JAPÃO & ARTES MARCIAIS História E Filosofia

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JAPÃO & ARTES MARCIAIS História E Filosofia Centro Filosófico do Kung Fu - Internacional JAPÃO & ARTES MARCIAIS História e Filosofia Volume 2 www.centrofilosoficodokungfu.com.br “Se atravessarmos a vida convencidos de que a nossa é a única maneira de pensar que existe, vamos acabar perdendo todas as oportunidades que surgem a cada dia” (Akio Morita) Editorial Esta publicação é o 2° volume da coletânea “História e Filosofia das Artes Marciais”, selecionada para cada país que teve destaque na sua formação. Aqui o foco é o Japão. Todo conteúdo é original da “Wikipédia”, editado e fornecido gratuitamente pelo Centro Filosófico do Kung Fu - Internacional. É muito importante divulgar esta coletânea no meio das artes marciais, independente do praticante; pois estaremos contribuindo para a formação de uma classe de artistas marciais de melhor nível que, com certeza, nosso meio estará se enriquecendo. Bom trabalho ! JAPÃO & ARTES MARCIAIS Filosofia e História Conteúdo 1 História do Japão 1 1.1 Periodização ............................................. 2 1.1.1 Eras do Japão ......................................... 2 1.2 História ................................................ 2 1.2.1 Período paleolítico japonês .................................. 2 1.2.2 Período Jomon ........................................ 2 1.2.3 Período Yayoi ........................................ 3 1.2.4 Período Kofun ........................................ 3 1.2.5 Período Asuka ........................................ 4 1.2.6 Período Hakuhō ....................................... 5 1.2.7 Período Nara ......................................... 6 1.2.8 Período Heian ........................................ 7 1.2.9 Período Kamakura ...................................... 10 1.2.10 Restauração Kemmu ..................................... 11 1.2.11 Período Muromachi ..................................... 12 1.2.12 Desenvolvimento cultural e contacto com o ocidente ..................... 13 1.2.13 Período Azuchi-Momoyama ................................. 14 1.2.14 Período Edo ......................................... 16 1.2.15 Período Meiji ......................................... 22 1.2.16 Período Taishō ........................................ 25 1.2.17 Período Shōwa ........................................ 27 1.2.18 Período Heisei ........................................ 31 1.3 Notas ................................................. 33 1.4 Referências .............................................. 33 1.5 Bibliografia .............................................. 36 1.6 Ligações externas ........................................... 38 2 Império do Japão 39 2.1 Contorno ............................................... 39 2.2 Terminologia ............................................. 39 2.3 Restauração Meiji ........................................... 39 2.3.1 Guerra Boshin ......................................... 40 2.3.2 Carta de Juramento ...................................... 41 i ii CONTEÚDO 2.4 Período Meiji(1868-1912) ...................................... 41 2.4.1 Constituição .......................................... 42 2.4.2 Dieta Imperial ......................................... 42 2.4.3 Desenvolvimento Econômico ................................. 42 2.4.4 Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa ................................ 43 2.4.5 Rebelião Boxer ........................................ 44 2.4.6 Guerra Russo-Japonesa .................................... 44 2.4.7 Anexação da Coreia ...................................... 45 2.5 Era Taisho (1912-1926) ........................................ 45 2.5.1 Primeira Guerra Mundial ................................... 45 2.5.2 Intervenção na Sibéria .................................... 46 2.5.3 “Democracia Taisho” ................................... 46 2.6 Início do período Showa (1926-1937) ................................. 46 2.6.1 Expansão da democracia ................................... 46 2.6.2 Organizações militares e sociais ................................ 47 2.6.3 Fatores nacionalistas ..................................... 47 2.6.4 Fatores econômicos ...................................... 48 2.7 Início do período Showa (1937-1947) - Expansionismo ........................ 48 2.7.1 Expansionismo pré-guerra .................................. 48 2.7.2 Pacto Tripartite ........................................ 50 2.7.3 Guerra do Pacífico ...................................... 50 2.8 Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial ................................... 54 2.8.1 Ocupação do Japão ...................................... 54 2.8.2 Repatriação .......................................... 54 2.8.3 Crimes de guerra ....................................... 55 2.8.4 Negação de crimes de guerra ................................. 