Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves
ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY (ISSN: 2581-3226) Volume 4 Issue 2 February 2021
Mini Review
Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review Waseem Khalid1*, Abdul Rehman2, Muhammad Irfan3, Ravi Prakash Jha4, Muhammad Zubair Khalid1 and Afifa Aziz1 Received: December 21, 2020 Published: January 22, 2021 1Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Waseem Khalid., et al. 2University Institute of Diet and Nutrition, The University of Lahore, Pakistan © All rights are reserved by 3Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan 4Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
*Corresponding Author:
Waseem Khalid, Institute of Home and Food Sciences, DOI:Government College University Faisalabad,65 Pakistan.
10.31080/ASMI.2020.04.07
Abstract
Nowadays, diabetes is a major issue in the world. The diabetes cases are increasing; peoples have used medicines but due to more side effects, the majority have been using herbal plants for the purpose of cure diabetes. Stevia is considered a sweet herbal plant; - it is a natural source of sugar but provides zero calories. The leaves of stevia contain protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, antioxidants, phenolic compounds and glycosides. Several studies proved that it can help reduce blood glucose levels. Due to high nutritional com positionKeywords: stevia Stevia leaves rebaudiana aid various other diseases.
; Diabetes; Sugar
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) [4] -
- stevia in them Reb-A is 200 times sweeter than table sugar . Fig - ure 1 shows the structure of plant, fresh, dry and powder form of A large eminent as nectar leaf can be used as a piece of tea, re tor [1] stevia leaves. freshments and diverse sustenance are as sweetening administra . Stevia is a trademark sweetener that does not contribute [2] calories and is 100 times sweeter than sugar. It has been translated into a guide for calorie-perceivers . - - Stevia is mostly used as a trademark sweetener, a central frag [3] ment that is removed and removed from that leaf of stevia. It con Stevia rebaudiana, it is a plant that is a member tains three glucose atoms associated with the steviol moiety . - Stevia is also called of the chrysanthemum family which is a subgroup of the Astera ceae family (ragweed family). The stevia bought from the grocery store and the stevia grown at home is very different from each other. Stevia products which are available in the grocery stores like - Tuvia and the stevia in raw form are not the original leaves. These are made from highly refined stevia leaf extract which is called re Figure 1: baudioside. Many products claiming stevia actually have very little Stevia Plant and Leaves.
Citation: Waseem Khalid., et al. Acta Scientific Microbiology
“Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review”. 4.2 (2021): 37-44. Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review
et al [15] 38 - - The added sugar in the American diet contributes about 16% of Savita., . described the nutritional composition of ste total calories. This causes weight gains and less control of the glu via in dry form. They found total carbohydrates, protein, fat, red [16] cose level. Stevia contains not any amount of sugar and no calories. hot residue and irritating fibrous substances. Stevia leaves are also It can be used in a diet to reduce body weight without any change contained 0.02 grams of oxalic acid , and a sweet glycoside or loss in taste. Globally, stevia is used in more than 5,000 food and mixture [17]. et al - beverage products nowadays. Throughout Asia and South America, [5] due to the sweetening properties of stevia, it is used as sweetening Milani., . [18] was found that stevia is the source of ste [6] ingredients in many products . Stevia has the potential to treat vioside (5-10%), duloside (0.4-0.7%) and rebaudiana (1-2%). Its endocrine diseases like diabetes, obesity and hypertension . leaves in dry form contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lutein, chlorophyll, Chemical composition hydroxycyanate, oligosaccharides, amino acids, free sugars and late segments.
