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JAPANESE NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS Blaster of ..4Rts, 3000 Tan Tweddell East Asian Studies Department University of Toronto

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JAPANESE NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS Blaster of ..4Rts, 3000 Tan Tweddell East Asian Studies Department University of Toronto NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI THE USE OF THE INTERNET BY JMANESE NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS Ian Tweddell .A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 0 Copyright by Ian Tweddell2000. National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KI A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copwght in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantieIs may be printed or otheMrise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE USE OF THE INTERNET BY JAPANESE NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS blaster of ..4rts, 3000 tan Tweddell East Asian Studies Department University of Toronto This paper examines the use of the Internet by Japanese new religious rnovements. Both the Intemet and new religions are relatively new to Japanese society. New religious movements first started in 1872, but experienced a great deal of growth in the post war years. The Lntemet was adopted relatively Iate in Japan (15 to 20 years later than most other industrialized nations), but is now experiencing an explosion in popularity in Japan. The conrent and presentation of the web sites maintained by Japanese new religions are examined, and some trends have been proposed. This paper explores several general issues which arise when examining the Internet and Japanese new religions, including the speed of adoption of new technology, capitalization of the Intemet's ability to foster interactivity, attitudes regarding the Intemet as a medium of communication, and the distribution and control of information. This paper owes its existence to a number of people who have helped me in a number of ways. First. I would like to thank my academic supervisor, Prof David Waterhouse for allowing me to pursue an unusual line of research. His advice, guidance and encouragement helped bting this paper to completion. His demand for depth ofresearch and clarity of language have kept me on my toes throughout this project. 1 would also like to thank my parents for their support and encouragement in pursuing this degree and undenaking this research. Finally 1 would like to thank my partner, Lori Newman for al1 her help with this projecr. Withour her support and advice, Iwould still be wailowing in an overload of information and ideas. She kept me grounded when I was in the clouds and gave me words of encoura_eernentwhen ail felt hopeless. Table of Contents Abstract .Acknowledgements Table of Contents Table of Figures Introduction Chapter 1 : Methodology The Intemet as "the field" C hapter 3: A Bnef History of the lnternet Japan and the Internet Chapter 3 : Tenrikyo History lnternet Xnalysis Chapter?: Omoto History Internet Analysis Chapter 5: Perfect Liberty History hternet Analy sis Chapter 6: Seicho no Le History Lnternet Analysis Chapter 7: Kofuku no Kagaku History Internet .4nalysis Chapter 8: Anaiysis lntenet as Medium tnteractivity New Technology Content Xccessibility Conclusion References Bibliograp hy List of Figures Ficiire 1. Te~kyoWeb Site Figure 2. Omotokyo Web Site Figure 3. Perfect Liberty Web Site Figure 4. Seicho no Ie Web Site Figure 5. Kofuku no Kagaku The Use of the Intemet by Japanese New Religjous Movements Introduction The new religions in Japan are composed of spirituai groups which have arisen within recent history; the oldest having been founded in 1872. These groups are generally highly symxetic, cornbhhg elements fbrn a number of diEerent spiritual traditions to create a new set of beliefs and doct~es.They are generally focused on providing worldly benefits to members, in spiritual ways, such as faith healing, or in social ways by providing a supportive community. The Intemet is sirnilar to Japanese new religions in a number of ways. It combines diverse elements such as text, pictures and sound to create a new medium for communication. It can be used to provide worldly benefits, either in the fom of a "vimial community" or by making information widely accessible. New religions in Japan have been quick to adopt the Internet and World Wide Web as a new means of communicating with members and the public at large. In this paper, the websites of five new religious groups will be examined in order to discem the general trends in the use of the Internet by new religious movements in Japan. Each site is studied in depth, closely examining not only the content, but the ways in which it is presented. Al1 five sites will be compared and contrasted in order to create a composite image of the general trends in Intemet usage among Japanese new religions, and the attitudes held by these five groups towards the htemet as weli as other new media. Chapter 1- Methodolow One of the difficulties in using the Intemet for research is the ephemeral and impermanent nature of websites: a page may be changed or disappear after a period of time as short as only a few hours. Unlike a book, which once pnnted remains unchanged until further editions are produced (and can be stored away and retrieved at any time) a website is in a constant state of change. Different editions of a book rnay be compared side by side, but doing so with websites is much more difficult. Ln viewing only what is available on the Intemet at the moment of access, a user is unable to see what has gone before, the evolution of the site, and the manner in which things have been presented in the past. To overcome this problem, fcr this research, a site copying program (WebCopier by ~aximum~oft)'was used in order to download entire websites, complete with al1 text, graphies, forms and links. These sites were stored on a hard drive (as well as CD-ROM)to preserve them as a "snap-shot" of the website's statu at a particular time. For the purpose of the current research, the selected websites were copied three &es: iate October of 1999, late May of 2000 and mid-lune of 2000. In addition, a copy of the Perfect Liberty site from early 1997 and a copy of the Seicho no Ie site from late 1998 were also available from earlier research. In each case, the Japanese site was the main focus of the research, and thus was copied in its entirety. In cases where foreign laaguage sites were also hosted by the Japanese headquarters' cornputer, they were copied as wel. Nthough not the main focus of the research, they were examined in order to provide a contrast with what is presented to a group's 'domestic' audience as opposed to a 'foreigd audience. Five Japanese new religious groups were chosen for this research, on the basis of two factors. The first is the relative age of the groups. Two of the groups, Omoto-kyo and T~M-kyo,are among the oldest of the new religions, having been started in 1892 and 1875 respectively. They represent the established, "old guard" of new religious movements within Japan. Perfect Liberty and Seicho no Ie were chosen because they reprrsent the .'micidie aged" new religions. Founded in the l92O's and IWO'S and having tlourished after a penod of post-war recovery, they represent the second wave of new religions. Finally, Kofuku no Kagaku was chosen to represent the most recent wave of so-called "new new religions", formed rnaidy in the 1970's and 1980's. Although there are many other new religions which could also have been chosen to represent the groups which emerged duhg these periods of tirne, rnost did not meet the second ct-itei-ion for selection: an awareness of the group on the part of the public. Ml of these groups were chosen because the general public in Japan has some awareness of their existence, either through their publications or through their activities. This demonstrates a desire for and acceptance of public knowledge of the group and its teachings, and suggests that the group's website will be sutficiently informative to permit hith1 research. Similar to the Intemet itself, the websites of Japanese new religous groups are constantly changing, dbeit at different speeds and with differing Ievels of technical expertise or vigour. Five years ago, virtuaiiy none of the new religions in Japan had an lntemet presence. In another five years, the creation of websites by these groups may be completely different; drasticdy increased or completely ignored in favour of a new form of media. The increasing use of the Intemet for communication, publishing, and the creation of cultural artifacts is both empowering and destructive. Rather than leaving behind a set of physical artifacts, such as books, photographs, or other objects, the Internet leaves behind nothing physical or concrete. Once a web page is changed or deleted &om the computer which acted as its host to the Lntemet, it is essentialiy gone. There is no paper rraii or iost folio whch cm reveai the history of a website once it has been changed.
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