DOCSLIB.ORG

The Languages of China Before the Chinese, Researches on the Languages Spoken by the Pre-Chinese Races of China Proper Previousl

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Languages of China Before the Chinese, Researches on the Languages Spoken by the Pre-Chinese Races of China Proper Previousl Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/languagesofchinaOOterr THE LANGUAGES OF CHINA BEFORE THE CHINESE. — — LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL WORKS. ](y I'KOK. Dr. TERRIEX DE LACOUPEPJE. dea Mots et des Laugues.— Paris- Du Lnnpafre : Essai sur la Nature et TEtude Leipzip, 18<)7, 1 voL, 8vo. Lea Noma propi-es. — Le Havre, 1808. Early History of tlio Chinese Civilization (with plate of early Chinese and Jialiylonian cliaractor,'?). —London, 18f^0. 8vo. The Silver Coinafje of Tibet (with plate).—London, 1882, 8vo; {Bepr. from Au III ismatic t h ron tele). A Lolo Manuscript written on Satin.—London. 1882. 8vo. {Bepr. from J.B^A.8.) Paper Money of the Ninth Century, and supposed Leather Coinage of China. l-ondon. 1882, 8vo. {Rcpr. Rum. Chron.) On the History of tlie Archaic Chinese Writings and Texts.—London, 1882, 8vo. { Bepr. from J. B. A .S.) Orientalia Antiqua (edited by T. de Lacouperie). — London, 1882, 8vo. The Oldest l^oolc of the Chinese and its Anchors (Jour. Boy. Amit. Soc, 1882, vol. 188.'}, 4sl). edition in theprefs. xiv.. pp. 781-815 ; vol. xv., pp. 237-283. Second The Old Numerals, the Counting Rods, and the Swan-pan in China. —London, 1882, 8vo. (Bepr. N. C.) The AtHnity of the 'Jen Stems of the Chinese Cycle of Ten with the Akkadian Numerals. —London, 1883 (Bepr. Academy). The Chinese Mythical Kiiii^andthe Babylonian Canon. —London, \?>%2,(Bepr.Acad). Traditions of Babylonia m Early Chinese Documents. — London, 1883 (Bepr. Acad.) Chinese and Japanese Coins (Historical Sketch of), pp. 198-235, Coinx and Medals by the authors of the British Museum Official Catalogues. — London, 1885, 8vo. The Cradle of the Shan Race.—London, 1885 (Introd. to A. R. Colquhoun's Anioni/st the Shans). The Sinini of Isaiah, not the Chinese. —London. I887(i?^?>r. Bah. and Or. Becord). Did Cyrus introduce Writing into India P—London, 1887 (Bepr. B. O. B.) Babylonia and China. Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization. London, 1887 (Bepr. B.O.B.) Beginnings of Writing (with six plates). — London, 1887, 1 vol., 8vo. the the The Languages of China before the Chinese ( Bepr from Address of President to the Fhiloloi/ical Society). — London, 1887, 1 vol.. 8vo. Formosa Notes on MSS., Languages and Races. —London, 1887 (Bepr. J.B.A.S.) Ideology of Languages, and its Relation to History. —London, 1887, 1 vol., 8vo. Jn the press. The Coins of China, from the British Museum and other Sources. —Vol. i., 4to. Jn theprefs. The Science of Language, chiefly with regard to S. E. Asia. —1 vol., Svo. i<oon in the pre.fs. The Chin.'se and their Future Prospects (J. Soc. of Arts, July, ISSO).—The Lolo and Mo.^so Writings (Pi-oc. B.G.S.. 1882, supp. pap. I.)—On a Bagspa Legend on Coins of Ghazan (Catalogue of Oriental Coins, British Museum, vol. vi., 1881). — Chinese Inscriptions (Acadnny, 24th Sept., 1881). —The Chinese name of the Roman Empire (ibid., 1st October, 1881).—The Sumerian and Accadian Dialects (ibid., 24th Jan., 1882). —Lolo not connected with Vei Characters (Athenceum. 23rd Sept., 1882).—The Yh-king (ibid., 2lst Jan., Dtli and 30th Sept.. 1882). —Chinese and Accadian Affinities (Academy, 20th Jan., 1883). —The Shitting of the Cardinal Points, as an illustration of the Cliakh'ao-Baby Ionian Culture borrowed by the early Chinese (abstr. , ibid., 12th May, 1883).— Early Chinese Literature (ibid., 28th July. 1883).—Chinese and Siamese (ibid., 11th August, 1883).— Tin-yut not India (ibid., 2nd May, 1885).—India from China (ibid., 5th Sept., 1885).— Babylonian and Old Chinese Measures (ibid., 10th Oct., 1885). — Indo-Chinese Philology (ibid., 24th Oct., 1885).—The Nestorian Tablet (Times. Aih Feb., 1885).—The To Indigenes of Tungking (Proc- B.G.S., April, 1886).