Stevia is chemically composed of protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash Vitamins and Minerals and fiber. The researchers are used different techniques for the Stevia rebaudiana - composition of stevia leaves extract such as GC-MS [7]. The sweet [1] leaves of stevia ( Bertoni) have been investigated Stevia contains many vitamins included vitamins A, C and vi - by many researchers, is used for many years by South America and tamins of B-complex like thiamine and riboflavin . A previous - they call it “Kaa-hee” (Sweet herb). Due to the chemical composi study was shown that stevia contains water-soluble vitamins such - tion and sweetening properties stevia is used as an alternative to as vitamin C and vitamin B complex. In leaves, folic acid was a ma Stevia rebaudiana tration [19] synthetic sweetener. The nutritional and compositional benefits of jor compound and after that vitamin C is found in a major concen are studies nowadays [8]. Chemical composition . is shown in table 1. Nutritional Components Stevia is also a source of some major or minor minerals. Along Year Dietary Carbohydrate Protein Fat Ash with nutrition, it is also used in the health and cosmetic industries fiber due to the effectiveness of its phytochemical content. A survey was et al [9] performed in a study in which plant samples were collected from El-Nassag., . 66.50 9.63 3.47 3.08 17.12 [20] et al -- the province Aydin in Turkey and then their mineral content was determined (N, K, P, Mg, Ca, Cu, Na, Fe, Mn and Zn) . Atteh., . [10] 16.0 2.60 15.5 6.8 et al Abou-Arab., 61.9 11.4 3.73 7.41 15.5 53 -- 15 Stevia in unprocessed form is highly nutritious having vitamins . [11] Goyal and -- and minerals included vitamin C, niacin, magnesium, calcium, Serio [12] 11.2 5.6 - chromium, zinc, potassium and phosphorus are shown in table 2. 11.2 1.9 6.3 15.2 trients [21] The stevia leaves contain protein, fibre and at least 100 phytonu Samsher [13] Table 1: . Nutritional Composition of Stevia Leaves on Dry Matter (g/100g DW). - Stevia contain minerals included magnesium, calcium, iron and Phytochemical of Stevia rebaudiana phosphorous. The minerals are beneficial for cardiovascular sys - Stevia rebaudiana tem, bone formation and porosity against bone and important for bone formation. The minerals present in stevia leaves are benefi plant is a convenient source of protein (11.4% - cial for immune system. Zinc and selenium are the trace minerals dw), starch (69.9% dw), fibre (15.5% dw) and minerals (K, Ca, Na, [14] present in stevia products. While, many other trace minerals are Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn). It is a vital source of amino acids recog nized by FAO and WHO .
Citation: Waseem Khalid., et al. Acta Scientific Microbiology
“Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review”. 4.2 (2021): 37-44. Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review
39
Vitamin Kim., et al. [22]; Blades and Zubr [23] Mineral Chughtai., et al. [24] Water soluble Contents (mg/100 g) Mineral Contents (mg/100 g) Vitamin C Na Vitamin B2 K 14.97 29.4 Vitamin B6 0.43 2195.3 Folic acid 1.90 P 372.1 Niacin 194 Fe 52.18 Mg 286.2 Thiamine 24.29 Table 2: 18.8 Zn 1.423
Vitamins and Minerals Contents of Stevia Leaves. Glycosides also present in stevia leaves included silicon, chromium, cobalt and - manganese which are used in enzymatic processes. These provide [25] function of excretory system, utilization of oxygen, physiological Glycoside is basically a molecule in which a sugar group is con nected to another functional group by a glycosidic bond. In living assembly and disassembly of energy safely . [29] Phenolic compounds and antioxidants organisms, glycosides are performed vital roles. Numerous plants cell store glycosides in an inactive form . The sweet leaves of - stevia contain glycosides such as stevioside, steviol, steviolbioside, - [30] The phenolic compounds present in stevia leaves are chloro rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D genic acids, polyphenol family of esters, hydroxycinnamic acids es and dulcoside A . Table 3 presented the structure and sweeting [26] ters with quinic acid, possessing excellent hydrophilic antioxidant level of different type of glycoside in stevia leaves. activity and therapeutic properties . Health benefits -
