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Inseln Und Sprachen Inseln und Sprachen Beispiele aus der romanischsprachigen Welt Reader mit Beiträgen der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer des Proseminars II „Inseln und Sprachen“ (Wintersemester 2001/2002 / Claus D. Pusch) Vorbemerkung Claus D. Pusch Die Beiträge dieses Readers sind hervorgegangen aus den Referatsbeiträgen der Teilnehme- rinnen und Teilnehmer meines Proseminars II Romanische Sprachwissenschaft „Inseln und Sprachen – Beispiele aus der romanischsprachigen Welt“, das im Wintersemester 2001/2002 durchgeführt wurde und an dem eine beachtliche Zahl von über 40 Studierenden regelmäßig teilnahm. Inseln stellen, sprachwissenschaftlich betrachtet, als Räume von eindeutiger natürlicher Begrenzung häufig Ausnahmezonen dar. Die Insellage kann eine besondere sprachliche Eigendynamik der dort gesprochenen Sprache(n) bewirken und auf diesem Weg zu außer- gewöhnlich interessanten Ergebnissen des Sprachwandels führen. Andererseits sind Inseln, die auf wichtigen Handelswegen lagen (und liegen) oder eine besondere strategische Bedeu- tung hatten (haben), vielfach gerade Zonen intensiven Sprachkontaktes auf bisweilen engem Raum, was seinerseits bemerkenswerte Entwicklungen fremdinduzierten Sprachwandels nach sich ziehen kann. Ziel des Seminars war es, diese aus der Insularität resultierenden sprach- lichen Besonderheiten – und zwar sowohl in soziolinguistischer wie auch in deskriptiv-lingui- stischer Perspektive – herauszuarbeiten und in dem für jede Insel spezifischen geographi- schen, historischen und sozialen Kontext zumindest ansatzweise zu erklären. Daraus resultiert der Aufbau der meisten Readerbeiträge, der den Studierenden vom Seminarleiter in dieser Form vorgeschlagen und von den meisten Autorinnen und Autoren auch aufgegriffen wurde: Zunächst wird anhand eines geographischen Profils der Naturraum und die mit ihm in Zusammenhang stehenden Besiedlungs- und Wirtschaftsformen der jeweiligen Insel darge- stellt. Darauf folgt ein historisch-politischer Überblick, der zur heutigen Gesellschaftsstruktur hinführt, die ihrerseits in einem dritten, soziolinguistischen Darstellungsschritt die aktuelle Sprach(en)landschaft der Insel bedingt und plausibel macht. In einem vierten, deskriptiv-sys- temlinguistischen Abschnitt werden einige Charakteristika der Inselidiome auf phonetisch- phonologischer, morphologischer, syntaktischer und – vor allem – lexikalischer Ebene darge- stellt, allerdings mehr in sehr selektiver Art und Weise. Eine knappe Bibliographie (die bei vielen Beiträgen noch sehr viel umfangreicher hätte ausfallen dürfen) schließt die Einzelbei- träge ab. Der streng geographisch orientierten Vorgehensweise bei unserem virtuellen island hopping, die aus organisatorischen Gründen gewählt wurde, ist es zuzuschreiben, dass theo- retisch untermauernde Beiträge, die zu vielen Einzelpunkten notwendig wären (beispiels- weise, um einen Themenbereich herauszugreifen, der im Zusammenhang mit Inseln und Sprachen natürlich sehr prominent vertreten ist, nämlich die Begriffe von Pidginisierung und Kreolisierung), nicht in diesem Reader erscheinen; diese Grundlageninformationen wurden im Seminar bei der Behandlung der entsprechenden Inselvarietäten vermittelt, ohne dass dafür spezifische Referate vergeben wurden. Zweck des vorliegenden Readers ist es nicht, die hier erwähnten Inseln und Sprachen erschöpfend und quasi „zitierfähig“ abzuhandeln. Der Anteil des Seminarleiters am Reader beschränkt sich darauf, diese Kurzbeiträge der Studierenden gesammelt und ihnen ein eini- germaßen einheitliches Layout verpasst zu haben, sowie auf orthographische Korrekturen. Inhaltliche oder bibliographische Ergänzungen und Korrekturen konnten nur in Einzelfällen und in sehr begrenztem Maße vorgenommen werden. Dies sollte bei der Lektüre der Beiträge stets bedacht werden. Freiburg, April 2002 II Anglonormannische Inseln (S. 1) Dalmatische Inseln (S. 5) Korsika und Balearen (S. 23) Sardinien (S. 9) Malta (S. 13) Hispaniola (S. 55) Hispaniola Neufundland / St Pierre et Miquelon (S.43) Neuschottland / PEI (S.39) Kanaren (S. 27) Kuba (S. 47) Puerto Rico (S. 51) St Lucia (S. 63) Barth, St loupe, Guade- Martinique, Kapverden (S. 35) Philippinen (S. 93) Niederländische Antillen (S. 73) Seychellen (S. 89) Madagaskar (S. 77) Tahiti (S. 101) Reunion (S. 85) Mauritius (S. 81) nien (S. 97) Neukaledo- III Inhaltsverzeichnis Romania insularis (quasi) submersa Die anglonormannischen Inseln (Jersey, Guern(e)sey, Sercq/Sark und Aurigny/ Alderney) und ihr normannisches Französisch (Stefan Henninger) ................................ 1 Die dalmatischen Inseln und das (extinkte) Vegliotische (Annika Engelke, Petja Meidlinger) ................................................................................ 