— Babylonia and China (Academy. 7th Aug., 1880). —The Nestorian Tablet at Si-ngan fu (Times, 1st Sept., 18SG). —Comparative Ideology (Academy, 4th Sept.. 1886). —Akkadian and Sumerian in Comparative Philology (Bah. and Or. Becord, Nov. 1886). —The Kushites, who wei-e they ? (ibid., Dec, 1886). —A New Writing from S. W. China (Acadtiny, 9th Feb.. 1887). —A Native Writing in Formosa (ibid., Aug., 1887). —Les Langues de la Chine avant les Chinois (Le Museon, Janvier, Avril, Juillet, 1887). i)'2.C4-U THE LANGUAGES OF CHINA BEFORE THE CHINESE/ RESEARCHES OX THE LAIN^GUAGES SPOKEIN" BY THE PRE-CHINESE RACES OF CHIN^A PROPER PREVIOUSLY TO THE CHINESE OCCUPATION. ^ ^^ ^^^ERRIEN^DE LACOUPERIE, DOCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY AND IN LETTERS ; PROFESSOR OF INDO-CHINESE PHILOLOGY (UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON) M. OF COt'NCIL ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY AND PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY ; CM. ACADEMIE DE STANISLAS OF NANCY, PEKING ORIENTAL SOCIETY, ETC. ^r^.^ LONDON: !,'^^\' DAVID :NUTT, 270, STRAND. • 1887. {Included m the Address of the President to the Philological Society, 1886.) THE LANGUAGES OF CHINA BEFOEE THE CHINESE. Part I. TJie Lata and their Treatment, §§ 1—12. I. Data. 1. The languages mentioned in these pages are not all of them those, or the representatives of those, which were spoken in the Flowery Land when the Chinese made their appearance in that fertile country some four thousand years ago. The Chinese have only occupied it, slowly and gradually, and their progressive occupation was only achieved nominally during the last centur}'. Some portions of the S. and S.W. provinces of Kueitchon, Szetchuen, Yunnan, Kuangsi and Kuangtung^ are still inhabited by broken and non-broken tribes, representatives, generally cross-bred, mixed and degenerated, of some former races who were once in possession of the country. Therefore the expression pre-Chinese languages of China implies an enormous length of time, which still continues, and which would require an immense study should the materials be available. 2. Unhappily the data are of the most scanty description. They consist of occasional references given reluctantly and contemptuously during their history by the Chinese them- selves, who were little disposed to acknowledge the existence of independent and non-Chinese populations in the very 1 The only peculiarities of transcription are the following: a, e, i, o as in Italian; ?<=the French ou; M=the French m ; sh = sch All., ch Fr. ; tch = tisch All., ch Engl. midst of their dominion. Though they cannot conceal the fact that they are themselves intruders in China proper, they have always tried the use of big words and large geographical denominations, which blind the unwary readers, to shield their comparatively small beginnings. Such indications can be obtained only by a close examination of their ancient documents, such as their histaries, annals, and the local topographies, where, in the case of the annals, they have to be sought for in the sections concerning foreign countries ; an arrangement somewhat startling, though not unnatural when we consider the real state of the case from a standpoint other than the views entertained by the ancient sinologists on the permanence and the ever-great importance of the Chinese nation. But the Chinese, though careful to inscribe in one or another part of their records all that occurred between themselves and the aboriginal tribes, and all that they could learn about them, were not enabled to know anything as to the events, linguistical and ethnological, which took place beyond their reach. So that displacements of the old races, as well as the arrival of new ones, have taken place in the regions non- Chinese, now part of China proper. Foreign linguistic influences have also been at work, and of these we have no other knowledge than that deduced from the traces they have left behind them which enable us to disentangle their peculiar characteristics. 