The glycosides present in stevia leaves are non-nutritive sub - - Stevia gives the correct amount of calories and there are signs of stitutes of sugar which don’t provide any energy on consumption. - human prosperity. According to some progressive clinical examina Besides their sweetening properties, stevia leaves also show an - literature tions, Stevia has different therapeutic properties like cell strength tioxidant properties and its sweet diterpenes are reported in the ture [32] ening and antifungal when used as a different maintenance struc [27]. Stevia rebaudiana . Stevia gives an exact amount of calories and does not create any symptoms on human wellbeing. As per some ongoing which is a chrysanthemum herb is used as clinical examinations, Stevia has diverse treatment properties (cell a vegetable-based sweetening additive in health drinks and many [33] reinforcement, antifungal, antimicrobial) when utilized as a part of other food products. According to studies, it was investigated that - various sustenance frameworks . the stevia leaves show antioxidant activity and the presence of - bioactive compounds. The analysis shows that stevia leaves con Consider the adaptability of stevia and report that it exhibits hy tain folic acid 52.18 mg/100g. The stevia contains phenolic and perglycemia, antihypertensive, threatening tumors, combating the flavonoid contents of 130.76μg catechin and 15.64μg quercetin in effects of running and diuretics, and also helping to lose weight. leaves and 43.99μg catechin and 1.57μg quercetin in cells of mg [34] - Stevia leaves are generally used to treat diabetes in various parts of water extracts, respectively. Pyrogallol is the major phenolic [35] of the world . Stevia utilization enormously builds the levels of compound present in both leaf and cellular extracts of stevia. Ad glucose resilience and low plasma glucose in the grown-up . ditionally, according to various studies the leaf extracts contain a large number of free radicals, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities than cellular extract [28].
Citation: Waseem Khalid., et al. Acta Scientific Microbiology
“Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review”. 4.2 (2021): 37-44. Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review
40
Sweetening Type of Structure Level Nabors - Glycoside Stevia plays a vital role in pancreatic health and can aid in lower O’Brien 2012 [36] hyperglycemia and diabetes. Clinical reports show that glucose lev 150–250 els fall in 35.2% test points after 6-8 hours utilizing Stevia leaf . Stevioside et al - Shivanna., . [37] was conducted research on diabetes rats. - results show that by using stevioside a month and a half a huge in -- crement in insulin response. Aside from hypoglycemic action, ste - via diminishes the danger of oxidative pressure. The plant shows Steviol a heart tonic movement that helps coordinate heart rate and cir - culation strain levels. They also found antibacterial, palliative and - 90 bacteria-free properties. Stevia exhibits nourishing properties as Steviolbioside sociated with the stomach and exhibits extraordinary effects in re moving skin problems such as dermatitis, skin deterioration, and skin irritation [38]. et al [34] 200–300 Megeji, Kumar., . Little by little, stevia leaves are used Rebaudioside throughout the world to treat diabetes. The use of stevia essentially A in adults [39] assembles glucose to counteract and reduce plasma glucose levels . 150 B Danger can be implied as pain associated with body cells. As Rebaudioside the development progresses, cellular DNA is eliminated. Stevia has [13] been used as a substitute for different trademark sweeteners for a - 30 long time . Harmful quality has been investigated for stevia for [40] C a long time, until now no malignant tumours, genotoxicity or differ Rebaudioside - ent harmful effects have been found . Different examinations - listed the inhibition of stevia removal on tumour changes. Stevio 221 sides, stevia glucosides, isosteviol and steviol have become warm [41] D er, have slow down properties, and decrease tumour progression Rebaudioside by blocking specific antigens . The post-hydrolysis effect of [42] stevioside may lead to DNA replication and unsafe cell progression [34] 30 . Stevia leaves are generally used to treat diabetes in various parts of the world . Stevia utilization enormously builds the Dulcoside A levels of glucose resilience and low plasma glucose in a grown-up. - Examinations revealed the impacts of blocking stevia on tumour - advancement. Stevioside, stevia leaf aglycones, isosteviol and ste Table 3: [41] viol are enamoured with inhibitory properties for the specific an Structures and sweetening level tigens obstructing by tumour development . The stevioside [42] of glycoside in Stevia leaves. hydrolyzed result conceivably prevents DNA duplication as well as carcinogenic chamber development .