5 Mare nostrum – Das westliche Mittelmeer Korsika und das Korsische (Franziska Kraft, Isabella Risorgi) ...................................... 9 Sardinien und das Sardische (Dorothea Leicht) ............................................................. 13 Malta und seine Sprache(n): Am Schnittpunkt von Orient und Okzident (Anna-K. Wagner, Carmen Wagner) ..............................................................................17 Die Balearen und das balearische Katalanisch: Beispiel Mallorca (Corinne Roser, Franziska Weber) ................................................................................. 23 Romania (Trans-)Atlantica Die Kanarischen Inseln und das kanarische Spanisch (Anne Luthardt, Sabine Marks) ..................................................................................... 27 Die Sprachinseln des kanarischen Spanisch in den USA (Christina Wolber) ............... 31 Die Kapverdischen Inseln und ihr portugiesisch basiertes Kreol (Beatriz Bohner, Anne-Katrin Meyer) ........................................................................... 35 Die Inseln der kanadischen Maritimprovinzen und das akadische Französisch: Neuschottland und Prinz-Edward-Insel (Christine Haas) .............................................. 39 Die Inseln der kanadischen Maritimprovinzen und das akadische und laurentidische Französisch: Neufundland und St-Pierre et Miquelon (Christine Jörger) ...................... 43 Romanische Karibik Hispanität im Bannkreis der USA I: Kuba (Antje Hartmann) ....................................... 47 Hispanität im Bannkreis der USA II: Puerto Rico (Beatrix Dürrschmidt, Katharina Munteanu) ................................................................. 51 Hispaniola – eine Insel, zwei Staaten, drei Sprachen I: Die Dominikanische Republik und das dominikanische Spanisch (Jennifer Kleeb) ....................................... 55 Hispaniola II: Haiti und sein französisch basiertes Kreol (Stefan Rothmund) ............. 59 Martinique, Guadeloupe und St. Lucia und ihre französisch basierten Kreols (Eva D. Ernst, Stefanie Schwaderer) ............................................................................. 63 St. Barthélemy und St. Thomas – ihr „patois“ und ihr französisch basiertes Kreol: kuriose Vielsprachigkeit auf kleinstem Raum (Tobias Daniel Illner) ........................... 69 Die Niederländischen Antillen und das Papiamentu (Sonia Feijoo Rodriguez, Cedric Rehman) .................................................................... 73 Zwischen Afrika und Asien Madagaskar: Französisch und Madagassisch (Isabell Metzger) .................................... 77 Französisch und Frankokreol auf Mauritius – eine außergewöhnliche Frankophonie (Jutta Keilbach) ....................................................................................... 81 Réunion und seine Sprache(n) (Matthias Bodenhöfer, Katja Müller) ........................... 85 Die Sprachsituation auf den Seychellen: Englisch, Französisch, Kreol (Karin Below, Sandra Stach) ......................................................................................... 89 Die Philippinen und ihr spanisches Erbe (Carolin Leistenschneider) ........................... 93 Romania Pacifica Französisch-Melanesien: Neukaledonien im Spannungsfeld von sprachlicher Kreolität, Identität und Kreolisierung (Christian Kühner) ........................ 97 Französisch-Polynesien: Tahiti und das Tahiti-Französische (Simone Kempter, Philipp Zacharias) .......................................................................... 101 IV Die anglonormannischen Inseln (Jersey, Guern(e)sey, Sercq/Sark und Aurigny/Alderney) und ihr normannisches Französisch Stefan Henninger 1. Die geographische Situierung der anglonormannischen Inseln/Kanalinseln Die Kanalinseln sind eine kleine Inselgruppe, die sich im Ärmelkanal befindet. Genauer gesagt liegen sie im Golf von St. Malo, der von der Halbinsel Cotentin und der Bretagne um- schlossen wird. Die Inselgruppe besteht aus vier Hauptinseln, von welchen Jersey mit 115 km² und 85000 Einwohnern die größte darstellt. Die zweitgrößte Insel ist Guernsey (62 km²; 59000 E.), gefolgt von Alderney (8 km²; 1800 E.) und Sark (6 km²; 584 E.). Insgesamt lässt sich feststellen, dass die Distanz der Inseln zum Festland Frankreichs kürzer ist als diese zur Küste Großbritanniens. Die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen Sektoren bilden die Landwirtschaft (Gärtnereien, Milchviehzucht), der Tourismus und, vor allem auf Jersey, das Bankwesen. Staatsrechtlich betrachtet verfügen die Inseln über einen besonderen Status: Sie gehören dem Vereinigten Königreich von Großbritannien und Nordirland formal nicht an, ihre Bürger werden vielmehr als „citizens of the UK, Islands and Colonies“ bezeichnet. Somit besitzen sie ein großes Maß an Autonomie, sodass zum Beispiel ein Gesetz, das vom britischen Parlament verabschiedet
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