3. Little attention has hitherto been paid to the ethno- logical and historical importance of the pre-Chinese popu- lations. Series of short notices from Chinese light works or illustrated albums, compiled for the sake of curiosity, about the modern tribes, remnants of these populations, have been translated into English by Bridgeman, Lockhart, Clark, "Wells Williams, etc., and into German by Neumann. More elaborate notices concerning the ancient tribes have been published by Dr. Legge and the late Dr. Plath, with- out, however, any reference to their parentage with the modern tribes. But the first who recognized the great part played by some of them during the Middle Ages was Prof. Marquis d'Hervey de St.-Denys in a short paper read by him at the first Congres dcs Orientalistes held in Paris in 1873. Nothing has been done in the way of tracing out the limits of the territories occupied by the different races and tribes in former times ; so that we shall have to draw the information when required from the materials compiled for a work still in MS. on China before the Chinese. 4. The linguistic materials are very meagre, and any grammar is out of the question. They consist only of 38 mere lists of words of various lengths. The longest embraces 242 words, the shortest one tconl only. Their direct value is unequal, inasmuch as their sources are most curiously mixed, perhaps more so than in any other linguistic document hitherto studied. Some of them are made up of the words occasionally quoted in the Chinese records, from where we have collected them ; others are lists made purposely by the Chinese, and extracted from their local works on topography. Others again were collected by European travellers, such as Mr. E. Colborne Baber, Father Suchier, M. Hosie, Father Desgodins, the late Francis Garnier and others.^ The pre- ciseness of the vocabulary of the Lolos of Szetchuen compiled by Mr. Baber is the best specimen of all. 5. As to the vocabularies compiled by the Chinese, their value cannot be otherwise than indifferent from a scientific standpoint, and their use for the sake of comparison, lacking in accuracy, cannot in many separate cases be accepted other- wise than as provisional data.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Volume 4-2:2011
    JSEALS Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Managing Editor: Paul Sidwell (Pacific Linguistics, Canberra) Editorial Advisory Board: Mark Alves (USA) George Bedell (Thailand) Marc Brunelle (Canada) Gerard Diffloth (Cambodia) Marlys Macken (USA) Brian Migliazza (USA) Keralapura Nagaraja (India) Peter Norquest (USA) Amara Prasithrathsint (Thailand) Martha Ratliff (USA) Sophana Srichampa (Thailand) Justin Watkins (UK) JSEALS is the peer-reviewed journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, and is devoted to publishing research on the languages of mainland and insular Southeast Asia. It is an electronic journal, distributed freely by Pacific Linguistics (www.pacling.com) and the JSEALS website (jseals.org). JSEALS was formally established by decision of the SEALS 17 meeting, held at the University of Maryland in September 2007. It supersedes the Conference Proceedings, previously published by Arizona State University and later by Pacific Linguistics. JSEALS welcomes articles that are topical, focused on linguistic (as opposed to cultural or anthropological) issues, and which further the lively debate that characterizes the annual SEALS conferences. Although we expect in practice that most JSEALS articles will have been presented and discussed at the SEALS conference, submission is open to all regardless of their participation in SEALS meetings. Papers are expected to be written in English. Each paper is reviewed by at least two scholars, usually a member of the Advisory Board and one or more independent readers. Reviewers are volunteers, and we are grateful for their assistance in ensuring the quality of this publication. As an additional service we also admit data papers, reports and notes, subject to an internal review process.