Citation: Waseem Khalid., et al. Acta Scientific Microbiology
“Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review”. 4.2 (2021): 37-44. Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review
41 [32] Lowering of blood glucose level - Chatsudthipong and Muanprasat considered the helpful [43] [44] [45], hos- - capability of Stevia and detailed that it indicates hostile to hyper - glycemic , against hypertensive , against tumour Stevia suppresses plasma glucose levels and raises glucose tol tile to the looseness of the bowels and diuretic impacts and helps erance better than artificial sweeteners. Stevia also has no calo [46] - in weight reduction. The plant demonstrates cardiotonic activity, ries, which makes it highly beneficial for lowering glucose levels. - which helps in the level of heart rate and circulatory strain . Sucrose contains calories due to which consumers gain weight af They additionally got antibacterial, mitigating and clean proper ter its consumption. Artificial sugars can be replaced with stevia - in the sugar-containing products. Stevia is triggered the glucagon ties. Stevia processing indicates tonic properties and shows great - - response and also reduces blood glucose in people suffering from outcomes in skin issues, for example, skin ailment [47], skin in - ity anticipation type 2 diabetes. Glucagon is the hormone that regulates blood glu flammation, dermatitis and so forth. It is additionally viable for cav [52] [28]. Stevia helps to control blood sugar and insulin cose levels in the blood. For diabetic patients, the system that pro - duces glucagon is usually faulty . levels. Stevia leaves extract has been used for many centuries in Other medicinal uses South America as a medicinal herb used in the treatment of diabe - tes. Stevia is used to lower blood pressure. According to a study, the Stevia has drawn the attention of health-conscious fitness lov oral intake of 250mg of stevia three times a day for one year causes ers all over the planet as a non-caloric sweetener. It is regarded a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of patients - as replacing saccharin worldwide. The major sweet compounds suffering from mild to moderate hypertension [48]. - - that are isolated from the stevia leaves are several glycoside com diosides [50] pounds including steviolbioside, stevioside, dulcoside and rebau An effective remedy for dandruff and acne, stevia contains sev - - . eral antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents that According to various studies stevia can reduce the risk of pan can cope with unpleasant rashes on the face or annoying hair dan - creatic cancer by 23%. Intake of stevioside as a supplement can druff. Reduce wrinkles and skin lines. Retinoic acid prevents the - reduce blood pressure. Stevia has also been shown to have anti- breakdown of collagen and elastin, thereby regulating wrinkle for cancer, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and immunomodulatory ef mation. Besides, Stevia reduces sebum production, increasing the Streptococcus mutans - fects. Being a non-carbohydrate sweetener, stevia would not favor life of skin cells. Relieves digestive problems, plant glycosides have - [49] the growth of bacteria in the mouth which is a soothing effect on the irritated gastric mucosa, making it an ac ties [53] attributed to be a causative agent of dental caries and tooth cavi tive ingredient for treating digestive problems and heartburn . . Stevia has a favorable effect on blood sugar level, make it effective Conclusion [50] for patients of type 2 diabetes, those who want to lose weight, use stevia which is a better non-nutritive sweetener . This review concluded that stevia leaves are composed of fat, Role in diabetics protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals in a small quantity. Glycosides are chemical compounds naturally present in stevia - leaves that responsible for the sweet taste. Its antioxidants and Diabetes mellitus may be cured by using many traditional plants - phenolic compounds aid against diseases. Stevia plays a therapeu which are preferred as a natural source of drugs because they are tic role in diabetes by reducing blood glucose. quite safe, less toxic than pharmaceuticals and keep strong antioxi Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is dant activities. Due to these reasons, these plants are considered to be more effective against diabetes. [51] a traditional plant that has beneficial due to its sweet effects on blood glucose regulation .
Citation: Waseem Khalid., et al. Acta Scientific Microbiology
“Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review”. 4.2 (2021): 37-44. Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review
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“Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review”. 4.2 (2021): 37-44. Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review
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Citation: Waseem Khalid., et al. Acta Scientific Microbiology
“Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review”. 4.2 (2021): 37-44.