55 2.8.5 Provas de crimes de guerra .................................. 55 2.9 Referências .............................................. 55 2.10 Notas ................................................. 58 2.11 Bibliografia .............................................. 58 2.12 Ligações externas ........................................... 58 2.12.1 Documentos ......................................... 58 2.12.2 História ............................................ 58 2.12.3 Trabalhos acadêmicos .................................... 58 3 Okinawa 60 3.1 História ................................................ 60 3.2 Geografia ............................................... 60 3.2.1 Cidades ............................................ 61 3.2.2 Distritos ........................................... 61 3.3 Economia ............................................... 61 3.4 Demografia .............................................. 61 CONTEÚDO iii 3.5 Arquitetura .............................................. 61 3.6 Turismo ................................................ 61 3.7 Ver também .............................................. 61 3.8 Ligações externas ........................................... 62 4 Budô 63 4.1 Etimologia .............................................. 63 4.1.1 Budô ............................................. 63 4.1.2 Budô e bujutsu ........................................ 63 4.2 História ................................................ 63 4.3 Alguns budô ............................................. 64 4.4 Ver também .............................................. 64 4.5 Referências .............................................. 64 5 Tao 65 5.1 O tao é a espontaneidade natural ................................... 65 5.1.1 O modo de caminhar taoista ................................. 65 5.2 Ver também .............................................. 66 5.3 Bibliografia .............................................. 66 5.4 Ligações externas ........................................... 66 6 Niju kun 67 6.1 História ................................................ 67 6.2 Texto ................................................. 67 6.3 Referências .............................................. 68 7 Dojo 69 7.1 Curiosidades ............................................. 69 7.2 Desenvolvimento de Software .................................... 69 7.3 Referências .............................................. 69 7.4 Ver também .............................................. 70 8 Kata (artes marciais) 71 8.1 Referências .............................................. 71 8.2 Bibliografia .............................................. 71 8.3 Ver também .............................................. 71 9 Kihon 72 9.1 Aiquidô ................................................ 72 9.2 Karatê-Do ............................................... 72 9.2.1 Shorin-ryu .......................................... 72 9.2.2 Aspectos Aprimorados .................................... 73 9.3 Notas ................................................. 73 9.4 Referências .............................................. 73 iv CONTEÚDO 10 Aikido 74 10.1 Etimologia e filosofia ......................................... 74 10.2 História ................................................ 75 10.2.1 Desenvolvimento inicial ................................... 75 10.2.2 Influências religiosas ..................................... 75 10.2.3 Divulgação internacional ................................... 76 10.2.4 Proliferação de organizações independentes ......................... 76 10.3 Treino ................................................. 77 10.3.1 Aptidão ............................................ 77 10.3.2 Funções de uke e nage .................................... 77 10.3.3 Ataques básicos ....................................... 78 10.4 Características ............................................ 78 10.4.1 Denominação ......................................... 78 10.4.2 Etiqueta ........................................... 78 10.4.3 Competição ......................................... 79 10.5 Técnicas ............................................... 79 10.5.1 Caimento ........................................... 79 10.5.2 Posturas ........................................... 79 10.5.3 Técnicas de movimentação .................................. 79 10.6 Notas ................................................. 80 10.7 Referências .............................................. 80 10.8 Bibliografia .............................................. 81 11 Judô 84 11.1 História ................................................ 84 11.1.1 Decadência e renascimento do ju-jitsu ............................ 84 11.1.2 Nascimento .......................................... 85 11.1.3 No Brasil ..........................................
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