    [Show full text]
  • Hosted Au Deposits of the Dian-Qian-Gui Area, Guizhou, and Yunnan Provinces, and Guangxi District, P.R
    CHAPTER 3 Geology and Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rock- Hosted Au Deposits of the Dian-Qian-Gui Area, Guizhou, and Yunnan Provinces, and Guangxi District, P.R. China 1 2 2 By Stephen G. Peters , Huang Jiazhan , Li Zhiping , 2 3 Jing Chenggui , and Cai Qiming Open-File Report: 02–131 2002 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Reno Field Office, Mackay School of Mines, MS-176, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 2Tianjin Geological Academy, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 42 Youyi Road, Tianjin City, P.R. China, 300061). 2Kunming Geologic Survey of Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, Kunming, Yunnan. CONTENTS Abstract INTRODUCTION REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING DESCRIPTIONS of Au DEPOSITS Zimudang Au deposit Lannigou Au deposit Banqi Au deposit Yata Au deposit Getang Au deposit Sixianchang Au–Hg deposit Jinya Au deposit Gaolong Au deposit Gedang Au deposit Jinba Au deposit Hengxian Au deposit DISUCSSION and CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 3 96 List of Figures Figure 3-1. Geologic map and distribution of sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits in the Dian- Qian-Gui area. Figure 3-2. Geologic parameters of the Dian-Qian-Gui area. Figure 3-3. Sedimentary facies in the Dian-Qian-Gui area. Figure 3-4. Geophysical interpretation of shallow crust in the Dian-Qian-Gui area.
    [Show full text]
  • Generic CMYK Printer Profile Composite Default Screen
    Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen C:\Jobs\Bibliography 2002\Vp\Bibliography.vp Tuesday, December 08, 2009 3:31:45 PM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: Academic Affairs P.O. Box 2270 CPO 1099 Manila or: [email protected] Ó Summer Institute of Linguistics Philippines, Inc. 1978, 1985, 1988, 2003 All rights reserved. First edition 1978 Fourth edition 2003 Bibliography of the Summer Institute of Linguistics Philippines 1953-2003 ISBN: 971-18-0370-4 0203-4C Printed in the Philippines C:\Jobs\Bibliography 2002\Vp\Bibliography.vp Tuesday, December 08, 2009 3:31:45 PM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Contents Foreword ...................... xvii OfficialLetters .................... xix Preface ....................... xxiii Introduction ..................... xxv VariantLanguageNames .............. xxvii VariantAuthorNames................ xxxi ListofJournals .................. xxxiii PublisherandInstitutionAbbreviations ...... xxxix GeneralAbbreviations ................ xli Map ......................... xlii General ........................ 1 Anthropology . 1 Linguistics . 3 Literacy and Literature Use . 9 Translation . 11 Various . 16 PhilippineGeneral .................. 23 Anthropology. 23 Linguistics . 28 Literacy and Literature Use . 37 Translation . 40 Various . 40 Working Papers. 42 Agta:Casiguran(Dumagat) .............. 42 Anthropology. 42 Linguistics . 44 Literacy and
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Hamaxing Jeremy E
    East Asian History NUMBER 21 . JUNE 2001 Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Associate Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Clark Andrew Fraser Helen Hardacre Colin Jeffcott W. J. F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David MalT Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Design and Production Helen Lo Business Manager Marion Weeks Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the twenty-first issue of East Asian History, printed June 2001 in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. This externally refereed journal is published twice a year Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 26125 3140 Fax +61 26125 5525 email [email protected] Subscription Enquiries to Subscriptions, East Asian History, at the above address, or to [email protected] Annual Subscription Australia A$50 (including GSn Overseas US$45 (GST free) (for two issues) ISSN 1036-6008 iii ~ CONTENTS 1 In search of Erlang Carmelita (Carma) Hinton 33 Treated as Treasures: the Ci rculation of Sutras in Maritime Northeast ASia , from 1388 to the Mid-Sixteenth CentlllY Kenneth R. Robinson 55 Wu T'ai-po in Early Tokugawa Thought: Imperial Ancestor or Ch inese Sage? Wai-ming Ng 65 Liang Qichao in Australia: a Sojourn of No Significance? Gloria Davies 111 La Maison d 'Or- the Sumptuous World of Shao Xunmei Jonathan Hutt 143 Preserving the Remnants of Empire in Taiwan: the Case of Hamaxing Jeremy E.
