 ■ Qatar 18 Implantation des agences étrangères 44 Agir commercialement 86 Lexique français-anglais 130 ■ Oman 19 Les concours d’architecture 45 Le sponsor local 87 Exemple de contrat 132 ■ ■ ■ Liban, Syrie, Jordanie 20 Protection de la propriété intellectuelle 46 Les partenaires locaux 90 Exemple de contenu de la mission par phase 134 Contraintes particulières 22 Perception de la culture française 47 Négocier un contrat 91 Coordonnées utiles 138 Les risques globaux du marché 24 Les honoraires 94 Bibliographie 141 Les rendus 98 Dictionnaires spécialisés 141 Le cadre de la construction La responsabilité professionnelle 100 Informations pratiques 142 Les lieux et Consulter un avocat 100 Remerciements 144 les réseaux de pouvoir La culture urbaine 50 L’approche architecturale 51 Le pouvoir politique 28 Contexte local de construction 53 Construire Les réseaux financiers 29 Cadre légal d’intervention pour les Organisation de la maîtrise d’ouvrage 31 architectes étrangers 54 La mission de l’architecte 104 Les centres de compétences Opportunités et perspectives 56 Le permis de construire 105 et de conception régionaux 34 ■ Arabie Saoudite 56 ■ Liban 105 Les entreprises de construction 36 ■ Qatar 60 ■ Jordanie 106 ■ Emirats Arabes Unis 64 ■ Syrie 107 ● Dubaï 64 ■ Emirats Arabes Unis 107 ● Abou Dhabi 68 ■ Arabie Saoudite 109 ■ Bahreïn 69 ■ Qatar 109 ■ Koweït 71 ■ Bahreïn 111 ■ Oman 73 ■ ■ Koweït, Oman 112 ■ ■ ■ Liban, Syrie, Jordanie 74 Les procédures de contrôle 113 Les normes de construction 114 Qualité et contraintes d’exécution 115 Réception des ouvrages 117 4 - Guide Afex Construire au Moyen-Orient - 5 Introduction fait une entrée fulgurante dans le agences américaines, anglaises, libanaises, égyptiennes mais aussi Le Moyen-Orient 21ème siècle. Alimentées par des allemandes et françaises investissent la place, attirées par l’échelle des cours du pétrole à des niveaux historiques, toutes les économies de la zone projets, par le volume de commandes potentielles mais aussi par la rapidité sont en effervescence. En perte de vitesse il y a encore quelques années, d’exécution. Plusieurs architectes français ont eux aussi fait l’effort de elles tournent aujourd’hui à plein régime avec des taux de croissance qui prospecter dans la région et façonnent, avec d’ambitieuses réalisations, les rivalisent avec ceux des dragons asiatiques. Le secteur de la construction, paysages urbains en Arabie Saoudite, à Bahreïn ou au Qatar. La demande et de l’architecture en particulier, bénéfi cie de ce dynamisme retrouvé. Des pour une architecture contemporaine de qualité va croissante avec l’arrivée projets immobiliers pharaoniques, des villes nouvelles hors normes, des au pouvoir d’une nouvelle génération de décideurs, très au fait de la équipements publics démesurés surgissent tous azimuts pour donner production internationale. naissance à de véritables « Manhattan des sables », premières métropoles modernes du monde arabe. L’anecdote voulant que 20 % des grues de la Pour autant, le Moyen-Orient reste un marché diffi cile et complexe. La planète soient à l’œuvre sur les 170 kilomètres de côtes qui séparent Dubaï concurrence entre les agences internationales est très forte, situation d’Abou Dhabi n’a rien de fantaisiste, au regard des projets colossaux en dont jouent pleinement les maîtres d’ouvrage locaux pour négocier des cours de développement aux Emirats Arabes Unis. contrats et des honoraires à leur avantage. Réussir dans la région impose de respecter quelques règles simples : chercher à s’implanter sans l’appui A l’issue de ce cycle de développement ultrarapide, auquel la vieille Europe d’un partenaire local, un sponsor, sera le plus souvent voué à l’échec ; il n’est plus habituée depuis longtemps, les pays de la région ont pour faudra aussi accepter de vendre un projet sur la base d’une image dont le ambition d’occuper une position stratégique sur la carte de la mondialisation client se servira ensuite pour en assurer la commercialisation ; il sera enfi n en préparant l’ère de l’après pétrole. Avec la réalisation d’infrastructures de indispensable de s’adapter à un nouveau mode d’exercice de la profession dernière génération et la mise sur le marché de millions de mètres carrés d’architecte et de se conformer aux exigences de l’infl exible project manager, de bureaux et de logements, ils cherchent à attirer les grandes sociétés le pivot de tout projet d’envergure dans cette partie du monde. mondiales délocalisées. Ils aspirent également à être le trait d’union entre l’Orient et l’Occident, l’Asie et l’Europe ou encore l’Amérique et l’Asie. Cette Aussi prometteur qu’il puisse l’être, le marché de l’architecture du Moyen- région fl orissante, située à la croisée des chemins entre l’Inde et la Chine, Orient n’en est pas moins risqué. Les villes du Golfe d’aujourd’hui, à les deux grandes puissances économiques en devenir, a certainement les l’instar de Venise ou de Gènes en leur temps, jouissent d’une puissance moyens de ses ambitions, surtout si aucun grain de sable ne vient enrayer déconnectée de l’économie réelle et surtout sans commune mesure avec la machine. la faiblesse de leur population. Ces tours de Babel du monde moderne où chacun vient tenter sa chance reposent-elles sur des fondamentaux Architectes, urbanistes et sociétés d’ingénierie venus des quatre coins de économiques solides ou bien sur de fragiles fondations, pouvant à tout la planète misent sur la réussite de cet audacieux pari. De nombreuses moment s’effondrer ? Tout en esquissant quelques éléments de réponse, le présent guide fait un tour d’horizon des principaux projets d’architecture et d’urbanisme dans chacun des pays couverts. Les modalités contractuelles, les honoraires, les procédures de permis de construire, les différents types de missions proposées aux architectes sont autant de sujets traités pour les aider à conduire des projets dans la région. Le Moyen-Orient : une entité plurielle Les pays du Moyen-Orient, et du Golfe en parti- culier, connaissent actuellement des bouleverse- ments socio-économiques sans précédent. Une nouvelle génération de dirigeants arrive au pouvoir amenant avec elle son lot de réformes politiques et économiques d’autant plus faciles à mettre en œuvre que le pétrole est cher. Tous les pays de la région ne sont toutefois pas logés à la même enseigne. Le Liban et la Jordanie n’ont pas de ressources pétrolières tandis que la production syrienne est marginale. Les monarchies du Golfe sont aussi hétérogènes entre celles, grandes exportatrices d’hydrocarbures, et les autres plus chichement dotées.
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