    [Show full text]
  • CUHK Papers in Linguistics,Number 1. INSTITUTION Chinese Univ
    DOCUMENT AESUME ED 364 067 FL 021 534 AUTHOR Ching, Teresa, Ed. TITLE CUHK Papers in Linguistics,Number 1. INSTITUTION Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong.Linguistics Research Lab. SPONS AGENCY Lingnan Univ. (China).; UnitedBoard of Higher Christian Education in Asia. REPORT NO ISSN-1015-1672 PUB DATE Aug 89 NOTE 118p.; For individualpapers, see FL 021 535-539. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT CUHK Papers in Linguistics; nlAug 1989 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Children; *English (Second Language);*Evaluation Methods; *Grammar; *HeariagImpairments; Language Acquisition; Mandarin Chinese;*Second Language Learning; *Standard SpokenUsage; Syntax IDENTIIIERS *Linear Ordering;Quantifiers ABSTRACT Papers included in thisvolume include the following: "Prosodic Aspects of Hearing-Impaired Children: AQualitative and Quantitative Assessmer' (Teresa Y. C. Ching); "TheRole of Linear Order in the Acquisit: of Quantifier Scope in Chinese"(ThoLas H. T. Lee); "Some Neglected Syntactic Phenomena inNear-standard English" (Mark Newbrook); "The Effect of ExplicitInstruction on the Acquisition of English Grammatical Structures by ChineseLearners" (Yan-ping Zhou); and "An Essay on Toffee Apple andTreacle Tart, Being an Imitation ofCockney Punning for TOEFL W. Ho). (Author/VWL) and TEASL" (Louise S. *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied byEDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** CUBIC
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Hong Kong Liyan Hu1
    Language Policy, Practice and Diglossia in Colonial and Post- Colonial Hong Kong Liyan Hu1 Abstract: The language policy in Hong Kong undergoes both colonization and decolonization at present. In colonial days, the language policy was diglossic or superposed bilingualism. English was treated as ‘high’ language, while Cantonese and Putongh (formerly known as Mandarin were of the ‘low’ status. One of the major changes after the resumption of sovereignty in 1997 is the ‘bi-literacy and trilingualism’ language policy, to balance the status of English, Cantonese (a commonly spoken local language in Hong Kong) and Putonghua (the national spoken language in mainland China); this is in accordance with the ‘mother tongue’ education policy. This paper examines the language policy with certain politically-driven practices in education, the workplace as well as daily common and official life in pre-colonial and post-colonial Hong Kong; to view the intentions of the colonial government and the motives of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Government, as well as to examine the response of Hong Kong society to the language issues during the transition of political power. Keywords: language policy, diglossia, hegemony, medium of instruction, political transition, globalization and decolonization Defining language policy, diglossia and hegemony Language policy is all measures which influence the communicative flow in a society with a view to maintaining or altering its power structure (Brumme et al., 1993). It also covers a wider range of situations that involve language planning and language-in-education. It can be top-down through a governmental and national level or at an institutional level (Poon, 2000); it also can take the shape of official language legislation and discourse regulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Xikang: Han Chinese in Sichuan's Western Frontier
    XIKANG: HAN CHINESE IN SICHUAN’S WESTERN FRONTIER, 1905-1949. by Joe Lawson A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chinese Victoria University of Wellington 2011 Abstract This thesis is about Han Chinese engagement with the ethnically diverse highlands west and south-west of the Sichuan basin in the first half of the twentieth century. This territory, which includes much of the Tibetan Kham region as well as the mostly Yi- and Han-settled Liangshan, constituted Xikang province between 1939 and 1955. The thesis begins with an analysis of the settlement policy of the late Qing governor Zhao Erfeng, as well as the key sources of influence on it. Han authority suffered setbacks in the late 1910s, but recovered from the mid-1920s under the leadership of General Liu Wenhui, and the thesis highlights areas of similarity and difference between the Zhao and Liu periods. Although contemporaries and later historians have often dismissed the attempts to build Han Chinese- dominated local governments in the highlands as failures, this endeavour was relatively successful in a limited number of places. Such success, however, did not entail the incorporation of territory into an undifferentiated Chinese whole. Throughout the highlands, pre-twentieth century local institutions, such as the wula corvée labour tax in Kham, continued to exercise a powerful influence on the development and nature of local and regional government. The thesis also considers the long-term life (and death) of ideas regarding social transformation as developed by leaders and historians of the highlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Hinduism and Buddhism
    HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM AN HISTORICAL SKETCH BY SIR CHARLES ELIOT In three volumes VOLUME III ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane, London, E.C.4. 1921 First published 1921 Reprinted 1954 Reprinted 1957 Reprinted 1962 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY LUND HUMPHRIES LONDON - BRADFORD CONTENTS BOOK VI BUDDHISM OUTSIDE INDIA CHAPTER PAGE XXXIV. EXPANSION OF INDIAN INFLUENCE 3 XXXV. CEYLON 11 XXXVI. BURMA 46 XXXVII. SIAM 78 XXXVIII. CAMBOJA 100 XXXIX. CHAMPA 137 XL. JAVA AND THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO 151 XLI. CENTRAL ASIA 188 XLII. CHINA. INTRODUCTORY 223 XLIII. CHINA ( continued ). HISTORY 244 XLIV. CHINA ( continued ). THE CANON 281 XLV. CHINA ( continued ). SCHOOLS OF CHINESE BUDDHISM 303 XLVI. CHINA ( continued ). CHINESE BUDDHISM AT THE PRESENT 321 DAY XLVII. KOREA 336 XLVIII. ANNAM 340 XLIX. TIBET. INTRODUCTORY 345 L. TIBET ( continued ). HISTORY 347 LI. TIBET ( continued ). THE CANON 372 LII. TIBET ( continued ). DOCTRINES OF LAMAISM 382 LIII. TIBET ( continued ). SECTS 397 LIV. JAPAN 402 BOOK VII MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF EASTERN AND WESTERN RELIGIONS LV. INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA 409 LVI. INDIAN INFLUENCE IN THE WESTERN WORLD 429 LVII. PERSIAN INFLUENCE IN INDIA 449 LVIII. MOHAMMEDANISM IN INDIA 455 INDEX 463 BOOK VI BUDDHISM OUTSIDE INDIA CHAPTER XXXIV EXPANSION OF INDIAN INFLUENCE INTRODUCTORY The subject of this Book is the expansion of Indian influence throughout Eastern Asia and the neighbouring islands. That influence is clear and wide-spread, nay almost universal, and it is with justice that we speak of Further India and the Dutch call their colonies Neerlands Indië. For some early chapters in the story of this expansion the dates and details are meagre, but on the whole the investigator's chief difficulty is to grasp and marshal the mass of facts relating to the development of religion and civilization in this great region.
    [Show full text]
  • In Defense of the Numeral-Based Model of Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic*
    Article Language and Linguistics In Defense of the Numeral-based Model of 15(6) 859–882 © The Author(s) 2014 Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic* Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1606822X14544623 lin.sagepub.com Laurent Sagart Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique This paper responds to all of Malcolm Ross’s criticisms, published in Language and Linguistics 13.6 (2012), of Sagart’s numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny (Sagart 2004). It shows that a part of these criticisms is addressed to an invented version of Sagart’s model, while another appeals to questionable princi- ples. It points out various errors of fact and interpretation. It also criticizes Ross’s own account of the evolution of early Austronesian numerals, showing that it has little explanatory power, fails to account for phonological irregularities, and cannot explain the observed nesting pattern among numeral isoglosses. Finally, this paper shows that Tsouic, a Formosan subgroup which contradicts Ross’s phylogeny, is valid. Key words: Austronesian, classification, numerals, phylogeny subgrouping 1. Background Sagart (2004) presented a new model of the early phylogeny of the Austronesian family, particularly its Formosan phase. The model placed the PAn homeland in northwest Taiwan, treated Proto-Malayo-Polynesian as a member of a low-level Formosan subgroup and Tai-Kadai as a sister group to Malayo-Polynesian. The argument relied on a set of innovations among numerals, revealed mainly by two independent lines of evidence: first, the observation of a hierarchy of implications among the familiar cardinals from 5 to 10, such that: *puluq ‘10’ << *Siwa ‘9’ << *walu ‘8’ << *enem ‘6’ << *lima ‘5’ << *pitu ‘7’ (where ‘A << B’ means ‘a reflex of A implies the presence of a reflex of B’) Similarly among biological species the presence of hair implies amniotic eggs, which imply four limbs, which imply a bony skeleton, which implies vertebrae.
    [Show full text]
  • Intonational Phonology in Colloquial Singaporean English*
    Intonational Phonology in Colloquial Singaporean English* Kelly Banciella Smemo A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Linguistics Swarthmore College December 2015 Abstract One of the primary goals of intonational phonology is to explore how meaning is assigned to an utterance through various suprasegmental features at the word level and above. This can be modeled using Autosegmental Metrical theory which creates a hierarchical prosodic structure for an utterance. How these different levels interact with each other is dependent on the language in question (Ladd, 2008). This thesis explores Colloquial Singaporean English (CSE), a language native to the city-state of Singapore. Standard English along with Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil are recognized as the official languages of the area. This puts CSE in a stigmatized role, despite its use in almost all spheres of life, barring government policy and writing in general. The dialect differs greatly from standard forms with heavy borrowing from languages such as Mandarin, Hokkien and Tamil on phonetic, syntactic and semantic levels (Harada, 2009). Within CSE, there is contention on how to accurately describe its intonational system due to the lack of empirical data. One model, developed by Ng posits that each syllable of the word is assigned a specific tone based on it's place in the word (e.g. Ng, 2011). Another model, argued for by Chong, uses Autosegmental Metrical theory to break up utterances into accentual phrases (e.g. Chong, 2013). In order to test the merit of each model, I collected novel data from two consul­ tants focusing on target words of varying syllable length.
    [Show full text]
  • Foodbank SA Product List Dated 24/10/19 Phone: 8351 1136
    Foodbank SA Product List Dated 24/10/19 Phone: 8351 1136 My Agency Code--> Fax: 8351 1137 My Agency Name--> TOTAL $ - My Pickup / Requested Ship Date --> Unit My Order Category Family Item Number Description And Inner Units Expiry Weight Kg Unit Price Limit Quantity Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Fruit APPLE Apples 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Fruit MANDARIN Mandarins 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Fruit ORANGE Oranges 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Fruit PEAR Pear 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Fruit WATERMELON Watermelon 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Vegetables CARROT Carrot 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Vegetables ONION Onion 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Vegetables POTATO Potato 1 KG 0.00 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fresh Vegetables TOMATO Tomatoes 1 KG 0.00 Frozen Food Bread 19329018035872 All Fruit Hot Cross Buns 22 x 6pk BB 27/9/19 10.5 CTN 14.70 Frozen Food Confectionery & Desserts 19312353007161 Haagen Dazs Caramel Biscuit & Cream Ice BB 30/7, 1.1 CTN 2.75 Cream 12 x 80ml 24/9/19 Frozen Food Frozen Meal 19300657823716 Kraft Easy Mac & Cheese Cracked Pepper & BB 20/11/19 4.5 CTN 6.30 Parmesan 10 x 400g Frozen Food Meat - Processed 99326451436064 Don Kabana 1 x 7.5kg UB 4/6/19 8 CTN 11.20 Frozen Food Meat -Raw MEAT Meat 1 KG 2.00 Frozen Food Meat -Raw S346 Primo BBQ Beef & Lamb Sausages 9 x 500g BB 14/10, 4.5 CTN 13.50 2 28/10/19 Frozen Food Meat -Raw S528 Slape & Sons Beef Mince 500g EACH BB 12/12/19 0.5 EACH 4.20 Frozen Food Meat -Raw S514
    [Show full text]
  • Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture Lu Zhao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Zhao, Lu, "In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 826. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/826 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/826 For more information, please contact [email protected]. In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture Abstract This dissertation is focused on communities of people in the Han dynasty (205 B.C.-A.D. 220) who possessed the knowledge of a corpus of texts: the Five Classics. Previously scholars have understood the popularity of this corpus in the Han society as a result of stiff ideology and imperial propaganda. However, this approach fails to explain why the imperial government considered them effective to convey propaganda in the first place. It does not capture the diverse range of ideas in classicism. This dissertation concentrates on Han classicists and treats them as scholars who constantly competed for attention in intellectual communities and solved problems with innovative solutions that were plausible to their contemporaries. This approach explains the nature of the apocryphal texts, which scholars have previously referred to as shallow and pseudo-scientific.
    [Show full text]